SlideShare une entreprise Scribd logo
1  sur  21
Physics project on cyclotron class 12th
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I undertook this Project work , as the part of my XII-Physics project .I had tried to
apply my best of knowledge and experience gained during study and class
work experience.
I would like to extend my sincere thanks and gratitude to my teachers Mrs.
MAHAK AHUJA and Mr. S.V. YADAV
I am very much thankful to our principal Dr. RAJESH SHARMA for giving
valuable time and moral support to develop this project.
I would like to take the opportunity to extend my sincere thanks and gratitude to
our parents for being a source of inspiration and providing time and freedom to
develop this project.
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project / Dissertation entitled CYCLOTRON is a bonafide work done by Master EKANSH WAGADARE of
class XII Session 2016-17 in partial fulfillment of CBSE’s AISSCE Examination 2016-17 and has been carried out under my
direct supervision and guidance . This report or a similar report on the topic has not been submitted for any other examination
and does not form a part of any other course undergone by the candidate.
EXTERNAL PRINCIPAL INTERNAL
• Cyclotrons accelerate charged particles using a high-frequency, alternating
voltage (potential difference).
• The cyclotron was invented by Leo Szilárd and first manufactured by Ernest
Lawrence .
• A cyclotron is used for accelerating positive ions, so that they acquire energy
large enough to carry out nuclear reactions.
• Cyclotron was designed by Lawrence and living stone in order to overcome the
drawbacks of the linear accelerator at the drawbacks of the linear accelerator
at the University of California, Berkley, in the early 1930’s and is used to
accelerate charged particles like protons and deuterons.
• This results in the production of high energy beam which is then used for
artificial disintegration, etc.
• These type of particle accelerator were among the first devised and have
several advantages over early linear accelerators, such as smaller size
requirements.
• Particle acceleration typically requires a fairly great distance to allow the
particles to come to sufficient speed for use in experiments.
• The design of a cyclotron, however, allows for smaller accelerators to be used
to great effect, since the particle moves in a circular motion and travels a great
distance without requiring a long straight corridor for passage.
PRINCIPLE
• A cyclotron accelerates a charged particle beam using a high
frequency alternating voltage which is applied between two hollow "D"-shaped
sheet metal electrodes called "dees" inside a vacuum chamber.
• The dees are placed face to face with a narrow gap between them, creating a
cylindrical space within them for the particles to move. The particles are injected
into the center of this space. The dees are located between the poles of a
large electromagnet which applies a static magnetic field ”B” perpendicular to
the electrode plane.
• The magnetic field causes the particles path to bend in a circle due to the Lorentz
force perpendicular to their direction of motion.
• If the particles' speed were constant, they would travel in a circular path within the
dees under the influence of the magnetic field. However a radio frequency (RF)
alternating voltage of several thousand volts is applied between the dees. The
frequency is set so that the particles make one circuit during a single cycle of the
voltage.
• Each time after the particles pass to the other dee electrode the polarity of the
RF voltage reverses. Therefore, each time the particles cross the gap from
one dee electrode to the other, the electric field is in the correct direction to
accelerate them.
• The particles' increasing speed due to these pushes causes them to move in
a larger radius circle with each rotation, so the particles move in a spiral path
outward from the center to the rim of the dees. When they reach the rim the
particles exit the dees through a small gap between them, and hit a target
located at the exit point at the rim of the chamber, or leave the cyclotron
through an evacuated beam tube to hit a remote target.
• Various materials may be used for the target, and the nuclear reactions due
to the collisions will create secondary particles which may be guided outside of
the cyclotron and into instruments for analysis.
• In the cyclotron, in contrast, the particles encounter the accelerating voltage
many times during their spiral path, and so are accelerated many times, so the
output energy can be many times the accelerating voltage.
Physics project on cyclotron class 12th
CONSTRUCTION
• D1 and D2 are hollow evacuated metal chambers called dees . The dees are
connected to a high frequency oscillator. The two dees are enclosed in a
evacuated steel box.
• The box is placed in a strong magnetic field produced by two pole pieces of
electromagnet.
WORKING
• The positive ion to be accelerated is placed in between the dees. Let D1 is at
negative potential and D2 is at positive potential. The ion will be accelerated
towards D1
• On reaching inside D1 the ion will be in field free space(electric field is zero).Due
to perpendicular magnetic field it describes a semi circular path inside D1 of radius
r=mv/Bq.
• Time taken by the ion to cover semi circular path is t= πm/Bq. This time is
independent of speed of the ion and radius of its path.
• The time during which positive ion describe a semi circular path is equal to the
time of half cycle of electric oscillator and at the same instant polarity of the dees
are reversed.
• Now D1 becomes positive and D2 becomes negative.
• The ion is accelerated towards D2. It enters D2 by crossing electric field between
D1 and D2 therefore inside D2 it describes semi circular path of greater radius
(velocity increases due to electric field).
• As time period is independent of speed and radius therefore the ion will arrive in the
gap when the polarity of the dees is reversed. therefore, positive ion will go on
accelerating every time it comes in the gap between the dees.
• The accelerated ion can be removed out of the dees from window , by applying electric
field.
CYCLOTRON RADIATION
• Cyclotron radiation is electromagnetic radiation emitted by moving charge
d particles deflected by a magnetic field. The Lorentz force on the particles
acts perpendicular to both the magnetic field lines and the particles' motion
through them, creating an acceleration of charged particles.
CYCLOTRON
FREQUENCY
ADVANTAGES OF CYCLOTRON
• Cyclotron has a single electrical driver, which saves both money and power, since
more expense may be allocated to increasing efficiency.
• Cyclotrons produce a continuous stream of particles at the target, so the average
power is relatively high.
• The compactness of the device reduces other cost as its foundations, radiation
shielding, and the enclosing building.
• In the medical area we are developing the cyclotron as a proton treatment source.
More medical facilities are being set up with the cyclotron providing accelerated
protons to irradiate tissue. The proton, unlike gamma rays, has a depth of
penetration that can be finely tuned (by ”turning” the cyclotron) to limit damage to
other tissues.
• The cyclotron is also used to create radioactive materials that are used as
radiation sources which can be implanted. The radioactive materials can also be
used as tracers in medical work ups and in research, and also to provide
“luminosity” in some imaging because of the way tissue takes up these selected
materials.
USES OF CYCLOTRON
• For several decades, cyclotrons were the best source of high-energy beams
for nuclear physics experiments; several cyclotrons are still in use for this
type of research.
• Cyclotrons can be used to treat cancer. Ion beams from cyclotrons can be
used, as in proton therapy, to penetrate the body and kill tumors by radiation
damage, while minimizing damage to healthy tissue along their path.
• Cyclotron beams can be used to bombard other atoms to produce short-lived
positron-emitting isotopes suitable for PET imaging
• There are basically two applications for the cyclotron. It's a particle
accelerator, and, though it can be adapted to accelerate any charged particle,
it is most frequently applied to accelerate positive charges. Protons are
frequently the choice. We use the cyclotron in the physics lab, and in
medicine.
• In the medical area we are developing the cyclotron as a proton treatment source.
More medical facilities are being set up with the cyclotron providing accelerated
protons to irradiate tissue. The proton, unlike gamma rays, has a depth of
penetration that can be finely tuned (by "tuning" the cyclotron) to limit damage to
other tissues.
• The cyclotron is also used to create radioactive materials that are used as radiation
sources which can be implanted. The radioactive materials can also be used as
tracers in medical work ups and in research, and also to provide "luminosity" in
some imaging because of the way tissue takes up these selected materials. These
mostly short-lived radionuclide's are "big business" in medical and biophysics.
• In the physics laboratory, we use the cyclotron to create particle streams that we
then slam into targets. This is the continuation of research to investigate the
quantum mechanical world. The cyclotron can be used to "feed" another or other
accelerators to get higher energies and a "bigger bang" in the world of collisions.
THEY WORK ON THE PRINCIPLE OF
CYCLOTRON
WORLD’S LARGEST CYCLOTRON
• The world’s largest cyclotron built and commissioned in 1947 in 1974 at
Canada’s National Laboratory for particle and Nuclear Physics, known as the
TRIUMF Laboratory, in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, reached
energies of 500 MeV .Thirty six years later, it is still world’s largest and one of
the crowning achievements of modern engineering.
• Through subsequent modifications, the TRIUMF cyclotron is now producing
three times the beam intensity it was designed for.
• This was a unique accelerator, the only one in its energy range that
accelerated H-ions instead of protons.
• The huge cyclotron has a 4000-ton main magnet 18 meters (59feet) in
diameter and a main RF amplifier that delivers almost 1 million watts of
power.
• Because the TRIUMF cyclotron can provide very intense beams of protons, it’s
been able to perform some of most detailed science experiments in particle and
nuclear physics, enabling researchers to examine hundreds or millions of reactions
and look for deviations and extremely rare reactions.
CYCLOTRON IN INDIA
• Variable Energy cyclotron centre (VECC) is located in Calcutta, India. The
centre building itself houses a 224cm cyclotron, was the first of its kind in
India, having been operational since 1977-06-16 .It provides proton,
deuteron, alpha particle and heavy ion beams of various energies to other
institutes.
• www.wikipedia.com
• S.L. Arora
• Google Images

Contenu connexe

Tendances

Cyclotron accelerator
Cyclotron acceleratorCyclotron accelerator
Cyclotron acceleratorWishal Butt
 
Pence: Cyclotron
Pence: CyclotronPence: Cyclotron
Pence: Cyclotronjtrip
 
Biology class 12 investigatory project
Biology class 12 investigatory projectBiology class 12 investigatory project
Biology class 12 investigatory projectSlimerElite
 
Atoms Class 12 NCERT chapter 12
Atoms Class 12 NCERT chapter 12Atoms Class 12 NCERT chapter 12
Atoms Class 12 NCERT chapter 12Lovedeep Singh
 
Physics Investigatory Project Class 12
Physics Investigatory Project Class 12Physics Investigatory Project Class 12
Physics Investigatory Project Class 12Self-employed
 
INVESTIGATORY PROJECT ON SEMICONDUCTOR by shivam jhade
INVESTIGATORY PROJECT ON SEMICONDUCTOR by shivam jhade INVESTIGATORY PROJECT ON SEMICONDUCTOR by shivam jhade
INVESTIGATORY PROJECT ON SEMICONDUCTOR by shivam jhade bhopal
 
SEMICONDUCTOR (project)
SEMICONDUCTOR (project)SEMICONDUCTOR (project)
SEMICONDUCTOR (project)SUDHA BHUJEL
 
TESLA COIL PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY CLASS 12 CBSE
TESLA COIL PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY CLASS 12 CBSETESLA COIL PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY CLASS 12 CBSE
TESLA COIL PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY CLASS 12 CBSEAritraDas50
 
paper chromatography project class 12
paper chromatography project class 12paper chromatography project class 12
paper chromatography project class 12Sandesh Walke
 
Physics Investigatory Project - Class 12 - Tangent Galvanometer
Physics Investigatory Project - Class 12 - Tangent GalvanometerPhysics Investigatory Project - Class 12 - Tangent Galvanometer
Physics Investigatory Project - Class 12 - Tangent GalvanometerDhananjay Dhiman
 
Physics project chirag
Physics project chiragPhysics project chirag
Physics project chiragChirag Patel
 
Physics Investigatory Project
Physics Investigatory  ProjectPhysics Investigatory  Project
Physics Investigatory ProjectDIVYANSHU KUMAR
 
Chemistry Investigation Project (Daniel cell).
Chemistry Investigation Project (Daniel cell).Chemistry Investigation Project (Daniel cell).
Chemistry Investigation Project (Daniel cell).sanjeebankrishna
 
Sterlization of water using bleaching powder
Sterlization of water using bleaching powder Sterlization of water using bleaching powder
Sterlization of water using bleaching powder Gaurav Sharma
 

Tendances (20)

Cyclotron accelerator
Cyclotron acceleratorCyclotron accelerator
Cyclotron accelerator
 
Pence: Cyclotron
Pence: CyclotronPence: Cyclotron
Pence: Cyclotron
 
Biology class 12 investigatory project
Biology class 12 investigatory projectBiology class 12 investigatory project
Biology class 12 investigatory project
 
Atoms Class 12 NCERT chapter 12
Atoms Class 12 NCERT chapter 12Atoms Class 12 NCERT chapter 12
Atoms Class 12 NCERT chapter 12
 
Transformer(Class 12 Investigatory Project)
Transformer(Class 12 Investigatory Project)Transformer(Class 12 Investigatory Project)
Transformer(Class 12 Investigatory Project)
 
Physics Investigatory Project Class 12
Physics Investigatory Project Class 12Physics Investigatory Project Class 12
Physics Investigatory Project Class 12
 
Black Holes
Black HolesBlack Holes
Black Holes
 
INVESTIGATORY PROJECT ON SEMICONDUCTOR by shivam jhade
INVESTIGATORY PROJECT ON SEMICONDUCTOR by shivam jhade INVESTIGATORY PROJECT ON SEMICONDUCTOR by shivam jhade
INVESTIGATORY PROJECT ON SEMICONDUCTOR by shivam jhade
 
SEMICONDUCTOR (project)
SEMICONDUCTOR (project)SEMICONDUCTOR (project)
SEMICONDUCTOR (project)
 
Physics Project
Physics ProjectPhysics Project
Physics Project
 
TESLA COIL PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY CLASS 12 CBSE
TESLA COIL PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY CLASS 12 CBSETESLA COIL PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY CLASS 12 CBSE
TESLA COIL PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY CLASS 12 CBSE
 
CBSE CLASS 12 PHYSICS PROJECT
CBSE CLASS 12 PHYSICS PROJECTCBSE CLASS 12 PHYSICS PROJECT
CBSE CLASS 12 PHYSICS PROJECT
 
WIRELESS ELECTRICITY
WIRELESS ELECTRICITYWIRELESS ELECTRICITY
WIRELESS ELECTRICITY
 
paper chromatography project class 12
paper chromatography project class 12paper chromatography project class 12
paper chromatography project class 12
 
Physics Investigatory Project - Class 12 - Tangent Galvanometer
Physics Investigatory Project - Class 12 - Tangent GalvanometerPhysics Investigatory Project - Class 12 - Tangent Galvanometer
Physics Investigatory Project - Class 12 - Tangent Galvanometer
 
Physics project chirag
Physics project chiragPhysics project chirag
Physics project chirag
 
Physics Investigatory Project
Physics Investigatory  ProjectPhysics Investigatory  Project
Physics Investigatory Project
 
Chemistry Investigation Project (Daniel cell).
Chemistry Investigation Project (Daniel cell).Chemistry Investigation Project (Daniel cell).
Chemistry Investigation Project (Daniel cell).
 
Cyclotron (1)
Cyclotron (1)Cyclotron (1)
Cyclotron (1)
 
Sterlization of water using bleaching powder
Sterlization of water using bleaching powder Sterlization of water using bleaching powder
Sterlization of water using bleaching powder
 

En vedette

Cyclotron presentation
Cyclotron presentationCyclotron presentation
Cyclotron presentationSahib Ullah
 
Betatron ppt
Betatron pptBetatron ppt
Betatron pptOriental
 
Cyclotron
CyclotronCyclotron
CyclotronRuby M
 
Information Technology Particle Accelerator
Information Technology Particle AcceleratorInformation Technology Particle Accelerator
Information Technology Particle AcceleratorDror Bukai
 
CHARGE PARTICLE ACCELERATORCharge particle accelerator
CHARGE PARTICLE ACCELERATORCharge particle acceleratorCHARGE PARTICLE ACCELERATORCharge particle accelerator
CHARGE PARTICLE ACCELERATORCharge particle acceleratorSYED SHAHEEN SHAH
 
Particle accelerator
Particle acceleratorParticle accelerator
Particle acceleratorChen Siyuan
 

En vedette (10)

Cyclotron
CyclotronCyclotron
Cyclotron
 
PET Cyclotron
PET Cyclotron PET Cyclotron
PET Cyclotron
 
Cyclotron presentation
Cyclotron presentationCyclotron presentation
Cyclotron presentation
 
Betatron ppt
Betatron pptBetatron ppt
Betatron ppt
 
Particle accelerator
Particle accelerator Particle accelerator
Particle accelerator
 
Cyclotron
CyclotronCyclotron
Cyclotron
 
Information Technology Particle Accelerator
Information Technology Particle AcceleratorInformation Technology Particle Accelerator
Information Technology Particle Accelerator
 
CHARGE PARTICLE ACCELERATORCharge particle accelerator
CHARGE PARTICLE ACCELERATORCharge particle acceleratorCHARGE PARTICLE ACCELERATORCharge particle accelerator
CHARGE PARTICLE ACCELERATORCharge particle accelerator
 
Particle accelerator
Particle acceleratorParticle accelerator
Particle accelerator
 
Synchrotron
SynchrotronSynchrotron
Synchrotron
 

Similaire à Physics project on cyclotron class 12th

Medical Physics Group 4.pdf
Medical Physics Group 4.pdfMedical Physics Group 4.pdf
Medical Physics Group 4.pdfusamachaudhry14
 
Ion Cyclotron Resonance - Mass Spectrometery by Ghulam Mustafa Channa
Ion Cyclotron Resonance - Mass Spectrometery by Ghulam Mustafa Channa Ion Cyclotron Resonance - Mass Spectrometery by Ghulam Mustafa Channa
Ion Cyclotron Resonance - Mass Spectrometery by Ghulam Mustafa Channa Ghulam Mustafa
 
Principles of Medical Cyclotrons and Applications.pptx
Principles of Medical Cyclotrons and Applications.pptxPrinciples of Medical Cyclotrons and Applications.pptx
Principles of Medical Cyclotrons and Applications.pptxPillai M.R. Ambikalmajan
 
What Is Polarization Sensitivity Of Hcg
What Is Polarization Sensitivity Of HcgWhat Is Polarization Sensitivity Of Hcg
What Is Polarization Sensitivity Of HcgAngela Baxter
 
XRD(X RAY DIFFRACTION).pptx
XRD(X RAY DIFFRACTION).pptxXRD(X RAY DIFFRACTION).pptx
XRD(X RAY DIFFRACTION).pptxKhushiManiktala
 
Unit 1 Mechanism of Conduction in Semiconductors
Unit 1 Mechanism of Conduction in SemiconductorsUnit 1 Mechanism of Conduction in Semiconductors
Unit 1 Mechanism of Conduction in SemiconductorsDr Piyush Charan
 
Radiation physics
Radiation physicsRadiation physics
Radiation physicsDr Kumar
 
Difference b/w electron, neutron and X-ray diffraction and advantages
Difference b/w electron, neutron and X-ray diffraction and advantagesDifference b/w electron, neutron and X-ray diffraction and advantages
Difference b/w electron, neutron and X-ray diffraction and advantagesBHOLU RAM SWAMI
 
Matter Structure & Chemical & Physical changes, properties, and processes.
Matter Structure & Chemical & Physical changes, properties, and processes.Matter Structure & Chemical & Physical changes, properties, and processes.
Matter Structure & Chemical & Physical changes, properties, and processes.Ospina19
 
Optical properties of nanomaterials
Optical properties of nanomaterialsOptical properties of nanomaterials
Optical properties of nanomaterialsudhay roopavath
 

Similaire à Physics project on cyclotron class 12th (20)

Cyclotron (1)
Cyclotron (1)Cyclotron (1)
Cyclotron (1)
 
Medical Physics Group 4.pdf
Medical Physics Group 4.pdfMedical Physics Group 4.pdf
Medical Physics Group 4.pdf
 
Ion Cyclotron Resonance - Mass Spectrometery by Ghulam Mustafa Channa
Ion Cyclotron Resonance - Mass Spectrometery by Ghulam Mustafa Channa Ion Cyclotron Resonance - Mass Spectrometery by Ghulam Mustafa Channa
Ion Cyclotron Resonance - Mass Spectrometery by Ghulam Mustafa Channa
 
Cyclotron.pdf
Cyclotron.pdfCyclotron.pdf
Cyclotron.pdf
 
Radiography testing .pdf
Radiography testing .pdfRadiography testing .pdf
Radiography testing .pdf
 
Principles of Medical Cyclotrons and Applications.pptx
Principles of Medical Cyclotrons and Applications.pptxPrinciples of Medical Cyclotrons and Applications.pptx
Principles of Medical Cyclotrons and Applications.pptx
 
Cyclotron
CyclotronCyclotron
Cyclotron
 
What Is Polarization Sensitivity Of Hcg
What Is Polarization Sensitivity Of HcgWhat Is Polarization Sensitivity Of Hcg
What Is Polarization Sensitivity Of Hcg
 
XRD(X RAY DIFFRACTION).pptx
XRD(X RAY DIFFRACTION).pptxXRD(X RAY DIFFRACTION).pptx
XRD(X RAY DIFFRACTION).pptx
 
Unit 1 Mechanism of Conduction in Semiconductors
Unit 1 Mechanism of Conduction in SemiconductorsUnit 1 Mechanism of Conduction in Semiconductors
Unit 1 Mechanism of Conduction in Semiconductors
 
Physics project
Physics projectPhysics project
Physics project
 
Tesi Master Li jin hai
Tesi Master Li jin haiTesi Master Li jin hai
Tesi Master Li jin hai
 
Synchrotron absas
Synchrotron absasSynchrotron absas
Synchrotron absas
 
Radiation physics
Radiation physicsRadiation physics
Radiation physics
 
ect292 nanoelectronics
ect292 nanoelectronicsect292 nanoelectronics
ect292 nanoelectronics
 
Proton therapy
Proton therapyProton therapy
Proton therapy
 
Difference b/w electron, neutron and X-ray diffraction and advantages
Difference b/w electron, neutron and X-ray diffraction and advantagesDifference b/w electron, neutron and X-ray diffraction and advantages
Difference b/w electron, neutron and X-ray diffraction and advantages
 
Matter Structure & Chemical & Physical changes, properties, and processes.
Matter Structure & Chemical & Physical changes, properties, and processes.Matter Structure & Chemical & Physical changes, properties, and processes.
Matter Structure & Chemical & Physical changes, properties, and processes.
 
Optical properties of nanomaterials
Optical properties of nanomaterialsOptical properties of nanomaterials
Optical properties of nanomaterials
 
Radiation physics
Radiation physicsRadiation physics
Radiation physics
 

Dernier

Basic Concepts in Pharmacology in molecular .pptx
Basic Concepts in Pharmacology in molecular  .pptxBasic Concepts in Pharmacology in molecular  .pptx
Basic Concepts in Pharmacology in molecular .pptxVijayaKumarR28
 
KeyBio pipeline for bioinformatics and data science
KeyBio pipeline for bioinformatics and data scienceKeyBio pipeline for bioinformatics and data science
KeyBio pipeline for bioinformatics and data scienceLayne Sadler
 
Gene transfer in plants agrobacterium.pdf
Gene transfer in plants agrobacterium.pdfGene transfer in plants agrobacterium.pdf
Gene transfer in plants agrobacterium.pdfNetHelix
 
PSP3 employability assessment form .docx
PSP3 employability assessment form .docxPSP3 employability assessment form .docx
PSP3 employability assessment form .docxmarwaahmad357
 
3.2 Pests of Sorghum_Identification, Symptoms and nature of damage, Binomics,...
3.2 Pests of Sorghum_Identification, Symptoms and nature of damage, Binomics,...3.2 Pests of Sorghum_Identification, Symptoms and nature of damage, Binomics,...
3.2 Pests of Sorghum_Identification, Symptoms and nature of damage, Binomics,...PirithiRaju
 
Pests of ragi_Identification, Binomics_Dr.UPR
Pests of ragi_Identification, Binomics_Dr.UPRPests of ragi_Identification, Binomics_Dr.UPR
Pests of ragi_Identification, Binomics_Dr.UPRPirithiRaju
 
Pests of wheat_Identification, Bionomics, Damage symptoms, IPM_Dr.UPR.pdf
Pests of wheat_Identification, Bionomics, Damage symptoms, IPM_Dr.UPR.pdfPests of wheat_Identification, Bionomics, Damage symptoms, IPM_Dr.UPR.pdf
Pests of wheat_Identification, Bionomics, Damage symptoms, IPM_Dr.UPR.pdfPirithiRaju
 
Role of herbs in hair care Amla and heena.pptx
Role of herbs in hair care  Amla and  heena.pptxRole of herbs in hair care  Amla and  heena.pptx
Role of herbs in hair care Amla and heena.pptxVaishnaviAware
 
Pests of tenai_Identification,Binomics_Dr.UPR
Pests of tenai_Identification,Binomics_Dr.UPRPests of tenai_Identification,Binomics_Dr.UPR
Pests of tenai_Identification,Binomics_Dr.UPRPirithiRaju
 
Substances in Common Use for Shahu College Screening Test
Substances in Common Use for Shahu College Screening TestSubstances in Common Use for Shahu College Screening Test
Substances in Common Use for Shahu College Screening TestAkashDTejwani
 
MARKER ASSISTED SELECTION IN CROP IMPROVEMENT
MARKER ASSISTED SELECTION IN CROP IMPROVEMENTMARKER ASSISTED SELECTION IN CROP IMPROVEMENT
MARKER ASSISTED SELECTION IN CROP IMPROVEMENTjipexe1248
 
MARSILEA notes in detail for II year Botany.ppt
MARSILEA  notes in detail for II year Botany.pptMARSILEA  notes in detail for II year Botany.ppt
MARSILEA notes in detail for II year Botany.pptaigil2
 
biosynthesis of the cell wall and antibiotics
biosynthesis of the cell wall and antibioticsbiosynthesis of the cell wall and antibiotics
biosynthesis of the cell wall and antibioticsSafaFallah
 
Pests of cumbu_Identification, Binomics, Integrated ManagementDr.UPR.pdf
Pests of cumbu_Identification, Binomics, Integrated ManagementDr.UPR.pdfPests of cumbu_Identification, Binomics, Integrated ManagementDr.UPR.pdf
Pests of cumbu_Identification, Binomics, Integrated ManagementDr.UPR.pdfPirithiRaju
 
CW marking grid Analytical BS - M Ahmad.docx
CW  marking grid Analytical BS - M Ahmad.docxCW  marking grid Analytical BS - M Ahmad.docx
CW marking grid Analytical BS - M Ahmad.docxmarwaahmad357
 
001 Case Study - Submission Point_c1051231_attempt_2023-11-23-14-08-42_ABS CW...
001 Case Study - Submission Point_c1051231_attempt_2023-11-23-14-08-42_ABS CW...001 Case Study - Submission Point_c1051231_attempt_2023-11-23-14-08-42_ABS CW...
001 Case Study - Submission Point_c1051231_attempt_2023-11-23-14-08-42_ABS CW...marwaahmad357
 
RCPE terms and cycles scenarios as of March 2024
RCPE terms and cycles scenarios as of March 2024RCPE terms and cycles scenarios as of March 2024
RCPE terms and cycles scenarios as of March 2024suelcarter1
 
soft skills question paper set for bba ca
soft skills question paper set for bba casoft skills question paper set for bba ca
soft skills question paper set for bba caohsadfeeling
 

Dernier (20)

Cheminformatics tools supporting dissemination of data associated with US EPA...
Cheminformatics tools supporting dissemination of data associated with US EPA...Cheminformatics tools supporting dissemination of data associated with US EPA...
Cheminformatics tools supporting dissemination of data associated with US EPA...
 
Basic Concepts in Pharmacology in molecular .pptx
Basic Concepts in Pharmacology in molecular  .pptxBasic Concepts in Pharmacology in molecular  .pptx
Basic Concepts in Pharmacology in molecular .pptx
 
KeyBio pipeline for bioinformatics and data science
KeyBio pipeline for bioinformatics and data scienceKeyBio pipeline for bioinformatics and data science
KeyBio pipeline for bioinformatics and data science
 
Gene transfer in plants agrobacterium.pdf
Gene transfer in plants agrobacterium.pdfGene transfer in plants agrobacterium.pdf
Gene transfer in plants agrobacterium.pdf
 
PSP3 employability assessment form .docx
PSP3 employability assessment form .docxPSP3 employability assessment form .docx
PSP3 employability assessment form .docx
 
3.2 Pests of Sorghum_Identification, Symptoms and nature of damage, Binomics,...
3.2 Pests of Sorghum_Identification, Symptoms and nature of damage, Binomics,...3.2 Pests of Sorghum_Identification, Symptoms and nature of damage, Binomics,...
3.2 Pests of Sorghum_Identification, Symptoms and nature of damage, Binomics,...
 
Pests of ragi_Identification, Binomics_Dr.UPR
Pests of ragi_Identification, Binomics_Dr.UPRPests of ragi_Identification, Binomics_Dr.UPR
Pests of ragi_Identification, Binomics_Dr.UPR
 
Pests of wheat_Identification, Bionomics, Damage symptoms, IPM_Dr.UPR.pdf
Pests of wheat_Identification, Bionomics, Damage symptoms, IPM_Dr.UPR.pdfPests of wheat_Identification, Bionomics, Damage symptoms, IPM_Dr.UPR.pdf
Pests of wheat_Identification, Bionomics, Damage symptoms, IPM_Dr.UPR.pdf
 
Role of herbs in hair care Amla and heena.pptx
Role of herbs in hair care  Amla and  heena.pptxRole of herbs in hair care  Amla and  heena.pptx
Role of herbs in hair care Amla and heena.pptx
 
Cheminformatics tools and chemistry data underpinning mass spectrometry analy...
Cheminformatics tools and chemistry data underpinning mass spectrometry analy...Cheminformatics tools and chemistry data underpinning mass spectrometry analy...
Cheminformatics tools and chemistry data underpinning mass spectrometry analy...
 
Pests of tenai_Identification,Binomics_Dr.UPR
Pests of tenai_Identification,Binomics_Dr.UPRPests of tenai_Identification,Binomics_Dr.UPR
Pests of tenai_Identification,Binomics_Dr.UPR
 
Substances in Common Use for Shahu College Screening Test
Substances in Common Use for Shahu College Screening TestSubstances in Common Use for Shahu College Screening Test
Substances in Common Use for Shahu College Screening Test
 
MARKER ASSISTED SELECTION IN CROP IMPROVEMENT
MARKER ASSISTED SELECTION IN CROP IMPROVEMENTMARKER ASSISTED SELECTION IN CROP IMPROVEMENT
MARKER ASSISTED SELECTION IN CROP IMPROVEMENT
 
MARSILEA notes in detail for II year Botany.ppt
MARSILEA  notes in detail for II year Botany.pptMARSILEA  notes in detail for II year Botany.ppt
MARSILEA notes in detail for II year Botany.ppt
 
biosynthesis of the cell wall and antibiotics
biosynthesis of the cell wall and antibioticsbiosynthesis of the cell wall and antibiotics
biosynthesis of the cell wall and antibiotics
 
Pests of cumbu_Identification, Binomics, Integrated ManagementDr.UPR.pdf
Pests of cumbu_Identification, Binomics, Integrated ManagementDr.UPR.pdfPests of cumbu_Identification, Binomics, Integrated ManagementDr.UPR.pdf
Pests of cumbu_Identification, Binomics, Integrated ManagementDr.UPR.pdf
 
CW marking grid Analytical BS - M Ahmad.docx
CW  marking grid Analytical BS - M Ahmad.docxCW  marking grid Analytical BS - M Ahmad.docx
CW marking grid Analytical BS - M Ahmad.docx
 
001 Case Study - Submission Point_c1051231_attempt_2023-11-23-14-08-42_ABS CW...
001 Case Study - Submission Point_c1051231_attempt_2023-11-23-14-08-42_ABS CW...001 Case Study - Submission Point_c1051231_attempt_2023-11-23-14-08-42_ABS CW...
001 Case Study - Submission Point_c1051231_attempt_2023-11-23-14-08-42_ABS CW...
 
RCPE terms and cycles scenarios as of March 2024
RCPE terms and cycles scenarios as of March 2024RCPE terms and cycles scenarios as of March 2024
RCPE terms and cycles scenarios as of March 2024
 
soft skills question paper set for bba ca
soft skills question paper set for bba casoft skills question paper set for bba ca
soft skills question paper set for bba ca
 

Physics project on cyclotron class 12th

  • 2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I undertook this Project work , as the part of my XII-Physics project .I had tried to apply my best of knowledge and experience gained during study and class work experience. I would like to extend my sincere thanks and gratitude to my teachers Mrs. MAHAK AHUJA and Mr. S.V. YADAV I am very much thankful to our principal Dr. RAJESH SHARMA for giving valuable time and moral support to develop this project. I would like to take the opportunity to extend my sincere thanks and gratitude to our parents for being a source of inspiration and providing time and freedom to develop this project.
  • 3. CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the project / Dissertation entitled CYCLOTRON is a bonafide work done by Master EKANSH WAGADARE of class XII Session 2016-17 in partial fulfillment of CBSE’s AISSCE Examination 2016-17 and has been carried out under my direct supervision and guidance . This report or a similar report on the topic has not been submitted for any other examination and does not form a part of any other course undergone by the candidate. EXTERNAL PRINCIPAL INTERNAL
  • 4. • Cyclotrons accelerate charged particles using a high-frequency, alternating voltage (potential difference). • The cyclotron was invented by Leo Szilárd and first manufactured by Ernest Lawrence .
  • 5. • A cyclotron is used for accelerating positive ions, so that they acquire energy large enough to carry out nuclear reactions. • Cyclotron was designed by Lawrence and living stone in order to overcome the drawbacks of the linear accelerator at the drawbacks of the linear accelerator at the University of California, Berkley, in the early 1930’s and is used to accelerate charged particles like protons and deuterons. • This results in the production of high energy beam which is then used for artificial disintegration, etc. • These type of particle accelerator were among the first devised and have several advantages over early linear accelerators, such as smaller size requirements. • Particle acceleration typically requires a fairly great distance to allow the particles to come to sufficient speed for use in experiments. • The design of a cyclotron, however, allows for smaller accelerators to be used to great effect, since the particle moves in a circular motion and travels a great distance without requiring a long straight corridor for passage.
  • 6. PRINCIPLE • A cyclotron accelerates a charged particle beam using a high frequency alternating voltage which is applied between two hollow "D"-shaped sheet metal electrodes called "dees" inside a vacuum chamber. • The dees are placed face to face with a narrow gap between them, creating a cylindrical space within them for the particles to move. The particles are injected into the center of this space. The dees are located between the poles of a large electromagnet which applies a static magnetic field ”B” perpendicular to the electrode plane. • The magnetic field causes the particles path to bend in a circle due to the Lorentz force perpendicular to their direction of motion. • If the particles' speed were constant, they would travel in a circular path within the dees under the influence of the magnetic field. However a radio frequency (RF) alternating voltage of several thousand volts is applied between the dees. The frequency is set so that the particles make one circuit during a single cycle of the voltage.
  • 7. • Each time after the particles pass to the other dee electrode the polarity of the RF voltage reverses. Therefore, each time the particles cross the gap from one dee electrode to the other, the electric field is in the correct direction to accelerate them. • The particles' increasing speed due to these pushes causes them to move in a larger radius circle with each rotation, so the particles move in a spiral path outward from the center to the rim of the dees. When they reach the rim the particles exit the dees through a small gap between them, and hit a target located at the exit point at the rim of the chamber, or leave the cyclotron through an evacuated beam tube to hit a remote target. • Various materials may be used for the target, and the nuclear reactions due to the collisions will create secondary particles which may be guided outside of the cyclotron and into instruments for analysis. • In the cyclotron, in contrast, the particles encounter the accelerating voltage many times during their spiral path, and so are accelerated many times, so the output energy can be many times the accelerating voltage.
  • 9. CONSTRUCTION • D1 and D2 are hollow evacuated metal chambers called dees . The dees are connected to a high frequency oscillator. The two dees are enclosed in a evacuated steel box. • The box is placed in a strong magnetic field produced by two pole pieces of electromagnet.
  • 10. WORKING • The positive ion to be accelerated is placed in between the dees. Let D1 is at negative potential and D2 is at positive potential. The ion will be accelerated towards D1 • On reaching inside D1 the ion will be in field free space(electric field is zero).Due to perpendicular magnetic field it describes a semi circular path inside D1 of radius r=mv/Bq. • Time taken by the ion to cover semi circular path is t= πm/Bq. This time is independent of speed of the ion and radius of its path. • The time during which positive ion describe a semi circular path is equal to the time of half cycle of electric oscillator and at the same instant polarity of the dees are reversed. • Now D1 becomes positive and D2 becomes negative. • The ion is accelerated towards D2. It enters D2 by crossing electric field between D1 and D2 therefore inside D2 it describes semi circular path of greater radius (velocity increases due to electric field).
  • 11. • As time period is independent of speed and radius therefore the ion will arrive in the gap when the polarity of the dees is reversed. therefore, positive ion will go on accelerating every time it comes in the gap between the dees. • The accelerated ion can be removed out of the dees from window , by applying electric field.
  • 12. CYCLOTRON RADIATION • Cyclotron radiation is electromagnetic radiation emitted by moving charge d particles deflected by a magnetic field. The Lorentz force on the particles acts perpendicular to both the magnetic field lines and the particles' motion through them, creating an acceleration of charged particles.
  • 14. ADVANTAGES OF CYCLOTRON • Cyclotron has a single electrical driver, which saves both money and power, since more expense may be allocated to increasing efficiency. • Cyclotrons produce a continuous stream of particles at the target, so the average power is relatively high. • The compactness of the device reduces other cost as its foundations, radiation shielding, and the enclosing building. • In the medical area we are developing the cyclotron as a proton treatment source. More medical facilities are being set up with the cyclotron providing accelerated protons to irradiate tissue. The proton, unlike gamma rays, has a depth of penetration that can be finely tuned (by ”turning” the cyclotron) to limit damage to other tissues. • The cyclotron is also used to create radioactive materials that are used as radiation sources which can be implanted. The radioactive materials can also be used as tracers in medical work ups and in research, and also to provide “luminosity” in some imaging because of the way tissue takes up these selected materials.
  • 15. USES OF CYCLOTRON • For several decades, cyclotrons were the best source of high-energy beams for nuclear physics experiments; several cyclotrons are still in use for this type of research. • Cyclotrons can be used to treat cancer. Ion beams from cyclotrons can be used, as in proton therapy, to penetrate the body and kill tumors by radiation damage, while minimizing damage to healthy tissue along their path. • Cyclotron beams can be used to bombard other atoms to produce short-lived positron-emitting isotopes suitable for PET imaging • There are basically two applications for the cyclotron. It's a particle accelerator, and, though it can be adapted to accelerate any charged particle, it is most frequently applied to accelerate positive charges. Protons are frequently the choice. We use the cyclotron in the physics lab, and in medicine.
  • 16. • In the medical area we are developing the cyclotron as a proton treatment source. More medical facilities are being set up with the cyclotron providing accelerated protons to irradiate tissue. The proton, unlike gamma rays, has a depth of penetration that can be finely tuned (by "tuning" the cyclotron) to limit damage to other tissues. • The cyclotron is also used to create radioactive materials that are used as radiation sources which can be implanted. The radioactive materials can also be used as tracers in medical work ups and in research, and also to provide "luminosity" in some imaging because of the way tissue takes up these selected materials. These mostly short-lived radionuclide's are "big business" in medical and biophysics. • In the physics laboratory, we use the cyclotron to create particle streams that we then slam into targets. This is the continuation of research to investigate the quantum mechanical world. The cyclotron can be used to "feed" another or other accelerators to get higher energies and a "bigger bang" in the world of collisions.
  • 17. THEY WORK ON THE PRINCIPLE OF CYCLOTRON
  • 18. WORLD’S LARGEST CYCLOTRON • The world’s largest cyclotron built and commissioned in 1947 in 1974 at Canada’s National Laboratory for particle and Nuclear Physics, known as the TRIUMF Laboratory, in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, reached energies of 500 MeV .Thirty six years later, it is still world’s largest and one of the crowning achievements of modern engineering. • Through subsequent modifications, the TRIUMF cyclotron is now producing three times the beam intensity it was designed for. • This was a unique accelerator, the only one in its energy range that accelerated H-ions instead of protons. • The huge cyclotron has a 4000-ton main magnet 18 meters (59feet) in diameter and a main RF amplifier that delivers almost 1 million watts of power.
  • 19. • Because the TRIUMF cyclotron can provide very intense beams of protons, it’s been able to perform some of most detailed science experiments in particle and nuclear physics, enabling researchers to examine hundreds or millions of reactions and look for deviations and extremely rare reactions.
  • 20. CYCLOTRON IN INDIA • Variable Energy cyclotron centre (VECC) is located in Calcutta, India. The centre building itself houses a 224cm cyclotron, was the first of its kind in India, having been operational since 1977-06-16 .It provides proton, deuteron, alpha particle and heavy ion beams of various energies to other institutes.
  • 21. • www.wikipedia.com • S.L. Arora • Google Images