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Respiratory system anatomy Dr.Tinku Joseph
1. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
(Basic Anatomy)
DR TINKU JOSEPH
DM Resident
Department of Pulmonary Medicine
AIMS, Kochi
Email: tinkujoseph2010@gmail.com
2. Respiratory System starts at the nares
Major Functions
Upper respiratory system:
1. Air conditioning (warming)
2. Defense against pathogens
3. Gas Transport
Lower respiratory system:
1. Speech & other
respiratory sounds
2. Gas exchange (ventilation)
3. Maintenance of
homeostasis, e.g. pH
3. Respiratory Epithelium
• Histology? Pseudo…
• Mucus produced by
numerous goblet cells
• Defense by means of
• filtering hairs
• turbinates
• ciliary escalator
(mucociliary blanket)
• sticky mucus
11. Upper Respiratory
System
1) Nose
External and internal nares =
Nostrils
Nose Hairs = vibrissae
Alar cartilages on the nose
Paranasal Sinuses
12. Upper Respiratory
System
• 3) Nasal Cavity
• Nasal Conchae:
– Superior, middle and
inferior
– Other name: “Turbinate
bones” because they
create
– Advantage ?
• nasal septum
• hard palate, soft palate
13. Upper Respiratory
System
3)Paranasal Sinuses
• Named after their
bones
– Frontal
– Ethmoid
– Sphenoid
– Maxillary
14. Upper Respiratory
System
4) Pharynx
Shared passageway for respiratory and digestive systems
Nasopharynx - part above uvula and posterior to internal
nares
Oropharynx – portion visible in mirror when mouth is wide
open
fauces = the opening
uvula - posterior edge of soft palate
Laryngopharynx – between the hyoid bone & the esophagus
15.
16.
17. Lower Respiratory
System = Anything inferior to the Pharynx
Larynx: Cartilaginous
cylinder (from C4- C7)
Made up of 9 cartilages
– 3 large unpaired (know
these!) Thyroid, Cricoid,
and Epiglottis
– 3 small paired (involved in
construction of voice box)
19. Larynx, cont’d
The pitch of sound is from tension of the elastic
fibers of the vocal folds
Resonance from shape of pharynx and mouth
The glottis is the opening between the vocal
folds
Innervation via laryngeal nerves
Branches of CN X
Left recurrent laryngeal nerve loops around aorta
20. From Bronchi to Lungs: The Bronchial
Tree
1 bronchi (enter lungs at
hilus, complete cartilage
rings)
2 bronchi (from now on
cartilage plates)
3 bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles
Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs
Conducting
portion
Respiratory portion
21. Lungs
Light, soft, spongy
Conical in shape, apex, base, costal surface, medial
surface, hilus. Note various impressions
Right lung
Three lobes; superior, middle and inferior
Oblique and horizontal fissure
Left Lung
Two lobes; superior and inferior also Lingula and Cardiac
notch, oblique fissure
31. Airways
Trachea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary
bronchi out to 25 generations
All comprised of hyaline cartilage
Trachea
Begins where larynx ends (about C6)
10 cm long, half in neck, half in mediastinum
20 U-Shaped rings of hyaline cartilage – keeps lumen intact
but not as brittle as bone
Lined with epithelium and cilia which work to keep foreign
bodies/irritants away from lungs
32.
33.
34.
35.
36. Airways
Primary Brochi
One to each lung – continuation of trachea
Right bronchus is wider and shorter 2.5 cm as opposed to
5 cm and branches from the trachea at a greater angle
Secondary bronchi – one to each lobe, three in right,
two in left
Tertiary – one to each bronchopulmonary segment –
approximately 10 per lung
All of the above are hyaline cartilage with no ability
to change diameter
45. Bronchioles
First level of airway surrounded by smooth
muscle; therefore can change diameter as in
brocho-constriction and broncho-dilation
Terminal
Respiratory
3-8 orders
alveoli
47. Bronchioles
Gas Exchange
Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood to
aleoli
Gas exchange occurs via diffusion through the
capillary beds
Returned to heart via pulmonary veins
49. Innervation
Pleura via intercostal (thoracic) nerves
Tracheobronchial tree
Parasympathetic via CN X efferent function =
broncho-constriction via smooth mm., also to
epithelial cells in trachea; afferent = responsible for
cough reflex
Sympathetic from T1-T5 efferent = brocho-dilation