2. Key Concepts
Industrialization Growth and
and the Diffusion of
Environment Industry
Industrialization
The Evolution of
Global
Economic Cores
Inequalities
and Peripheries
Contemporary
Patterns
2
6. Economic Geography studies
the impact of economic
activities on the landscape
and investigates reasons
behind the locations of
economic activities.
6
7. Agriculture
Others Industry
Economic
Geography
Transport and International
Communication Trade
Resources
7
8. A Day in the Life
What might an average worker be doing on an
average day in the Spring of 1553?
8
9. A Day in the Life
What might an average worker be doing on an
average day in the Spring of 1893?
9
10. A Day in the Life
What might an average worker be doing on an
average day in the Spring of 1973?
10
11. A Day in the Life
What might an average worker be doing on an
average day in the Spring of 2012?
11
26. How MDCs and LDCs Differ:
Consumer
GDP Types of Jobs Productivity Raw Materials
Goods
• $20,000 in • MDC – Fewer • Value Added • MDCs have • MDCs can
MDC Primary Per worker is greater afford
• $1000 in LDC Sector higher in access to Raw Consumer
• LDC – More MDCs Materials goods and
Primary have more
Sector access to
them.
Economic development is often
accompanied by social development.
26
29. The Modernization Model says
that the Industrial Revolution
was spurred by a combination
of prosperity, trade
connections, inventions, and
natural resources.
29
30. Western
European
Nations and
the US
Britain followed
Industrializes Britain
Wealth
became a sign
of virtue
instead of
kinship.
30
31. A few key points:
• According to the M.M., any country can reap
the benefits of modernization.
• Tradition is the greatest barrier to economic
development.
31
32. A few key points:
• Culture can discourage people from adopting
new technologies that would raise standards
of living.
• High-Income countries can help poorer
countries by encouraging them to control
population, increase food production, and
take advantage of industrial technology.
32
34. • Industry expands.
High Mass • Luxury items become necessities.
Consumption • High Incomes, a majority of workers involved in the service
sector.
• Economic growth is widely accepted.
Drive to • The economy diversifies.
• Poverty is greatly reduced and material goods much
Technological more common.
Maturity • Cities grow, and modernization is evident in the core.
• International trade expands.
• People begin to experiment with producing
goods for trade with others for profit.
Take-Off Stage • A state industrial revolution takes place.
• Urbanization, technology, and production
increases.
• Life is built around families.
Traditional Stage • Very Limited Wealth.
• Subsistence Farmers.
34
35. Rich nations
often block
the path of
poor.
Poorer nations
A justification
have to
for capitalism
to exploit non- Criticisms develop from
a position of
capitalism.
weakness.
Suggesting
that poverty is
the fault of the
victims is
wrong.
35
37. Dependency Theory says that
the economic development of
many countries is blocked by
industrialized nations that
exploit them.
37
38. A Few Key Points.
• Dependency theory blames MCDs that control
or who once controlled LDCs through
colonialism.
• Argues that political liberation from
colonialism has not translated into economic
health.
• Dependency theory is largely an outgrowth of
Marxism.
38
40. Core Countries
• Rich nations that fuel the world’s economy.
• Take raw materials from around the world and channel them
to North America, Europe, Australia, and Japan.
Periphery Countries
• Low-Income countries brought about through colonialism.
• Support rich countries by providing inexpensive labor and a
large market for industrial products.
Semiperiphery Countries
• The rest of the world.
• More powerful than periphery, but still dominated in some
way by the core. 40
42. Treats wealth
as a “0 Sum
Theory”
No country
Ignore
willingly
cultural issues
that affect Criticisms blocks
another from
poverty.
success.
Places blame
on countries
that have
helped
others.
42
45. Before the Industrial Revolution
There were industrial centers before the late
18th Century but it was isolated. Most industries
were cottage industries.
Examples:
Chinese Silk Factories
Metal Workshops in India
45
49. The Early 18th Century
Early factories in Great
Britain during the 18th
Century were run by
water running down
slopes.
49
50. The Most Important Invention
In 1769, James Watt built
the first efficient steam
engine. This was the most
important invention to the
Industrial Revolution.
50
52. The Industrial Revolution was
the process of technological
change that started in the late
1700s that transformed how
goods were produced and
obtained by the people.
52
53. Social
Changes
Effects of
Population the Economic
Changes Industrial Changes
Revolution
Political
Changes
53
54. Iron
Food
Coal
Processing
Industries affected
by the Industrial
Revolution
Chemicals Transportation
Textiles
54
56. Diffusion of the Industrial
Great Britain
Revolution
Belgium/France (late 1700s)
Most of Europe came late to the party
The United States (1790s) because of revolution and strife (ie. French
Revolution, Napoleonic Wars)
Italy, Netherlands, Russia, Sweden
(late 1800s)
The United States entered the IR later
than Belgium and France but
expanded more rapidly.
The Middle East and Africa Asia, Middle East and Africa (Mid 20th Century)
entered the IR because of WWI
and the need for oil.
56
57. Part Three: The Evolution of Economic Cores
and Peripheries
57
68. Alfred Weber’s Least Cost
Theory is a theory that
explains the location of
industries based on
transportation, labor, and
agglomeration.
68
69. Transportation
The site chosen must entail the lowest possible
cost of A) moving raw materials to the
factory, and B) finished products to the market.
69
72. Location Triangle
The location triangle is used to determine the
best place to locate a manufacturing plant based
on Weber’s Model.
Resource 2
Market Resource1
72
75. I am the CEO of a A Case Study
rubber company
looking for a
place to locate my
new plant which
will purify
petroleum into
the rubber
products before
sending it on to
Houston, Texas
for further
processing. I
import petroleum
from the Middle
East.
75
86. How Does Globalization Affect
Industrialization?
• Every country’s development is dependent on
the rest of the world.
– With the increase of Space-Time Compression, it
is possible to locate businesses in places not
before considered.
– The Internet has made it possible for markets to
exist where they have not before.
– In order to accommodate global industrialization a
country must develop infrastructure.
86
88. Infrastructure includes services
that support economic
activities. It provides for
transportation, communication
, education, and other external
needs of a company.
88
90. Western
and
Central
Europe
Primary Eastern
Eastern
North
Asia Regions America
Russia and
the
Ukraine
90
91. Western and Eastern Europe
• Expanded greatly after WWI.
• Was largest in Germany until WWII.
• Rebuilt with the help of America after WWII.
North America
• The North American Manufacturing Belt extends from
Boston and New York through Philadelphia and Baltimore.
• The Southeastern District: Birmingham, Alabama to
Richmond, Va.
• Another: Oklahoma to Dallas, Houston, and New Orleans.
• Northern California: San-Fransisco
• Southern California: Los Angeles to San-Diego
• Pacific Northwest: Portland, Oregon through
Seattle, Washington and Vancouver in Canada. 91
93. Russia and the Other Soviet Republics
• Much manufacturing up through the 1930s
followed the Volga River.
• Other regions followed the Trans-Siberian
Railroad.
93
95. Asia
The Four Tigers (Export
Japan Oriented China
Industrialization)
• The Kanto Plain • South Korea • Northeast District in
• Tokyo • Taiwan Manchuria
• Hong Kong • Beijing, Shanghai, Hon
• Singapore g Kong
• The Pacific Rim
95
104. Protection of Markets
MDCs are having to work to protect their
markets from newly developing countries. They
often do this by establishing Trading Blocs.
104
106. A Trading Bloc is a
conglomeration of trade
between regions.
106
107. Little to
No
Taxes
Benefits
of Trading
Blocs
Ease in
Cooperation
Encouraged crossing
borders
107
108. NAFTA
3
Important
Blocs
European
East Asia
Union
108
109. Most cooperation and competition between
trading blocs take place between transnational
corporations which are also conglomerate
corporations
109
110. Deindustrialization
In many MDC economies, tertiary development
is replacing secondary development.
Growth of LDC
industry is taking
This is a natural progress
jobs away from
of society. Service jobs is
MDCs.
the mark of a developed
society.
110
115. Industrialization and Fossil Fuels
As more and more countries become
revolutionized, the need for fossil fuels grows
exponentially.
While we know how many proven reserves we
have, we do not know how many potential reserves
we have.
¼ of the world’s population consumes ¾ of the
world’s fossil fuels.
115
Have students identify which countries would fall into various stages.
Think of examples that might support this.
The core and semi-periphery gets cheap labor and raw materials from the periphery. The periphery and semi-periphery buy goods for high profit from the core.