Higher Education Reform Ministry Of Education

July 5, 2005 Higher Education Reform in South Korea - Policy Responses to a Changing World - Gwang-Jo Kim, Ed.D Ministry of Education & Human Resources Development Republic of Korea

Contents ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

South Korea at a Glance ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Seoul Busan P’yongyang Kwangju Korea Chongjin Daegu Taech’on

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Brief history and culture

Economic development 61.4 (2003) 60.7 60.5 62.2 60.0 59.0 47.6 Labor force Participation rate (%) 23 (2003) 22 21 21 19 14 10 Labor force (Millions) 3.5 4.1 6.8 2.6 2.4 5.2 4.4 Unemployment rate (%) 12,646 9,675 6,843 10,363 7,751 2,324 650 GNI per capita (US$) 48 47 46 46 43 38 32 Population (Millions) 2004 2000 1998 1997 1990 1980 1970

Economy and education (’60s-’70s) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],VET/HE ,[object Object],[object Object],General Education ,[object Object],[object Object],Major Industry/ Exports ,[object Object],Economy 1960s – mid-1970s

Economy and education (’70s-’80s) ,[object Object],[object Object],VET/HE ,[object Object],General Education ,[object Object],[object Object],Major Industry/ Exports ,[object Object],Economy mid-1970s – 1980s

Economy and education (’90s ~) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],VET/HE ,[object Object],[object Object],General Education ,[object Object],[object Object],Major Industry/ Exports ,[object Object],Economy 1990s through the present

Formal education system Age 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 Kindergarten Elementary School Middle School General High School College/University (4-year College, University of Technology, Industrial University) Graduate School Vocational High School (agricultural, technical, industrial, commercial, fishery, home, economies) Junior College

Education Finance (Public Investment)

(Source : Education at a Glance, 2004) Public educational expenditures (% GDP)

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Governance of education

Higher education sector is divided into the following segments : ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Qualification framework ,[object Object],[object Object],Junior College ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],University ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Graduate School Vocational Qualifications Academic Qualifications HE Type

Financial and human resources invested in HE ,[object Object],Note) *Type A : University, Graduate School **Type B : Junior college, Technical college Type B** Type A * 94 66 70 79 $ 26,636 $ 35,179 $ 26,685 $ 15,916 GDP per capita(’01) 0.5 1.5 1.3 0.5 Public expenditure on HE as a percentage of GDP 62 17.1 $ 22,234 US 73 15.4 $ 12,319 OECD 11.2 - Ratio of students to teaching staff 86 74 Survival rates in tertiary education $11,164 $ 6,618 Expenditure per student(’01) Japan Korea

University Graduates by Field of Study (%) ,[object Object],1.2 1.9 1.7 7.3 3.6 40.0 6.5 11.5 Poland 0.7 8.5 3.7 9.1 8.4 38.7 8.7 20.0 Hungary 5.0 15.2 1.9 17.6 1.8 27.4 14.7 8.0 Germany 1.4 9.6 2.3 6.3 3.5 41.4 14.4 13.2 U.S.A. 3.5 7.1 2.6 27.4 2.9 22.3 21.4 5.2 Korea Physical sciences Health & Welfare Agri-culture Engineer-ing, Manu-facturing Services Social Sciences, Business, Law Humanities & Art Education

Expansion of higher education ’ 70 ’ 80 ’ 90 ’ 00 ’ 04 5.4% 11.4% 23.6% 61.7% 52.5% Elite Mass Universal (Trow) ※ The Percentage of Higher Education Attendance = (enrolled students/school age population)

School leavers choice 2002 (1990) Graduation from Year 12 Secondary School 4 year Universities 2 year Jr. Colleges 18.1% (33.7%) Post Grad Study 8.6% (7.7%) of Graduates 56.4% (52.3%) of Graduates Non-economic activity population Work 9.7% (37.8%) 23.9% (11.7%) 54.3% (20.0%) 37.7% (48.2%) of Graduates 12.4% (7.4%) of Graduates 25.0% (22.4%) of Graduates 31.1% (37.0%) of Graduates

Employment rate by education level

College admission dominates k-12 education ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Concentration in Seoul metropolitan area poses another problem ,[object Object],47.5 49.2 43.4 48.7 42.0 Hospitals 39.8 41.5 48.6 69.1 55.8 Enrollments 41.8 45.8 49.4 56.3 52.9 # Institutions Universities 62.2 62.9 69.2 67.1 44.5 Loans 67.9 65.5 69.8 68.2 59.7 Deposits Financial Institutions 36.8 43.7 38.6 46.3 41.2 Outputs 56.6 58.1 43.8 32.8 26.7 # Firms Business Firms 2000 1990 1980 1970 1960

Relative performance of HE is not as good as.. Science Citation Index ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Extent of specialization is too low Korea U S Associate Bachelor Master Doctorate 53% 19% 20% 8% 44% 4% 13% 39%

[object Object],HE is not pertinent enough ,[object Object],87% Practice&field exp 75% Creativity 68% Field experience of faculty 70% instructions 72% Curriculum Federation of Korean Industries, 2002. 24.1 31.6 26.7 27.9 15.8 15.0 33.3 25.4 Jr.College University Well Matched Matched Mismatched Badly Mismatched Source: Office of Statistics, 2003 (%)

Stakeholders are disconnected ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

HE is not prepared for an aging population <Source : National Statistical Office>

Nor is it matched up to a structural change in the economy

Knowledge workers are in great demand (Unit : thousands) Classification 1993 1998 2000 2002 Change (02~93) Legislators, senior official and managers 523 (2.6) 494 (2.5) 465 (2.2) 570 (2.6) 47 (0) Professionals, technicians & associate professionals 2,417 (12.6) 3,254 (16.3) 3,477 (16.4) 3,692 (16.7) 1,275 (4.1) Clerks 2,474 (12.9) 2,481 (12.4) 2,512 (11.9) 2,822 (12.7) 348 ( ▽ 0.2) Service workers and shop and market sales workers 4,053 (21.1) 4,712 (23.6) 5,501 (26.0) 5,795 (26.1) 1,742 (5.0) Skilled agricultural and fishery workers 2,322 (12.1) 2,284 (11.5) 2,115 (10.0) 1,964 (8.9) ▽ 358 ( ▽ 3.2) Craft, machine operators and assemblers 5,341 (27.8) 4,643 (23.3) 4,980 (23.5) 5,070 (22.9) ▽ 271 ( ▽ 4.9) Elementary occupations 2,105 (10.9) 2,069 (10.4) 2,107 (10.0) 2,255 (10.2) 150 ( ▽ 0.7) Total Employed Persons 19,234 (100) 19,938 (100) 21,156 (100) 22,169 (100) 2,935 (0)

The trend of knowledge-based economy is accelerating < Source : MOCIE>

Globally Competetive Higher Education LB information Restructuring & competition Partnerships Selected funding for specialization Top-notch professionals (Graduate Schools) Regional innovation initiators (Universities) Industrial engineers (Junior Colleges )

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Major strategies

Reform of college admission policy ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],GPA (HS grade point average) ,[object Object],[object Object],Interview ,[object Object],[object Object],Admission based on residence, SES.. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],SAT (Scholastic Aptitude Test) 2008 NOW

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Improvement of professional training

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Strengthening of research training

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Universities for regional innovation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Vicious Cycle Virtuous Cycle NURI

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Creation of external pressure

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Improving HE policy coordination

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Facilitation of university-industry partnerships Firms, Investors Researchers Prospective R&D Results Purchase R&D Products Connect (TLO)

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Linking LB information to HE

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