5. Marian Diamond
»The combination of toys and
friends was established early on
as vital to qualifying the
environment as ›enriched‹.«
qtd. in stuart brown, play (2009: 39)
7. Marian Diamond
»Back in the early 1960s, women had to
struggle to be taken seriously as
scientists. I was already seen as this silly
woman who watched rats play, so I did
avoid the words ›toys‹ and ›play‹.«
qtd. in stuart brown, play (2009: 40)
10. jumping cracks on walkways six degrees of wikipedia
10
playing does not require games: »informal games«
11. debugging
playtesting/reviewing
making a machinima
testing screen resolution
a scientific study
learning (serious games)
sports (e-sports)
work (goldfarming)
11
Taylor 2006, Sicart 2011
games dosn’t determine play: »instrumental play«
13. A frame is »the definition of a situation«:
»principles of organization which govern
events ... and our subjective involvement
in them.«
Erving Goffman
frame analysis (1986: 8, 10-11)
13
27. »Now the central question can be put: what system
of enforcement is employed to ensure that the
game will be played in the right ‘spirit,’ that is, that
once the player makes a move, he will abide by his
action and not, for example, change his mind in
mid-play or withdraw his bet or refuse to let go of it,
or claim he is not ‘really’ playing, or tip the table
over?«
Erving Goffman
strategic interaction (1969: 121)
32. I don’t love you
anymore
Atreus /whisper: I don’t love you anymore
I don’t love you
anymore.
By: Me [mailto:me@here.com]
Sent: Thursday, September 26, 23:45 pm
To: You [you@there.com]
Re: Our relationship
I don’t love you anymore.
33. [ironic voice]
I don’t love you
anymore
Atreus /whisper: “I don’t love you anymore” ;-)
I don’t love you
anymore.
By: Me [mailto:me@here.com]
Sent: Thursday, September 26, 23:45 pm
To: You [you@there.com]
Re: Our relationship
“I don’t love you anymore.” ;-)
*wink*
50. charles horton Cooley
»The thing that moves us to pride or
shame is not the mere mechanical
reflection of ourselves [in a mirror], but
an imputed sentiment, the imagined
effect of this reflection upon another’s
mind.«
human nature and the social order (1922: 184)
59. Johan Huizinga
»This is the third main characteristic of
play: its secludedness [...] play moves
and has its being within a playground
marked off beforehand either materially
or ideally, deliberately or as a matter of
course.«
homo ludens (1950: 9–10)
60.
61. »Since I am then mostly in a public
surrounding, loud screaming or throwing that
thing in the corner are not an option. Although
you would really want to do it, you have to
restrain yourself a bit there and, let’s put it this
way, appear a bit more suited for
public.« (P7/269-271)
unregulated emotion
enjoyment
#1
67. Roger Caillois
man, play, and games (1958/2001: 6)
»There is also no doubt that play must
be defined as a free and voluntary
activity […]. A game which one would be
forced to play would at once cease being
play.«
68. Jesper Juul
»Roger Caillois claims that games are voluntary.
The problem is that it is quite unclear what this
means. Is it not a game if social pressure forces
the players to play? Because human motivation
is too complex to be explained in terms of its
being voluntary/involuntary, I believe that it is
not possible to meaningfully describe whether
games are voluntary or not.«
half-real (2005: 31–3)
70. Jesper Juul
»Roger Caillois claims that games are voluntary.
The problem is that it is quite unclear what this
means. Is it not a game if social pressure forces
the players to play? Because human motivation
is too complex to be explained in terms of its
being voluntary/involuntary, I believe that it is
not possible to meaningfully describe whether
games are voluntary or not.«
half-real (2005: 31–3)
71. Roger Caillois
man, play, and games (2001: 6)
»There is also no doubt that play must
be defined as a free and voluntary
activity, source of joy and amusement. A
game which one would be forced to play
would at once cease being play.«
72. Jesper Juul
»Roger Caillois claims that games are voluntary.
The problem is that it is quite unclear what this
means. Is it not a game if social pressure forces
the players to play? Because human motivation
is too complex to be explained in terms of its
being voluntary/involuntary, I believe that it is
not possible to meaningfully describe whether
games are voluntary or not.«
half-real (2005: 31–3)
73. Edward Deci, Richard Ryan
»To be autonomous means to behave
with a sense of volition, willingness, and
congruence; it means to fully endorse
and concur with the behavior one is
engaged in.«
motivation, personality, and development (2012: 85)
77. in-game autonomy support
• Salient autonomy with meaningful choice (impacts
game world, no faux choice) & open spaces
• Salient controlled motivation related to
expectations and values
• Expected opportunity for action is thwarted
(invisible walls, ‘logical’ move impossible, game
is more ‘railroady’ than genre standard)
• Cut scenes, QTE take away expected agency
• Progress requires acting against player’s values
Ryan, Rigby & Przybylski 2006; Rigby & Ryan 2011
79. »It’s still a game as such, and defined as
such, but I would not say that *I* play it at
that moment.«
»sometimes you just have to play, you have
to get further, no matter whether you want to
or not. And then, then that is, then playing is
indeed work.«
autonomy experience not context drives work/play labelling
finding
#1
82. Interviewer: »So that’s the usual process, that you, that you pick a day, and
then on that day start in the afternoon and stop in the evening?
Interviewee: »If it is that way and I can focus on the afternoon, then I also plan
it like that, such that I have finished everything until then, until that point, that
could make me go to the door or interrupt the game.«
»in my private rooms, then I can show any emotion, because there would be
nothing inappropriate in doing so, because I wouldn’t offend anyone with it«
[With a Nintendo DS] I am then mostly in a public surrounding, loud
screaming or throwing that thing in the corner are not an option. Although you
would really want to do it, you have to restrain yourself a bit there and, let’s
put it this way, appear a bit more suited for public.«
relaxed field
84. »[When money is involved] there's the pressure that you have to win.
Of course, everybody who plays wants to win somehow. […] Bu::t
when it's about money, that's a real thing, and that you have to work
hard for. That wouldn't have a playful character for me then.«
»when you fail and know: <<I can’t write the review tomorrow>>,
because you actually haven’t reached these and these things, [...] the
consequence then means for instance, that you have to get up in the
morning two hours early to start the game again. And that can be
incredibly infuriating.«
minimised consequence
86. »Especially with WoW you somehow had [...] a social coercion
behind it. Because as I said, this reputation and then also the social
contexts that you maintained through it. Or found there. [...Y]ou
don’t feel like training in the evening, or something, and you still go
there. Because you feel socially obliged somehow.«
»[When playing with friends not alone] the considerateness for the
friends dominates, for the people with whom I’m sitting there. So
then it’s less the case, that I focus on the game and say: <<I am
now, now I am free and can determine this.>> Instead it’s also
more about me being the host, and being a guest of somebody and
still take regard of that.«
avoiding social pressures