44. When a plant or animal dies, or an animal expels waste, the initial form of nitrogen is organic.
45. Bacteria, or fungi in some cases, convert the organic nitrogen within the remains back into ammonium (NH4+), a process called ammonification or mineralization.
47. The conversion of ammonium to nitrate is performed primarily by soil-living bacteria and other nitrifying bacteria.
48.
49. Denitrification is the reduction of nitrates back into the largely inert nitrogen gas (N2), completing the nitrogen cycle.
50. is performed by bacterial species such as Pseudomonas and Clostridium in anaerobic conditions
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53. Which are formed by biotic components and that are linked with biotic components.
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58. For example – green leaves prepare food & roots absorb nutrients from the soil. Herbivores feed on part of the plant production, and in turn serve as food for carnivores.
59. Decomposers carry out the function of braking down complex organic materials into simple inorganic product which can be used by the producers.
60. All these functions in an ecosystem occur through delicately balanced and controlled processes.