Zotero is a reference management software. It is a free download. The advantages of storing references, documents.,etc., in one location was shown to increase participation as well as final grades in an online class.

1. REFERENCE MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE
IT IS MORE THAN JUST REINVENTING THE
WHEEL!
Dr. Cherriethel (Cherry) Emerson, © 2014
"Oh, y ahora ¿quién podrá defenderme/nos?"

2. RESIDENT MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE
• Re-engages students via dropbox comments
• Re-engages students in discussion posts
• Re-engages students in replies to peers
• Re-engages students with instructor (email)
• Re-engages students in instructor
commented submissions in dropbox
• Information is literally at your fingertips
INCREASES PARTICIPATION

3. REFERENCE MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE
• Reference management software, citation management software or personal
bibliographic management software is software for scholars and authors to use for
recording and utilizing bibliographic citations (references).[ Once a citation has been
recorded, it can be used time and again in generating bibliographies, such as lists of
references in scholarly books, articles and essays. The development of reference
management packages has been driven by the rapid expansion of scientific literature
• These software packages normally consist of a database in which full bibliographic
references can be entered, plus a system for generating selective lists of articles in the
different formats required by publishers and scholarly journals. Modern reference
management packages can usually be integrated with word processors so that a
reference list in the appropriate format is produced automatically as an article is written,
reducing the risk that a cited source is not included in the reference list. They will also
have a facility for importing the details of publications from bibliographic databases
IT KEEPS ALL OF YOUR INFORMATION
ONE PLACE OR MANY PLACES
FULLY ON INTERNET, RESIDENT ON YOUR COMPUTER
EVEN ON YOUR FLASH DRIVE
What is it and why should I care?

4. HOW MANY RESIDENT MANAGEMENT SOFTWARES ARE THERE? How do I choose?

5. WHY ZOTERO?
Zotero [zoh-TAIR-oh] is a free,
easy-to-use tool to help you
collect, organize, cite, and share
your research sources.
 Ranked highest in comparisons
 Firefox or Stand Alone or Online
 FREE
 Free Online Storage 400 MB
 Operating Systems Windows, Mac OS X, Linux,
BSD, UNIX
 IOS APP and ANDROID APP (3rd Party)
 Exports to BibTex, Endnote/Ref/BiblX, MODS
XML, RIS, REF, TEL, Wikipedia
 Imports from BibTeX, Endnote/Ref/BiblX, ISI,
Medline, MODS XML, OVID, PubMed, RIS,
SciFinder, COinS, MARC, RDF, unaPI Browser,
Bookmarks, Endnote XML
 Citation Styles APA, Chicago/Turabian, Harvard,
MLA, 6770+Styles, CSL
 Reference List File Formats HTML, RTF, RSS,
clipboard
 Word Processor Integration Microsoft Word,
Apache OpenOffice/LibreOffice, LyZ, RTF scan,
NeoOffice, Google Docs
 Database connectivity ArXivf, Cite Seer,
IEEEXplore, PubMed
 Password “protection” and network versions
Passworded, Networking – User-specified
permissions and Simultaneous write access

6. DISCUSSION
SUMMARIES
Are they an
albatross
around your
neck?

8. DISCUSSIONS [Example]
• Discussion Question: Many people worldwide believe that once modern
humans came on the scene our evolution as a species halted. In recent
times this concept has been challenged by scientist who propose that
such evolutionary change has never stopped and may, in fact, be
accelerating! Consider the evidence needed to support such an
assertion. You may expand to other species to support changes that we
are able to see in recorded history.
• Initial Post: Decide whether you support or oppose this theory and
provide evidence supporting your argument. Post should be 300+ words
and have at least one reference.
• Response Post: Remember to receive full credit for this discussion you
MUST respond to at least two of your peer's initial posts by the scheduled
due date.
• Timeliness: Posting all your posts the last 48 hours of a discussion will lose
50% of the possible points regardless of how good the posts are in
content. This is a discussion, we need time to discuss with you and many
student are done with the discussion by that time (Saturday/Sunday).

9. EXAMPLE ORIGINAL STUDENT POSTEvolution has two main variables: genetic mutation and environmental pressure (Stanford et al 2013). Genetic mutation occurs
within the individual, while environmental pressure acts on that individual. In order for evolution to accelerate, one or both of
these two factors must accelerate.
First, let's consider genetic mutation. An increased rate of mutation would lead to an accelerated rate of evolution because with
more mutation comes greater genetic variation, and greater genetic variation leads to accelerated rates of evolution (Stanford et
al 2013) Mutation can occur in two main ways: randomly, or environmentally. A nondisjunction error is an example of random
mutation (Stanford et al 2013) while radiation exposure is an example of environmentally-influenced mutation (DNA Learning
Center 2014). We can see that random mutation occurs at a fairly constant rate simply from mathematical calculations and
probability. Therefore, it would be difficult to increase the rate of most random mutations. However, nondisjunction errors are
one sort of random mutation that can be increased. Nondisjunction errors occur much more frequently in women over the age of
forty than in women under the age of thirty (Stanford et al 2013). That means that if more women chose to have children at a
later age, the rate of mutation would also increase. And this is something that is actually happening. In fact, in most developed
nations, more and more women are having children at a later age, so mutation is occurring at an accelerated rate. However,
nondisjunction errors result in miscarriages more often than not, so this would still be an unlikely source of accelerated
evolution. And since random mutation occurs--as the name implies--randomly, other forms of random mutation probably won't
increase.
The other form of mutation--environmentally-influenced mutation--is a possible source of accelerated evolution. If a population
is exposed to mutating factors such as radiation on a large scale, then mutation will occur at an accelerated rate. And, in fact,
radiation exposure is indeed increasing due to the depleting ozone layer, which is most likely leading to an accelerated rate of
mutation. When taking into consideration the fact that there are many, many more sources of environmentally-influenced
mutations than just radiation, it is fairly safe to assume that mutation rates have probably increased in recent years.
The other variable in evolution is environmental pressure. If environmental pressure increases, natural selection also increases
because the increased environmental pressure will lead to a higher death rate for individuals with unfavorable traits. In turn,
this leads to accelerated evolution because those traits that are favorable will be selected for much more quickly than they
would be otherwise. We are actually seeing an increased death rate at this point in time. Scientists estimate that between
1,000 and 10,000 species go extinct every year due to the changing environment (Center for Biological Diversity 2014). In fact,
many scientists have proposed that we are in the middle of a mass extinction, the sixth such event in earth's history (Center for
Biological Diversity 2014). Environmental pressure is definitely increasing as evidenced by this fact.
So, is the rate of evolution accelerating? With the definite increase in environmental pressure, and a possible increase in the rate
of mutation due to environmental factors, I hypothesize that the rate of evolution is most likely accelerating.
References
Center for Biological Diversity (2014). The extinction
crisis. http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/programs/biodiversity/elements_of_biodiversity/extinction_crisis/
DNA Learning Center (2014). Radiation can cause DNA mutations. Cold Spring Harbor
Laboratory. http://www.dnalc.org/view/15529-Radiation-can-cause-DNA-mutations-3D-animation-with-narration.html
Stanford, C., Allen J.S., Anton, S.C. (2013). Biological Anthropology: The Natural HIstory of Humankind. Boston: Pearson Education,
Inc.
THREE ADDITIONAL
PEEER REPLIES TO
THIS POST

10. EXAMPLE ANT 111 INSTRUCTOR REPLY
As usual, I open your post and think that "Cherry you have to think harder to keep up with
this student." :) You certainly made a good case and have three solid references. I know we
all agree that radiation can cause DNA mutation. We all have all read about the loss of
species, due to expansion of human populations as well as environmental change.
Let’s look at some non-human evolutionary change that can be seen in the last 100 years: I
think of butterflies (ah was Butterfly Chairman for the Colorado Federation of Garden
Clubs) and while we can easily see the evolution of the Peppered Moth (ok so the research
may have been a tad flawed it still proved a point) .The Peppered Moth , we can also see
extinction due environmental change created by humans, an example is the Xerces Blue
Butterfly The Xerces Blue Butterfly
These are not human evolution, but certainly are examples of environmental change and
evolutionary changes -- both revolving around industrialization and urbanization. Have
some fun, spread your wings, explain why one was able to adapt and the other wasn't.
SIX ADDITIONAL
PEER REPLIES TO
THIS POST

11. EXAMPLE STUDENT RE-ENGAGE
This is a great little puzzle! I think there are a couple things that come into play in figuring out why the Xerces
Butterfly died while the Peppered Moth adapted. First and foremost, it is important to always keep in mind that
evolution is not a conscious force. Species don't adapt because they need to keep up with their environment
(the exception being cognitive adaptation, of which humans are a great example). Physiological adaptation is
secondary to selection. Those species whose populations happen to carry favorable traits in the current
environment will end up surviving while those who carry unfavorable traits will die. Eventually, when enough
favorable traits are selected for, the species will have adapted, but not through any conscious effort--just
through the deaths of every other unfavorable population.
The biggest difference between the Xerces Butterfly and the Peppered Moth is that the Xerces Butterflies faced
total habitat destruction (Essig Museum) whereas the Peppered Moths just faced a slight change in their habitat
(Truth in Science). There's no way that Xerces variation could have kept up with such rapid changes to their
habitat and the subsequent increased environmental pressure. The Peppered Moth, on the other hand, faced
only a small change that was fairly easy to adapt to, especially since that species already had the necessary
variation (Truth in Science).
Just as in past mass extinctions, there will be species during this extinction that don't make it--like the Xerces
Butterfly--because they carry too many unfavorable traits in a rapidly changing environment. I think that natural
selection selects against unfavorable traits more often than it selects for favorable traits, especially when
environmental pressure increases at a rapid rate. That's what happened to the Xerces. Its traits were too
unfavorable and the environmental pressure was too great for adaptation to occur.
This reminds me of the recent reports on the monarch butterfly population. Here's a link to a chart and a blog
post about the declining monarch population. I wonder whether monarch butterflies will go the way of the
Xerces or the Peppered Moth?
Essig Museum. Xerces blue butterfly. Berkeley. Retrieved from http://essig.berkeley.edu/endins/xerces.htm
Truth in Science (2013). The peppered moth.
NINE
ADDITIONAL
PEEER REPLIES TO
THIS POST

12. Expansion of the Butterflies
One student “spread her wings” and flew with this topic!
1. First Student posted original answer regarding evolutionary change
2. Instructor answered and included two Zotero saved references to Xerces
Butterfly and Peppered Moth
3. First Student researched and answered and mentioned Monarchs
4. Nine other students posted/replied – Total Posts to this thread =19
5. One student did the final project on “Brush Footed Butterflies”

13. FINAL GRADES COMPARISON – D2L
CLASS 1
10 WK 0% use of
Zotero in the
discussions to re-
engage students
CLASS 2
15WK 50% use of
Zotero in the
discussions to re-
engage students
CLASS 3
15WK 100% use of
Zotero in the
discussions to re-
engage students

14. SUMMARY
Reference Management Software helps us engage and re-engage our students
because all of our wonderful references, including web sites, are at our fingertips.
Zotero is a searchable database, forgot where you put a reference? Easy to find!
Reference Management helps us to be clever – “quick to understand, learn, and devise
or apply ideas; intelligent, canny, cunning, crafty, ingenious, bright, quick-witted and
even shrewd.” And in reality, there is nothing wrong with being clever!
"¡No contaban con mi astucia!"

15. References
"Automatic Bibliography Maker." BibMe: Fast & Easy Bibliography Maker. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 May 2014.
<http://www.bibme.org/>.
El Chapulin Colorado <http://www.chespirito.com/>
"Diigo - Better reading and research with annotation, highlighter, sticky notes, archiving, bookmarking & more.."
Diigo - Better reading and research with annotation, highlighter, sticky notes, archiving, bookmarking & more..
N.p., n.d. Web. 18 May 2014. <https://www.diigo.com/>.
Emerson, Cherry (2014) “How to be Successful in Online Discussions.” published in Desire2Learn class content
"Reference management software comparison." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 5 Mar. 2014. Web. 18 May
2014. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_management_software_comparison>.
"Reference management software." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 5 Oct. 2014. Web. 18 May 2014.
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_management_software>.
“Adaptation and Adaptability – Butterflies” Anthropology 101, student presentation, 2014 submitted to Cherry
Emerson
“zotero” <https://www.zotero.org/>

16. QUESTIONS?