SlideShare une entreprise Scribd logo
1  sur  98
Télécharger pour lire hors ligne
Reproductive
Physiology
Aboubakr Elnashar
Benha university,
Egypt
Aboubakr Elnashar
II. Female Reproductive Physiology
1. Function of the female reproductive system
2. Oogenesis
3. Folliculogenesis
4. Ovarian Cycle Regulation
5. Menstrual cycle
6. Cervical mucous during the menstrual cycle
7. Ovum pickup and transport in F tube
Aboubakr Elnashar
1. Function of the female reproductive
system
1. Produces, sustains , and allows oocytes to be
fertilized by sperm
2. Supports the development of an offspring
(gestation)
3. Gives birth to a new individual (parturition) .
Aboubakr Elnashar
Ovary :
Produces
oocytes in a process called oogenesis
Female sex hormones:
estrogens and progesterone
Developed:
Near the kidneys during fetal development
Toward the end of pregnancy descend into the
pelvic cavity
Aboubakr Elnashar
The ovary:
 Outer cortex:
 containing multiple tiny ovarian follicles
 Each follicle contains an immature oocyte,
surrounded by ≥ one layers of cells
 The cortex is covered by a low columnar
epithelium: germinal epithelium
 Beneath the germinal epithelium is a dense
collagenous layer: tunica albuginea
 Inner medulla:
where scar tissues and connective tissue are
located
Aboubakr Elnashar
Aboubakr Elnashar
Fallopian tube:
Firmbriae:
Finger – like appendages that collect the ovum
from the ovary during ovulation.
Infundibulum
channels the ovum from the firmbriae into the
tube
Ampulla:
the curvature of the tube where most
fertilization occurs
Inner wall of uterine tube is made of ciliated
mucosa , where the cilia propel the ovum toward
the uterus
Aboubakr Elnashar
Aboubakr Elnashar
Uterus
3 layers of tissue
Perimetrium (fibrous connective tissue)
Myometrium (smooth muscle)
Endometrium (epithelial and connective tissues) .
Endometrium:
After fertilization: embryo adheres to the endometrial
layer for further development: implantation
To prepare for implantation and development ,
endometrium is stimulated by estrogens to thicken and
becomes vascularzed: process called the menstrual
cycle
Myometrium:
under the stimulation of oxytocin, contracts during labor
to expel the fetus into the vagina .
The base of uterus is closed by a narrow passageway
called cervix to prevent the entry of foregin substancesAboubakr Elnashar
Vagina:
An elastic channel inferior to the cervix
Serves as:
"birth canal" during parturition
copulatory receptacle, where it receives the
penis during sexual intercourse
coveys
acids secretion from cervix
uterine secretions (i.e. menstrual flow).
Aboubakr Elnashar
2. Oogenesis
In the ovarian cortex, a process called oogenesis
(formation of egg) occurs to develop a mature ovum
Before birth
Several million of primordial oocytes exist in the
ovaries: most of them spontaneously degenerate
At birth
only 1 million primordial oocytes are left
By puberty (age 10-11)
only 400,000 remain in the ovaries .
Aboubakr Elnashar
From puberty to menopause:
Some of these primordial oocytes (containing 46
chromosomes) undergo DNA replication: primary
oocytes (with 46 pairs of chromosomes ).
Primary oocytes
undergo "crossing - over" to shuffle their genes,
and meiosis I will occur to divide the cells into:
secondary oocytes (containing 46 unique
chromosomes) and
the first polar bodies (also containing 46
unique chromosomes ; but will be
degenerated) .
Aboubakr Elnashar
Oogenesis now is arrested
where the ovary discharges a mature secondary
oocyte into the uterine tube (in a process called
ovulation) .
Meiosis II is reactivated when this secondary oocyte
is fertilized by a sperm dividing the 46 chromosomes
into
23 (inside the second polar body) and
another 23 will be united with the 23
chromosomes released from the sperm
if no fertilization:
secondary oocyte is discarded along with the
menstrual flow
Aboubakr Elnashar
Aboubakr Elnashar
2. Folliculogenesis
Aboubakr Elnashar
Aboubakr Elnashar
 In a primordial follicle:
 one layer of squamous-like
follicle cells surrounds the
oocyte.
 Primary follicle:
 has two or more layers of
cuboidal granulosa cells
surrounding the oocyte.
Aboubakr Elnashar
 Secondary follicle:
 contains fluid-filled spaces
between the granulosa cells.
 These spaces eventually
coalesce to form a central cavity
called an antrum
 Graafian follicle:
 contains an antrum that
dominates the structure and the
follicle actually bulges from the
surface of the ovary
Aboubakr Elnashar
4. Ovarian cycle
A series of event in the ovarian cortex in order to
produce a mature ovum and sex hormones .
Lasts
28 days
may vary in length.
The follicular phase may range from 7 to 26 days
The luteal phase is constant 14 days.
From day 1 to 13= Follicular phase
mature ovum is developed and estrogens are
released
On day 14
ovulation occurs to discharge the ovum ,
From day 15 to 28= luteal phase
scar tissues are formed and progesterone is
released .
Aboubakr Elnashar
On day 1:
hypothalamus secretes LHRH to the anterior
pituitary gland: secretes FSH to the ovaries .
Upon receiving FSH, about 20-25 primary follicles
develop into secondary follicles .
[primary oocytes located inside primary follicles
undergo meiosis I and become secondary oocoytes
, contained in secondary follicles] .
Aboubakr Elnashar
Follicular cells in secondary follicles begin to
secrete estrogens (for communicating with
hypothalamus and anterior pituitary and for
developing the endometrium) .
With continuous stimulation of FSH and some LH:
secondary follicles continue to grow larger and
develop multiple layers of follicular cells (while the
secondary oocytes within are unchanged).
Aboubakr Elnashar
By day 13:
only 1 secondary follicle will fully mature and
become the graafian follicle (or mature follicle)
which secretes a large amount of estrogens to
the hypothalamus – anterior pituitary system for
signaling ovulation (using a positive feedback
mechanism).
Aboubakr Elnashar
On day 14:
large amounts of LH ("LH surge") will be
secreted by anterior pituitary: ovulation: graafian
follicle ruptures: releases the secondary oocyte
still enveloped by its corona radiata and zona
pellucida, into the peritoneal cavity.
Aboubakr Elnashar
From days 15 to 25:
Graafian follicle degenerates:
corpus hemorrhagicum ("a bleeding body"):
corpus luteum ("a yellow body"; containing
lutein cells that secrete progesterone and
some estrogens to continuum stimulating the
development of endometrium).
Aboubakr Elnashar
By day 26:
if no fertilization: {lack of HCG from the embryo} ,
corpus luteum degenerates:
corpus albicans
declining levels of estrogens&progesterone:
signal the hypothalamus – anterior pituitary
system to initiate another ovarian cycle.
if fertilization:
HCG will continuously simulate corpus luteum for
2-3 months: high levels of estrogens and
progesterone to maintain pregnancy in the first
trimester.
Aboubakr Elnashar
Aboubakr Elnashar
4. Regulation of Ovarian Cycle
Aboubakr Elnashar
 Sustained high estrogen levels(>200pg/ml
for 48h): surge in pituitary LH secretion that
 Triggers Ovulation
 Progesterone production
 Shift to the secretory, or luteal, phase
 It stimulates the primary oocyte of the dominant follicle to
complete meiosis I.
 It transforms the ruptured follicle into the corpus luteum.
Aboubakr Elnashar
Luteal function is dependent on the LH.
 However, the corpus luteum secretes estrogen,
progesterone, and inhibin-A,
which serve to maintain gonadotropin suppression.
 Without continued LH secretion, the corpus luteum will
regress after 12 to 16 days
 The resulting loss of progesterone secretion results in
menstruation.
Aboubakr Elnashar
If pregnancy:
 embryo secretes hCG, which mimics the action of
LH by sustaining the corpus luteum
 The corpus luteum continues to secrete
progesterone and supports the secretory
endometrium, allowing the pregnancy to continue to
develop.
Aboubakr Elnashar
5. Menstrual cycle
A series of events that occurs in the uterus in order
to prepare the endometrial layer for implantation and
fetal development .
Occurs simultaneously with the ovarian cycle, and
also lasts about 28 days .
Aboubakr Elnashar
Aboubakr Elnashar
From days 1 to 6= menstruation phase
the top portion of a thickened endometrial called
stratum functionalis is shed off from the previous
cycle
Menses:
stratum functionalist tissue
Mucus
Blood
secondary oocytes
tissue repair occurs to prepare for a new
menstrual cycle
Aboubakr Elnashar
From days 7 to 13= Proliferative (preovulatory)
phase
increasing levels of estrogens from secondary
and mature follicles:
stimulate the endometrial to thicken
Aboubakr Elnashar
Proliferative Phase: Day 6-14
Aboubakr Elnashar
From days 15 to 28: Secretory (postovulatory) phase.
continuous secretion of estrogens and
progesterone from corpus luteum: endometrium to
continue thickening and vascularizing
Toward the end of this phase
if no fertilization:
lack of HCG stimulation to corpus luteum: declining
levels of estrogens and progesterone: endometrium to
degenerate – ultimately shedding off the stratum
functionalis layer
If fertilization:
high levels of estrogens and progesterone from the
corpus luteum (in the first trimester) and from the
placenta (in the second and third trimesters): sustain
the thickness and vascularization of endometrium until
the end of pregnancy.
Aboubakr Elnashar
Aboubakr Elnashar
6. Cervical mucous during the menstrual
cycle & and Sperm ascent
Aboubakr Elnashar
Cervical Mucous During The Menstrual CycleAboubakr Elnashar
The cervix
 lined by secretory columnar
epithelium arranged as
branched glands.
 This epithelium undergoes
only minor changes during
the menstrual cycle.
Aboubakr Elnashar
1. Cervix mucus before ovulation
 Profuse and clear
{action of oestrogen before
ovulation}
 Ferning pattern on drying
 Spinnbarkeit (by day 14 a
single thread may be drawn out
to 8 cm
 Alkaline pH
Aboubakr Elnashar
2. Cervical mucus in Mid-cycle
Formation of microfibrils and macrofibrils of mucin
from secretory cells within cervical crypts.
Aboubakr Elnashar
Ascent of sperm through micellar channels formed in
cervical mucus at midcycle.
Aboubakr Elnashar
 more hydrated.
 The macro-molecules (glycoprotein) condense into
'micelles* which are penetrated by a network of
channels.
 These enlarge before ovulation and provide a route
for sperm penetration.
Aboubakr Elnashar
3. Cervical mucus at Luteal Phase
 Once progesterone secretion begins (D 15),
 The cervical mucus becomes
Thick
Opaque
highly cellular
less abundant
ferning pattern disappears
Aboubakr Elnashar
I. Ovum pick up
1. Prior to ovulation:
 Pickup process is relatively slow (15 min)
 The oocyte and cumulus detach from the follicular wall.
7. Ovum pickup and transport in F tube
Aboubakr Elnashar
2. Ovulated eggs
adhere with their cumulus to the surface of the
ovary
Cumulus is necessary to ensure egg pickup.
Eggs can be picked up from the contralateral
ovary or cul-de-sac
Aboubakr Elnashar
3. The fimbriated end of the tube:
on the ovulatory side are erect.
have higher concentration of ciliated cells
sweeps over the surface of the ovary.
muscular movements bring fimbriae into contact
with ovarian surface
Mature oocyt
Immature eggAboubakr Elnashar
Cumulus is necessary to ensure egg
pickup.
Aboubakr Elnashar
II. Ovum transport
 Ampullary cilia beat in synchrony toward uterus.
 When the ovum reaches the ampulla: the whole
process is temporarily halted with a valve like
mechanism for up to 38 hrs to allows additional
time for fertilisation.
Aboubakr Elnashar
Rising concentration of the progesterone from the
corpus luteum: valve is released: the ovum is moved
on once again by the combination of cilial and
muscular activity.
The egg spends 80 hrs in the tube, 90% of the
time in the ampulla.
Aboubakr Elnashar
Factors affecting tubal function
1. Hormones:
Estrogen has a tube-locking effect that can be
overcome by progesterone.
2. Adrenergic stimulus
Surgical denervation does not affect transport.
3. Prostaglandins) PGs.)
 relaxes tubal musculature
 PGF2a stimulates contraction.
Aboubakr Elnashar
I. Male Reproductive Physiology
1. Function of male reproductive system
2. Spermatogenesis
3. Spermatozoa
4. Journey of sperm
1. Ejaculation
2. Sperm motility.
3. Sperm ascent
Aboubakr Elnashar
1. Functions of male reproductive system
– Male Reproductive System
• Testes
• Epididymis
• Ductus deferens
• Accessory glands
–Prostate
–Seminal vesicles
–Bulbourethral glands
Aboubakr Elnashar
The male reproductive system:
1. Produce, maintain & transport viable spermatozoa
2. Hormone production
1. develops secondary sexual characteristics
2. Involved in feedback mechanisms relating to
spermatogenesis
Aboubakr Elnashar
Testis:
 Produces
 sperm in a process called spermatogenesis
 male sex hormones (testosterone)
 Developed in:
 male fetus near the kidneys
 descend to the scrotum about 2 months before birth
 Enclosed by a layer of fibrous connective tissue
called tunica alumina
 Contains
 about 250 functional units called lobules
 each lobule contains about 4 seminiferous tubules where
spermatogenesis occurs
 All somniferous tubules in a testis converge and form a
channel called rate testis
Aboubakr Elnashar
Seminiferous
Tubule
Tunica
Albuginea
Head of
EpididymisVas Deferens
Epididymis
Body of
Epididymis
Tail of Epididymis
Septum
Rete Testis
Mediasiunum
testis
Tunica
Vaginalis
Tubuli Recti
Ductui I efferentes
Aboubakr Elnashar
Scrotum:
A pouch – like cutaneous extension that contains
the two testes
Located outside of pelvic cavity: prevent
overheating of testes [internal temperature of
scrotum is always about 3 ˚F below body
temperature] .
Epididymis:
An expanded tubule from the rate testis where
sperm is stored (for about 3 days), matured and
become fully functional.
Contains cilia on its columnar epithelium that help
move sperm toward vas deferens during
ejaculation.
Aboubakr Elnashar
Vas deferens:
A tubule (about 10 inches long) that connects
epididymis to the urethra for transporting sperm
during ejaculation.
Contains smooth muscle that undergoes rapid
peristalsis during ejaculation .
Aboubakr Elnashar
Accessory sex glands
Seminal vesicles:
secrete an alkaline solution that makes up 60% of
the semen volume
Fructose: nutrient for the sperm
Prostaglandins:
stimulate uterine contraction during sexual
excitation
decrease cervical mucus viscosity
stimulate reverse peristalsis of the uterus.
Coagulating enzyme:
turn semen into a bolus that can be readily
propelled into the vagina.
Aboubakr Elnashar
Prostate gland:
secretes a slightly acidic, milky white fluid that
makes up about 30% of semen volume
neutralize the pH of semen and vaginal
secretion.
Prostatic fibrinolysin
acts to decoagulate" the semen, which
helps the sperm begin their journey in
female GT.
Bulb urethral gland:
secretes a clear lubricating fluid that aids in
sexual intercourse.
Aboubakr Elnashar
Composition of Semen
 10%: Sperm & testicular fluid
 30%: Prostatic secretions
 60% Seminal vesicle secretions.
Aboubakr Elnashar
Reproductive organs of the male
Urethra:
A tubule located inside the penis for urine
excretion and semen ejaculation
Contains smooth muscle that performs rapid
peristalsis during ejaculation .
Aboubakr Elnashar
Penis:
A copulatory organ that is responsible for
delivering the sperm to the female reproductive
tract.
Contains 2 erectile tissues:
corpus cavernosa
corpus spongiosum:
 enlarges and forms the glans penis due to
increased blood flow during sexual
excitation
Aboubakr Elnashar
Aboubakr Elnashar
During sexual excitement
parasympathetic nerves: VD in the penis:
erectile tissues swell and erect the penis
During ejaculation
sympathetic nerves: vas deferens, urethra and
erectile tissues contract, forcefully expelling
semen: (a mixture of sex gland fluids and about
300 million sperm) outward .
Aboubakr Elnashar
Seminiferous Tubules
About 1,000 seminiferous tubules in each testis
conduct spermatogenesis.
Between the tubules:
specialized glandular cells called interstitial
cells (or leydig's cells ): produce testosterone.
Inside the tubules:
specialized cells called sertoli's cells: support
and nourish the sperm.
Aboubakr Elnashar
Aboubakr Elnashar
Function of Seminiferous tubule
1. Maintain environment for spermatogonia by the
basal lamina and the Sertoli cells
• Sertoli cells separate the lumen from the basal
lamina and create a blood-testis barrier
• Creates 3 compartments
– Lumen: low glucose, high K+ & steroid hormones
– Basal compartment: the baso-lateral side of the sertoli
cells & containing the developing spermatogonia
– Interstitial fluid space: below the basal lamina and
contains the Leydig cells
2. Produce hormones/paracrines
• From Sertoli cells
• From Leydig cells
Aboubakr Elnashar
 Endocrine:
hormones travel through the circulation to reach their target
cells.
 Paracrine:
hormones diffuse through the extracellular space to reach their
target cells, which are neighboring cells.
 Autocrine:
hormones feed back on the cell of origin, without entering the
circulation Aboubakr Elnashar
Function of Sertoli cells
Produce hormones & paracrines involved with control
of hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis and the testes
directly
1. AMH
 Secreted during embryogenesis
 Prevents development of the Müllerian ducts
2. Inhibin & activin
 Regulate FSH release from anterior pituitary
 Inhibin: decreases FSH release
 Activin: increases LH function & increases
FSH release
Aboubakr Elnashar
3. Androgen Binding Protein (ABP)
• Binds to testosterone and DHT: reduces the
loses due to diffusion: `increase in testicular
testosterone levels
4. Estradiols & Aromatase
• Support spermatogenesis
5. GDNF (glial derived neurotrophic factor) & ERM
transcription factor
• Maintenance of the stem cell line
Aboubakr Elnashar
Function of Leydig cells
1. Produce androgens
• testosterone, androstenedione and DHEA
–Increase spermatogenesis
–Influence secondary sexual characteristics
2. Stimulated to produce androgens by LH
• FSH increases the response to LH by Leydig
cells
Aboubakr Elnashar
Aboubakr Elnashar
Accessory Gland Function
• Function:
– Secrete seminal fluid (99% of semen volume)
• Components of seminal fluid
–Mucus
–Water
–Nutrients
–Buffers
–Enzymes
–Prostaglandins
–Zinc?
– Accessory Glands
• Prostate
• Seminal vesicles
• Bulbourethral glands
Aboubakr Elnashar
Seminal Fluid Components, Function and Location
Aboubakr Elnashar
2. Spermatogenesis
Spermatogonia
containing 46 chromosomes
2 types
A continue as a stem .
B that will be primary spermatocyte
undergo DNA replication and produce primary
spermatocytes (with 46 pairs of chromosomes)
[some spermatozoid undergo mitosis to maintain a
large population , so that spermatogenesis can be
continuous for many decades].
Aboubakr Elnashar
Primary spermatocytes
undergo "crossing - over" to shuffle their genes
,and undergo meiosis I: secondary spermatocytes
(each containing 46 unique chromosomes) .
Aboubakr Elnashar
Secondary spermatocytes
undergo meiosis II: spermatids (with 23 unique
chromosomes)
Spermatids
now transform themselves into spermatozoa
(also containing 23 unique chromosomes) in a
final event called spermatogenesis .
Aboubakr Elnashar
Aboubakr Elnashar
 Maturation of an ovum:
 prolonged process starting in fetal life
 involving 2 resting phases before producing the definitive
cell in the adult female.
 Production of sperm:
 in 70-80 days in a continuous process of development
and maturation
 only occurs after puberty .
Spermatogenesis Vs Oogenesis
Aboubakr Elnashar
2 resting phases
Fetal life till fertilization
Process Spermatogenesis Oogenesis
Start after puberty in fetal life
Length of 70-80 days Prolonged (years)
the process
End No definite time At menopause
Meiosis 4 equal One ovum& small
spermatids Polar bodies
Meiosis I No definite time At LH surge
Meiosis II No definite time At fertilization
Outcome  100mil. sperms/ejec One ovum/monthAboubakr Elnashar
3. Spermatozoa
Head
contains the nucleus (all DNA content)
contains the 23 chromosomes
enclosed by acrosome which stores lays enzymes called
acrosin for breaking down the coatings surrounding the egg.
Mid piece
mitochondria for energy production
single centriole
Tail.
End piece Aboubakr Elnashar
Maintail
Aboubakr Elnashar
Aboubakr Elnashar
 Stages of sperm production
1. Spermatocytogenesis
• produces secondary spermatocytes from
spermatogoium
2. Spermatidogenesis
• stage where meiosis I & II occur
• results in spermatid formation
3. Spermiogenesis
• final stage of sperm development
• spermatid becomes a motile spermatozoa
during spermiation
 The spermatozoon is produced in 70-80 days in a continuous
process of development and maturation, which only occurs
after puberty Aboubakr Elnashar
• Spermiation
– The spermatozoa that are formed are initially
unable to move.
– The flagella must become motile
• Not used however until ejaculated
• Prior movement through the male
reproductive tract is via peristalsis
Aboubakr Elnashar
Aboubakr Elnashar
4. Journey of a Sperm
At the end of spermatogenesis
spermatozoa are propelled by cilia in the inner
walls of rete testis toward the epididymes (the tails
of these sperm are not movable at this point) .
Inside the epididymis
certain enzymatic reactions occur that allow
spermatozoa to be fully matured and functional,
but not yet have the ability to fertilize the egg .
If no ejaculation occurs during the 3- day storage
time in the epididymis
phagocytes will destroy millions of older sperm in
storage.
Aboubakr Elnashar
During ejaculation
rapid peristalsis in the epididymis and vas
deferens propel the millions of sperm, passing the
accessory sex glands, and be expelled through
the urethra into the vagina of the female
Aboubakr Elnashar
After several minutes in the vagina
Normal ejaculation will occur into the upper
vagina where the semen forms a coagulum for
about 20 minutes before liquefying
Semen coagulum liquefies 20 to 30 minutes
later, secondary to prostatic enzymes.
25% of sperm is destroyed by the acidic
secretion of vagina
The coagulum prevents immediate loss of fluid
from the vagina after sexual intercourse
The seminal fluid is alkaline and acts as a buffer
for the sperm –to protect it from vaginal acidity-
until they can reach the alkaline cervical fluid
Tail becomes functional, propelling the sperm
through the cervix and into the uterus.
Aboubakr Elnashar
In cervix:
At mid-cycle the flow of cervical mucus will raise
the pH of the upper vagina and facilitate the
activity of the sperm.
Sperm must push through pores in the mucus;
abnormal sperm are less successful at
penetrating the cervical mucus.
The acrosomal cap over the sperm head is
capable of producing hydrolytic enzymes: aid the
progress of the sperm.
Most sperm are immobilized within 2 hours.
Sperm enter the cervical mucus within 90
seconds of ejaculation.
Cervix serves as a sperm reservoir for 72 hours.
Aboubakr Elnashar
In uterus:
 Questionable role of uterine contractions
 Half of the sperm will swim into the left F tube,
while the other half swim towards the right F
tube.
 The time taken for spermatozoa to travel from
the vagina to the tubes may be as short as 5
minutes.
Aboubakr Elnashar
In F tube:
Sperm continue swimming toward the deeper
end of uterine tube, against the expulsion force of
the cilia lining the inner wall of F tube
During this movement in the F tube, the
acrosome is slowly activated to prepare for the
release of acrostin enzyme
By the time sperm has arrived at the ampoule
region of uterine tube, only about 50 sperm are
viable enough to try to fertilize the egg
Usually only 1 sperm will penetrate through the
coatings surrounding the egg.
Aboubakr Elnashar
1.The ability to undergo
the Acrosome reaction
2.The ability to bind to
Zona Pellucida
3.The acquisition of
hypermotility
Capacitation
Aboubakr Elnashar
Acrosome Reaction.
 occurs in the vicinity of the oocyte or after incubation in the
follicular fluid
 involves changes to prepare sperm for fusion with the
egg membrane :
Aboubakr Elnashar
In vitro:
 Acrosome reaction can be induced by human
follicular fluid and the zona pellucida proteins of
the oocyte
 Capacitation can be brought about in a culture
medium which is a balanced salt solution
containing lactate, pyruvate and glucose for
energy and albumin.
 This is used in ART
Aboubakr Elnashar
Thanks
Aboubakr Elnashar

Contenu connexe

Tendances

Female reproductive system Physiology
Female reproductive system  PhysiologyFemale reproductive system  Physiology
Female reproductive system PhysiologyRaghu Veer
 
Anatomy of female reproductive organs
Anatomy of female reproductive organsAnatomy of female reproductive organs
Anatomy of female reproductive organsamrit kaur
 
Hormonal Control Of Ovarian And Endometrial Cycles
Hormonal Control Of Ovarian And Endometrial CyclesHormonal Control Of Ovarian And Endometrial Cycles
Hormonal Control Of Ovarian And Endometrial CyclesGirish Kumar K
 
I week of development
I week of developmentI week of development
I week of developmentmgmcri1234
 
Spermatogenesis
SpermatogenesisSpermatogenesis
SpermatogenesisSamchuchoo
 
Female reproductive system
Female reproductive systemFemale reproductive system
Female reproductive systemUE
 
Anatomy & Physiology of the Male Reproductive System
Anatomy & Physiology of the Male Reproductive SystemAnatomy & Physiology of the Male Reproductive System
Anatomy & Physiology of the Male Reproductive SystemDr. Sarita Sharma
 
histologic structure of female genital system
histologic structure of female genital systemhistologic structure of female genital system
histologic structure of female genital systemwayan sugiritama
 
Embryology full note
Embryology full noteEmbryology full note
Embryology full noteLucidante1
 
Endocrine System - Physiology
Endocrine System - PhysiologyEndocrine System - Physiology
Endocrine System - PhysiologyCU Dentistry 2019
 
Introduction to embryology
Introduction to embryologyIntroduction to embryology
Introduction to embryologyVernon Pashi
 
Histology of male reproductive system
Histology of male reproductive systemHistology of male reproductive system
Histology of male reproductive systemDr Laxman Khanal
 
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM I
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM IMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM I
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM IDr Nilesh Kate
 

Tendances (20)

Ovaries.ppt
Ovaries.pptOvaries.ppt
Ovaries.ppt
 
Female reproductive system Physiology
Female reproductive system  PhysiologyFemale reproductive system  Physiology
Female reproductive system Physiology
 
Anatomy of female reproductive organs
Anatomy of female reproductive organsAnatomy of female reproductive organs
Anatomy of female reproductive organs
 
Oogenesis
OogenesisOogenesis
Oogenesis
 
Hormonal Control Of Ovarian And Endometrial Cycles
Hormonal Control Of Ovarian And Endometrial CyclesHormonal Control Of Ovarian And Endometrial Cycles
Hormonal Control Of Ovarian And Endometrial Cycles
 
Ovarian cycle
Ovarian cycleOvarian cycle
Ovarian cycle
 
I week of development
I week of developmentI week of development
I week of development
 
Spermatogenesis
SpermatogenesisSpermatogenesis
Spermatogenesis
 
Female reproductive system
Female reproductive systemFemale reproductive system
Female reproductive system
 
Anatomy & Physiology of the Male Reproductive System
Anatomy & Physiology of the Male Reproductive SystemAnatomy & Physiology of the Male Reproductive System
Anatomy & Physiology of the Male Reproductive System
 
histologic structure of female genital system
histologic structure of female genital systemhistologic structure of female genital system
histologic structure of female genital system
 
Embryology full note
Embryology full noteEmbryology full note
Embryology full note
 
Endocrine System - Physiology
Endocrine System - PhysiologyEndocrine System - Physiology
Endocrine System - Physiology
 
Introduction to embryology
Introduction to embryologyIntroduction to embryology
Introduction to embryology
 
Embryology Lecture 2 oogenesis
 Embryology Lecture 2 oogenesis  Embryology Lecture 2 oogenesis
Embryology Lecture 2 oogenesis
 
Histology of male reproductive system
Histology of male reproductive systemHistology of male reproductive system
Histology of male reproductive system
 
Menstrual cycle
Menstrual cycleMenstrual cycle
Menstrual cycle
 
Pituitary gland (anatomy)
Pituitary gland (anatomy)Pituitary gland (anatomy)
Pituitary gland (anatomy)
 
Menstrual Cycle
Menstrual CycleMenstrual Cycle
Menstrual Cycle
 
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM I
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM IMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM I
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM I
 

En vedette

Female repproductive physiology
Female repproductive physiologyFemale repproductive physiology
Female repproductive physiologyluxaeterna556
 
Anatomy and Physiology of the Male and Female Reproductive System
Anatomy and Physiology of the Male and Female Reproductive SystemAnatomy and Physiology of the Male and Female Reproductive System
Anatomy and Physiology of the Male and Female Reproductive SystemSusanette V. Benitez
 
Important definitions in statistics
Important definitions in statisticsImportant definitions in statistics
Important definitions in statisticsAboubakr Elnashar
 
RCT of the effects of Metformin Vs COCs in adolescent PCOS women through a 2...
RCT of the effects of Metformin Vs COCs in adolescent PCOS  women through a 2...RCT of the effects of Metformin Vs COCs in adolescent PCOS  women through a 2...
RCT of the effects of Metformin Vs COCs in adolescent PCOS women through a 2...Aboubakr Elnashar
 
Gonadotrpin ovarian stimulation
Gonadotrpin ovarian stimulationGonadotrpin ovarian stimulation
Gonadotrpin ovarian stimulationAboubakr Elnashar
 
Recurrent miscarriage RCOG, 2011 Up to date, 2013
Recurrent miscarriage RCOG, 2011 Up to date, 2013Recurrent miscarriage RCOG, 2011 Up to date, 2013
Recurrent miscarriage RCOG, 2011 Up to date, 2013Aboubakr Elnashar
 
Prevention of Gynecologic Cancer
Prevention of Gynecologic CancerPrevention of Gynecologic Cancer
Prevention of Gynecologic CancerAboubakr Elnashar
 
Current evidence for management of Refractory Endometrium
Current evidence for management of Refractory Endometrium Current evidence for management of Refractory Endometrium
Current evidence for management of Refractory Endometrium Aboubakr Elnashar
 
Egyptian Fertility Sterility Society Conference 2016: What is new?
Egyptian Fertility Sterility Society Conference 2016: What is new? Egyptian Fertility Sterility Society Conference 2016: What is new?
Egyptian Fertility Sterility Society Conference 2016: What is new? Aboubakr Elnashar
 
PREMATURE OVARIAN INSUFFICIENCY ESHRE Guidelines, 2015
PREMATURE OVARIAN INSUFFICIENCY ESHRE Guidelines, 2015PREMATURE OVARIAN INSUFFICIENCY ESHRE Guidelines, 2015
PREMATURE OVARIAN INSUFFICIENCY ESHRE Guidelines, 2015Aboubakr Elnashar
 
low dose Aspirin in obstetrics
low dose Aspirin  in obstetrics low dose Aspirin  in obstetrics
low dose Aspirin in obstetrics Aboubakr Elnashar
 
Ultrasonography of the ovary
Ultrasonography of the ovaryUltrasonography of the ovary
Ultrasonography of the ovaryAboubakr Elnashar
 
Treatment of poor responders: Review of Systematic reviews 2016
Treatment of poor responders: Review of Systematic reviews 2016 Treatment of poor responders: Review of Systematic reviews 2016
Treatment of poor responders: Review of Systematic reviews 2016 Aboubakr Elnashar
 
Ultrasonography of Congenital fetal Defects
Ultrasonography of Congenital fetal Defects Ultrasonography of Congenital fetal Defects
Ultrasonography of Congenital fetal Defects Aboubakr Elnashar
 
Anatomy physiology of female reproductive system
Anatomy  physiology of female reproductive systemAnatomy  physiology of female reproductive system
Anatomy physiology of female reproductive systemMonique Reyes
 

En vedette (20)

Reproductive system physiology
Reproductive system physiologyReproductive system physiology
Reproductive system physiology
 
Female repproductive physiology
Female repproductive physiologyFemale repproductive physiology
Female repproductive physiology
 
Anatomy and Physiology of the Male and Female Reproductive System
Anatomy and Physiology of the Male and Female Reproductive SystemAnatomy and Physiology of the Male and Female Reproductive System
Anatomy and Physiology of the Male and Female Reproductive System
 
Important definitions in statistics
Important definitions in statisticsImportant definitions in statistics
Important definitions in statistics
 
RCT of the effects of Metformin Vs COCs in adolescent PCOS women through a 2...
RCT of the effects of Metformin Vs COCs in adolescent PCOS  women through a 2...RCT of the effects of Metformin Vs COCs in adolescent PCOS  women through a 2...
RCT of the effects of Metformin Vs COCs in adolescent PCOS women through a 2...
 
Reproductive system Notes
Reproductive system NotesReproductive system Notes
Reproductive system Notes
 
Gonadotrpin ovarian stimulation
Gonadotrpin ovarian stimulationGonadotrpin ovarian stimulation
Gonadotrpin ovarian stimulation
 
Gonadotrophins in PCOS
Gonadotrophins in PCOSGonadotrophins in PCOS
Gonadotrophins in PCOS
 
Recurrent miscarriage RCOG, 2011 Up to date, 2013
Recurrent miscarriage RCOG, 2011 Up to date, 2013Recurrent miscarriage RCOG, 2011 Up to date, 2013
Recurrent miscarriage RCOG, 2011 Up to date, 2013
 
Prevention of Gynecologic Cancer
Prevention of Gynecologic CancerPrevention of Gynecologic Cancer
Prevention of Gynecologic Cancer
 
Current evidence for management of Refractory Endometrium
Current evidence for management of Refractory Endometrium Current evidence for management of Refractory Endometrium
Current evidence for management of Refractory Endometrium
 
Assessment of ovulation
Assessment of ovulation Assessment of ovulation
Assessment of ovulation
 
Egyptian Fertility Sterility Society Conference 2016: What is new?
Egyptian Fertility Sterility Society Conference 2016: What is new? Egyptian Fertility Sterility Society Conference 2016: What is new?
Egyptian Fertility Sterility Society Conference 2016: What is new?
 
Obesity and Reproduction
Obesity and ReproductionObesity and Reproduction
Obesity and Reproduction
 
PREMATURE OVARIAN INSUFFICIENCY ESHRE Guidelines, 2015
PREMATURE OVARIAN INSUFFICIENCY ESHRE Guidelines, 2015PREMATURE OVARIAN INSUFFICIENCY ESHRE Guidelines, 2015
PREMATURE OVARIAN INSUFFICIENCY ESHRE Guidelines, 2015
 
low dose Aspirin in obstetrics
low dose Aspirin  in obstetrics low dose Aspirin  in obstetrics
low dose Aspirin in obstetrics
 
Ultrasonography of the ovary
Ultrasonography of the ovaryUltrasonography of the ovary
Ultrasonography of the ovary
 
Treatment of poor responders: Review of Systematic reviews 2016
Treatment of poor responders: Review of Systematic reviews 2016 Treatment of poor responders: Review of Systematic reviews 2016
Treatment of poor responders: Review of Systematic reviews 2016
 
Ultrasonography of Congenital fetal Defects
Ultrasonography of Congenital fetal Defects Ultrasonography of Congenital fetal Defects
Ultrasonography of Congenital fetal Defects
 
Anatomy physiology of female reproductive system
Anatomy  physiology of female reproductive systemAnatomy  physiology of female reproductive system
Anatomy physiology of female reproductive system
 

Similaire à Reproductive physiology

Reproductive physiology nursing qwe..pptx
Reproductive physiology nursing qwe..pptxReproductive physiology nursing qwe..pptx
Reproductive physiology nursing qwe..pptxUsman Hashmi
 
First week of development: Ovulation to Implantation
First week of development: Ovulation to Implantation First week of development: Ovulation to Implantation
First week of development: Ovulation to Implantation Jwan AlSofi
 
Female reproductive system
Female reproductive systemFemale reproductive system
Female reproductive systemAbhay Rajpoot
 
The female reproductive system
The female reproductive systemThe female reproductive system
The female reproductive systemZehra Jamil
 
Reproductive System Female.ppt
Reproductive System Female.pptReproductive System Female.ppt
Reproductive System Female.pptIbrahimbadshah3
 
Chapter24 reprofemalemarieb
Chapter24 reprofemalemariebChapter24 reprofemalemarieb
Chapter24 reprofemalemariebLawrence James
 
Female Genital Tract Ameer
Female Genital Tract AmeerFemale Genital Tract Ameer
Female Genital Tract Ameermohammed sediq
 
The female reproductive system
The female reproductive systemThe female reproductive system
The female reproductive systemmohit rulaniya
 
The Female Reproductive System.pptx female reproductive system
The Female Reproductive System.pptx female reproductive systemThe Female Reproductive System.pptx female reproductive system
The Female Reproductive System.pptx female reproductive systemPreetiChouhan6
 
Human reproduction and development
Human reproduction and developmentHuman reproduction and development
Human reproduction and developmentAndrew McCaskill
 
Reproductive health in human
Reproductive health in humanReproductive health in human
Reproductive health in humanvidan biology
 
Reproduction in human
Reproduction in humanReproduction in human
Reproduction in human227777222an
 
19.01.2 Female Reproduction 2009
19.01.2  Female Reproduction 200919.01.2  Female Reproduction 2009
19.01.2 Female Reproduction 2009Carly Richardson
 
Ovarian cycle (the guyton and hall physiology)
Ovarian cycle (the guyton and hall physiology)Ovarian cycle (the guyton and hall physiology)
Ovarian cycle (the guyton and hall physiology)Maryam Fida
 
PLACENTA, PARTURITION AND LACTATION
PLACENTA, PARTURITION AND LACTATIONPLACENTA, PARTURITION AND LACTATION
PLACENTA, PARTURITION AND LACTATIONDr Nilesh Kate
 

Similaire à Reproductive physiology (20)

Reproductive physiology nursing qwe..pptx
Reproductive physiology nursing qwe..pptxReproductive physiology nursing qwe..pptx
Reproductive physiology nursing qwe..pptx
 
Reproductive physiology..pptx
Reproductive physiology..pptxReproductive physiology..pptx
Reproductive physiology..pptx
 
First week of development: Ovulation to Implantation
First week of development: Ovulation to Implantation First week of development: Ovulation to Implantation
First week of development: Ovulation to Implantation
 
Chapter25 reprofemalemarieb
Chapter25 reprofemalemariebChapter25 reprofemalemarieb
Chapter25 reprofemalemarieb
 
Female reproductive system
Female reproductive systemFemale reproductive system
Female reproductive system
 
The female reproductive system
The female reproductive systemThe female reproductive system
The female reproductive system
 
Reproductive System Female.ppt
Reproductive System Female.pptReproductive System Female.ppt
Reproductive System Female.ppt
 
Chapter24 reprofemalemarieb
Chapter24 reprofemalemariebChapter24 reprofemalemarieb
Chapter24 reprofemalemarieb
 
Female Genital Tract Ameer
Female Genital Tract AmeerFemale Genital Tract Ameer
Female Genital Tract Ameer
 
The female reproductive system
The female reproductive systemThe female reproductive system
The female reproductive system
 
The Female Reproductive System.pptx female reproductive system
The Female Reproductive System.pptx female reproductive systemThe Female Reproductive System.pptx female reproductive system
The Female Reproductive System.pptx female reproductive system
 
The reproductive system
The reproductive systemThe reproductive system
The reproductive system
 
Reproductive system
Reproductive  systemReproductive  system
Reproductive system
 
Human reproduction and development
Human reproduction and developmentHuman reproduction and development
Human reproduction and development
 
Reproductive health in human
Reproductive health in humanReproductive health in human
Reproductive health in human
 
Reproduction in human
Reproduction in humanReproduction in human
Reproduction in human
 
Menstrual cycle
Menstrual  cycleMenstrual  cycle
Menstrual cycle
 
19.01.2 Female Reproduction 2009
19.01.2  Female Reproduction 200919.01.2  Female Reproduction 2009
19.01.2 Female Reproduction 2009
 
Ovarian cycle (the guyton and hall physiology)
Ovarian cycle (the guyton and hall physiology)Ovarian cycle (the guyton and hall physiology)
Ovarian cycle (the guyton and hall physiology)
 
PLACENTA, PARTURITION AND LACTATION
PLACENTA, PARTURITION AND LACTATIONPLACENTA, PARTURITION AND LACTATION
PLACENTA, PARTURITION AND LACTATION
 

Plus de Aboubakr Elnashar

WHAT IS NEW IN ESHRE 2022 AND FIGO 2022 FOR GENERAL GYNAECOLOGIST
WHAT IS NEW IN ESHRE 2022 AND FIGO 2022 FOR GENERAL GYNAECOLOGISTWHAT IS NEW IN ESHRE 2022 AND FIGO 2022 FOR GENERAL GYNAECOLOGIST
WHAT IS NEW IN ESHRE 2022 AND FIGO 2022 FOR GENERAL GYNAECOLOGISTAboubakr Elnashar
 
Adenomyosis associated infertility
Adenomyosis associated  infertilityAdenomyosis associated  infertility
Adenomyosis associated infertilityAboubakr Elnashar
 
Endometriosis associated infertility: ESHRE2022
Endometriosis associated infertility: ESHRE2022Endometriosis associated infertility: ESHRE2022
Endometriosis associated infertility: ESHRE2022Aboubakr Elnashar
 
Aesthetic gynecology controversy
Aesthetic gynecology controversyAesthetic gynecology controversy
Aesthetic gynecology controversyAboubakr Elnashar
 
Hormonal assay in clinical gyn
Hormonal assay in clinical gynHormonal assay in clinical gyn
Hormonal assay in clinical gynAboubakr Elnashar
 
Unnecessary investigations in reproductive medicine
Unnecessary investigations in reproductive medicineUnnecessary investigations in reproductive medicine
Unnecessary investigations in reproductive medicineAboubakr Elnashar
 
Individualisation of controlled ovarian stimulation
Individualisation of controlled ovarian stimulationIndividualisation of controlled ovarian stimulation
Individualisation of controlled ovarian stimulationAboubakr Elnashar
 
THE MANAGEMENT OF SEVERE PET/ECLAMPSIA
THE MANAGEMENT OF SEVERE PET/ECLAMPSIA THE MANAGEMENT OF SEVERE PET/ECLAMPSIA
THE MANAGEMENT OF SEVERE PET/ECLAMPSIA Aboubakr Elnashar
 
cesarean birth: procedural aspects: NICE2021
cesarean birth: procedural aspects: NICE2021  cesarean birth: procedural aspects: NICE2021
cesarean birth: procedural aspects: NICE2021 Aboubakr Elnashar
 
Management of pregnancy of unknown location
Management of pregnancy of unknown locationManagement of pregnancy of unknown location
Management of pregnancy of unknown locationAboubakr Elnashar
 
COVID 19 infection and pregnancy RCOG2021
COVID 19 infection and pregnancy RCOG2021COVID 19 infection and pregnancy RCOG2021
COVID 19 infection and pregnancy RCOG2021Aboubakr Elnashar
 

Plus de Aboubakr Elnashar (20)

WHAT IS NEW IN ESHRE 2022 AND FIGO 2022 FOR GENERAL GYNAECOLOGIST
WHAT IS NEW IN ESHRE 2022 AND FIGO 2022 FOR GENERAL GYNAECOLOGISTWHAT IS NEW IN ESHRE 2022 AND FIGO 2022 FOR GENERAL GYNAECOLOGIST
WHAT IS NEW IN ESHRE 2022 AND FIGO 2022 FOR GENERAL GYNAECOLOGIST
 
hepatitis B.pdf
hepatitis B.pdfhepatitis B.pdf
hepatitis B.pdf
 
hepatitis c2022.pdf
hepatitis c2022.pdfhepatitis c2022.pdf
hepatitis c2022.pdf
 
Adenomyosis associated infertility
Adenomyosis associated  infertilityAdenomyosis associated  infertility
Adenomyosis associated infertility
 
Endometriosis associated infertility: ESHRE2022
Endometriosis associated infertility: ESHRE2022Endometriosis associated infertility: ESHRE2022
Endometriosis associated infertility: ESHRE2022
 
Adenxal mass guidelines2020
Adenxal mass guidelines2020Adenxal mass guidelines2020
Adenxal mass guidelines2020
 
Aesthetic gynecology controversy
Aesthetic gynecology controversyAesthetic gynecology controversy
Aesthetic gynecology controversy
 
Hormonal assay in clinical gyn
Hormonal assay in clinical gynHormonal assay in clinical gyn
Hormonal assay in clinical gyn
 
FIRST TRIMESTER ANC OF IVF
FIRST TRIMESTER ANC OF IVFFIRST TRIMESTER ANC OF IVF
FIRST TRIMESTER ANC OF IVF
 
Unnecessary investigations in reproductive medicine
Unnecessary investigations in reproductive medicineUnnecessary investigations in reproductive medicine
Unnecessary investigations in reproductive medicine
 
Infertility prevention
Infertility prevention Infertility prevention
Infertility prevention
 
Individualisation of controlled ovarian stimulation
Individualisation of controlled ovarian stimulationIndividualisation of controlled ovarian stimulation
Individualisation of controlled ovarian stimulation
 
Female infertility
Female infertility Female infertility
Female infertility
 
Maternal near miss
Maternal near missMaternal near miss
Maternal near miss
 
THE MANAGEMENT OF SEVERE PET/ECLAMPSIA
THE MANAGEMENT OF SEVERE PET/ECLAMPSIA THE MANAGEMENT OF SEVERE PET/ECLAMPSIA
THE MANAGEMENT OF SEVERE PET/ECLAMPSIA
 
cesarean birth: procedural aspects: NICE2021
cesarean birth: procedural aspects: NICE2021  cesarean birth: procedural aspects: NICE2021
cesarean birth: procedural aspects: NICE2021
 
CAESAREAN SCAR DEFECT
CAESAREAN SCAR DEFECT  CAESAREAN SCAR DEFECT
CAESAREAN SCAR DEFECT
 
Management of pregnancy of unknown location
Management of pregnancy of unknown locationManagement of pregnancy of unknown location
Management of pregnancy of unknown location
 
Aerobic Vaginitis
Aerobic Vaginitis Aerobic Vaginitis
Aerobic Vaginitis
 
COVID 19 infection and pregnancy RCOG2021
COVID 19 infection and pregnancy RCOG2021COVID 19 infection and pregnancy RCOG2021
COVID 19 infection and pregnancy RCOG2021
 

Dernier

Bulimia nervosa ( Eating Disorders) Mental Health Nursing.
Bulimia nervosa ( Eating Disorders) Mental Health Nursing.Bulimia nervosa ( Eating Disorders) Mental Health Nursing.
Bulimia nervosa ( Eating Disorders) Mental Health Nursing.aarjukhadka22
 
Different drug regularity bodies in different countries.
Different drug regularity bodies in different countries.Different drug regularity bodies in different countries.
Different drug regularity bodies in different countries.kishan singh tomar
 
Clinical Research Informatics Year-in-Review 2024
Clinical Research Informatics Year-in-Review 2024Clinical Research Informatics Year-in-Review 2024
Clinical Research Informatics Year-in-Review 2024Peter Embi
 
Generative AI in Health Care a scoping review and a persoanl experience.
Generative AI in Health Care a scoping review and a persoanl experience.Generative AI in Health Care a scoping review and a persoanl experience.
Generative AI in Health Care a scoping review and a persoanl experience.Vaikunthan Rajaratnam
 
power point presentation of Clinical evaluation of strabismus
power point presentation of Clinical evaluation  of strabismuspower point presentation of Clinical evaluation  of strabismus
power point presentation of Clinical evaluation of strabismusChandrasekar Reddy
 
historyofpsychiatryinindia. Senthil Thirusangu
historyofpsychiatryinindia. Senthil Thirusanguhistoryofpsychiatryinindia. Senthil Thirusangu
historyofpsychiatryinindia. Senthil Thirusangu Medical University
 
ANATOMICAL FAETURES OF BONES FOR NURSING STUDENTS .pptx
ANATOMICAL FAETURES OF BONES  FOR NURSING STUDENTS .pptxANATOMICAL FAETURES OF BONES  FOR NURSING STUDENTS .pptx
ANATOMICAL FAETURES OF BONES FOR NURSING STUDENTS .pptxWINCY THIRUMURUGAN
 
Red Blood Cells_anemia & polycythemia.pdf
Red Blood Cells_anemia & polycythemia.pdfRed Blood Cells_anemia & polycythemia.pdf
Red Blood Cells_anemia & polycythemia.pdfMedicoseAcademics
 
AORTIC DISSECTION and management of aortic dissection
AORTIC DISSECTION and management of aortic dissectionAORTIC DISSECTION and management of aortic dissection
AORTIC DISSECTION and management of aortic dissectiondrhanifmohdali
 
pA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values- applications in pharmacology
pA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values- applications in pharmacologypA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values- applications in pharmacology
pA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values- applications in pharmacologyDeepakDaniel9
 
DNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptx
DNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptxDNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptx
DNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptxMAsifAhmad
 
Male Infertility Panel Discussion by Dr Sujoy Dasgupta
Male Infertility Panel Discussion by Dr Sujoy DasguptaMale Infertility Panel Discussion by Dr Sujoy Dasgupta
Male Infertility Panel Discussion by Dr Sujoy DasguptaSujoy Dasgupta
 
SGK ĐIỆN GIẬT ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY TUYỆT VỜI.pdf
SGK ĐIỆN GIẬT ĐHYHN        RẤT LÀ HAY TUYỆT VỜI.pdfSGK ĐIỆN GIẬT ĐHYHN        RẤT LÀ HAY TUYỆT VỜI.pdf
SGK ĐIỆN GIẬT ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY TUYỆT VỜI.pdfHongBiThi1
 
Using Data Visualization in Public Health Communications
Using Data Visualization in Public Health CommunicationsUsing Data Visualization in Public Health Communications
Using Data Visualization in Public Health Communicationskatiequigley33
 
Pharmacokinetic Models by Dr. Ram D. Bawankar.ppt
Pharmacokinetic Models by Dr. Ram D.  Bawankar.pptPharmacokinetic Models by Dr. Ram D.  Bawankar.ppt
Pharmacokinetic Models by Dr. Ram D. Bawankar.pptRamDBawankar1
 
Trustworthiness of AI based predictions Aachen 2024
Trustworthiness of AI based predictions Aachen 2024Trustworthiness of AI based predictions Aachen 2024
Trustworthiness of AI based predictions Aachen 2024EwoutSteyerberg1
 
Physiology of Smooth Muscles -Mechanics of contraction and relaxation
Physiology of Smooth Muscles -Mechanics of contraction and relaxationPhysiology of Smooth Muscles -Mechanics of contraction and relaxation
Physiology of Smooth Muscles -Mechanics of contraction and relaxationMedicoseAcademics
 
Adenomyosis or Fibroid- making right diagnosis
Adenomyosis or Fibroid- making right diagnosisAdenomyosis or Fibroid- making right diagnosis
Adenomyosis or Fibroid- making right diagnosisSujoy Dasgupta
 

Dernier (20)

Bulimia nervosa ( Eating Disorders) Mental Health Nursing.
Bulimia nervosa ( Eating Disorders) Mental Health Nursing.Bulimia nervosa ( Eating Disorders) Mental Health Nursing.
Bulimia nervosa ( Eating Disorders) Mental Health Nursing.
 
Different drug regularity bodies in different countries.
Different drug regularity bodies in different countries.Different drug regularity bodies in different countries.
Different drug regularity bodies in different countries.
 
Clinical Research Informatics Year-in-Review 2024
Clinical Research Informatics Year-in-Review 2024Clinical Research Informatics Year-in-Review 2024
Clinical Research Informatics Year-in-Review 2024
 
How to master Steroid (glucocorticoids) prescription, different scenarios, ca...
How to master Steroid (glucocorticoids) prescription, different scenarios, ca...How to master Steroid (glucocorticoids) prescription, different scenarios, ca...
How to master Steroid (glucocorticoids) prescription, different scenarios, ca...
 
Generative AI in Health Care a scoping review and a persoanl experience.
Generative AI in Health Care a scoping review and a persoanl experience.Generative AI in Health Care a scoping review and a persoanl experience.
Generative AI in Health Care a scoping review and a persoanl experience.
 
power point presentation of Clinical evaluation of strabismus
power point presentation of Clinical evaluation  of strabismuspower point presentation of Clinical evaluation  of strabismus
power point presentation of Clinical evaluation of strabismus
 
historyofpsychiatryinindia. Senthil Thirusangu
historyofpsychiatryinindia. Senthil Thirusanguhistoryofpsychiatryinindia. Senthil Thirusangu
historyofpsychiatryinindia. Senthil Thirusangu
 
ANATOMICAL FAETURES OF BONES FOR NURSING STUDENTS .pptx
ANATOMICAL FAETURES OF BONES  FOR NURSING STUDENTS .pptxANATOMICAL FAETURES OF BONES  FOR NURSING STUDENTS .pptx
ANATOMICAL FAETURES OF BONES FOR NURSING STUDENTS .pptx
 
GOUT UPDATE AHMED YEHIA 2024, case based approach with application of the lat...
GOUT UPDATE AHMED YEHIA 2024, case based approach with application of the lat...GOUT UPDATE AHMED YEHIA 2024, case based approach with application of the lat...
GOUT UPDATE AHMED YEHIA 2024, case based approach with application of the lat...
 
Red Blood Cells_anemia & polycythemia.pdf
Red Blood Cells_anemia & polycythemia.pdfRed Blood Cells_anemia & polycythemia.pdf
Red Blood Cells_anemia & polycythemia.pdf
 
AORTIC DISSECTION and management of aortic dissection
AORTIC DISSECTION and management of aortic dissectionAORTIC DISSECTION and management of aortic dissection
AORTIC DISSECTION and management of aortic dissection
 
pA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values- applications in pharmacology
pA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values- applications in pharmacologypA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values- applications in pharmacology
pA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values- applications in pharmacology
 
DNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptx
DNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptxDNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptx
DNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptx
 
Male Infertility Panel Discussion by Dr Sujoy Dasgupta
Male Infertility Panel Discussion by Dr Sujoy DasguptaMale Infertility Panel Discussion by Dr Sujoy Dasgupta
Male Infertility Panel Discussion by Dr Sujoy Dasgupta
 
SGK ĐIỆN GIẬT ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY TUYỆT VỜI.pdf
SGK ĐIỆN GIẬT ĐHYHN        RẤT LÀ HAY TUYỆT VỜI.pdfSGK ĐIỆN GIẬT ĐHYHN        RẤT LÀ HAY TUYỆT VỜI.pdf
SGK ĐIỆN GIẬT ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY TUYỆT VỜI.pdf
 
Using Data Visualization in Public Health Communications
Using Data Visualization in Public Health CommunicationsUsing Data Visualization in Public Health Communications
Using Data Visualization in Public Health Communications
 
Pharmacokinetic Models by Dr. Ram D. Bawankar.ppt
Pharmacokinetic Models by Dr. Ram D.  Bawankar.pptPharmacokinetic Models by Dr. Ram D.  Bawankar.ppt
Pharmacokinetic Models by Dr. Ram D. Bawankar.ppt
 
Trustworthiness of AI based predictions Aachen 2024
Trustworthiness of AI based predictions Aachen 2024Trustworthiness of AI based predictions Aachen 2024
Trustworthiness of AI based predictions Aachen 2024
 
Physiology of Smooth Muscles -Mechanics of contraction and relaxation
Physiology of Smooth Muscles -Mechanics of contraction and relaxationPhysiology of Smooth Muscles -Mechanics of contraction and relaxation
Physiology of Smooth Muscles -Mechanics of contraction and relaxation
 
Adenomyosis or Fibroid- making right diagnosis
Adenomyosis or Fibroid- making right diagnosisAdenomyosis or Fibroid- making right diagnosis
Adenomyosis or Fibroid- making right diagnosis
 

Reproductive physiology

  • 2. II. Female Reproductive Physiology 1. Function of the female reproductive system 2. Oogenesis 3. Folliculogenesis 4. Ovarian Cycle Regulation 5. Menstrual cycle 6. Cervical mucous during the menstrual cycle 7. Ovum pickup and transport in F tube Aboubakr Elnashar
  • 3. 1. Function of the female reproductive system 1. Produces, sustains , and allows oocytes to be fertilized by sperm 2. Supports the development of an offspring (gestation) 3. Gives birth to a new individual (parturition) . Aboubakr Elnashar
  • 4. Ovary : Produces oocytes in a process called oogenesis Female sex hormones: estrogens and progesterone Developed: Near the kidneys during fetal development Toward the end of pregnancy descend into the pelvic cavity Aboubakr Elnashar
  • 5. The ovary:  Outer cortex:  containing multiple tiny ovarian follicles  Each follicle contains an immature oocyte, surrounded by ≥ one layers of cells  The cortex is covered by a low columnar epithelium: germinal epithelium  Beneath the germinal epithelium is a dense collagenous layer: tunica albuginea  Inner medulla: where scar tissues and connective tissue are located Aboubakr Elnashar
  • 7. Fallopian tube: Firmbriae: Finger – like appendages that collect the ovum from the ovary during ovulation. Infundibulum channels the ovum from the firmbriae into the tube Ampulla: the curvature of the tube where most fertilization occurs Inner wall of uterine tube is made of ciliated mucosa , where the cilia propel the ovum toward the uterus Aboubakr Elnashar
  • 9. Uterus 3 layers of tissue Perimetrium (fibrous connective tissue) Myometrium (smooth muscle) Endometrium (epithelial and connective tissues) . Endometrium: After fertilization: embryo adheres to the endometrial layer for further development: implantation To prepare for implantation and development , endometrium is stimulated by estrogens to thicken and becomes vascularzed: process called the menstrual cycle Myometrium: under the stimulation of oxytocin, contracts during labor to expel the fetus into the vagina . The base of uterus is closed by a narrow passageway called cervix to prevent the entry of foregin substancesAboubakr Elnashar
  • 10. Vagina: An elastic channel inferior to the cervix Serves as: "birth canal" during parturition copulatory receptacle, where it receives the penis during sexual intercourse coveys acids secretion from cervix uterine secretions (i.e. menstrual flow). Aboubakr Elnashar
  • 11. 2. Oogenesis In the ovarian cortex, a process called oogenesis (formation of egg) occurs to develop a mature ovum Before birth Several million of primordial oocytes exist in the ovaries: most of them spontaneously degenerate At birth only 1 million primordial oocytes are left By puberty (age 10-11) only 400,000 remain in the ovaries . Aboubakr Elnashar
  • 12. From puberty to menopause: Some of these primordial oocytes (containing 46 chromosomes) undergo DNA replication: primary oocytes (with 46 pairs of chromosomes ). Primary oocytes undergo "crossing - over" to shuffle their genes, and meiosis I will occur to divide the cells into: secondary oocytes (containing 46 unique chromosomes) and the first polar bodies (also containing 46 unique chromosomes ; but will be degenerated) . Aboubakr Elnashar
  • 13. Oogenesis now is arrested where the ovary discharges a mature secondary oocyte into the uterine tube (in a process called ovulation) . Meiosis II is reactivated when this secondary oocyte is fertilized by a sperm dividing the 46 chromosomes into 23 (inside the second polar body) and another 23 will be united with the 23 chromosomes released from the sperm if no fertilization: secondary oocyte is discarded along with the menstrual flow Aboubakr Elnashar
  • 17.  In a primordial follicle:  one layer of squamous-like follicle cells surrounds the oocyte.  Primary follicle:  has two or more layers of cuboidal granulosa cells surrounding the oocyte. Aboubakr Elnashar
  • 18.  Secondary follicle:  contains fluid-filled spaces between the granulosa cells.  These spaces eventually coalesce to form a central cavity called an antrum  Graafian follicle:  contains an antrum that dominates the structure and the follicle actually bulges from the surface of the ovary Aboubakr Elnashar
  • 19. 4. Ovarian cycle A series of event in the ovarian cortex in order to produce a mature ovum and sex hormones . Lasts 28 days may vary in length. The follicular phase may range from 7 to 26 days The luteal phase is constant 14 days. From day 1 to 13= Follicular phase mature ovum is developed and estrogens are released On day 14 ovulation occurs to discharge the ovum , From day 15 to 28= luteal phase scar tissues are formed and progesterone is released . Aboubakr Elnashar
  • 20. On day 1: hypothalamus secretes LHRH to the anterior pituitary gland: secretes FSH to the ovaries . Upon receiving FSH, about 20-25 primary follicles develop into secondary follicles . [primary oocytes located inside primary follicles undergo meiosis I and become secondary oocoytes , contained in secondary follicles] . Aboubakr Elnashar
  • 21. Follicular cells in secondary follicles begin to secrete estrogens (for communicating with hypothalamus and anterior pituitary and for developing the endometrium) . With continuous stimulation of FSH and some LH: secondary follicles continue to grow larger and develop multiple layers of follicular cells (while the secondary oocytes within are unchanged). Aboubakr Elnashar
  • 22. By day 13: only 1 secondary follicle will fully mature and become the graafian follicle (or mature follicle) which secretes a large amount of estrogens to the hypothalamus – anterior pituitary system for signaling ovulation (using a positive feedback mechanism). Aboubakr Elnashar
  • 23. On day 14: large amounts of LH ("LH surge") will be secreted by anterior pituitary: ovulation: graafian follicle ruptures: releases the secondary oocyte still enveloped by its corona radiata and zona pellucida, into the peritoneal cavity. Aboubakr Elnashar
  • 24. From days 15 to 25: Graafian follicle degenerates: corpus hemorrhagicum ("a bleeding body"): corpus luteum ("a yellow body"; containing lutein cells that secrete progesterone and some estrogens to continuum stimulating the development of endometrium). Aboubakr Elnashar
  • 25. By day 26: if no fertilization: {lack of HCG from the embryo} , corpus luteum degenerates: corpus albicans declining levels of estrogens&progesterone: signal the hypothalamus – anterior pituitary system to initiate another ovarian cycle. if fertilization: HCG will continuously simulate corpus luteum for 2-3 months: high levels of estrogens and progesterone to maintain pregnancy in the first trimester. Aboubakr Elnashar
  • 27. 4. Regulation of Ovarian Cycle Aboubakr Elnashar
  • 28.  Sustained high estrogen levels(>200pg/ml for 48h): surge in pituitary LH secretion that  Triggers Ovulation  Progesterone production  Shift to the secretory, or luteal, phase  It stimulates the primary oocyte of the dominant follicle to complete meiosis I.  It transforms the ruptured follicle into the corpus luteum. Aboubakr Elnashar
  • 29. Luteal function is dependent on the LH.  However, the corpus luteum secretes estrogen, progesterone, and inhibin-A, which serve to maintain gonadotropin suppression.  Without continued LH secretion, the corpus luteum will regress after 12 to 16 days  The resulting loss of progesterone secretion results in menstruation. Aboubakr Elnashar
  • 30. If pregnancy:  embryo secretes hCG, which mimics the action of LH by sustaining the corpus luteum  The corpus luteum continues to secrete progesterone and supports the secretory endometrium, allowing the pregnancy to continue to develop. Aboubakr Elnashar
  • 31. 5. Menstrual cycle A series of events that occurs in the uterus in order to prepare the endometrial layer for implantation and fetal development . Occurs simultaneously with the ovarian cycle, and also lasts about 28 days . Aboubakr Elnashar
  • 33. From days 1 to 6= menstruation phase the top portion of a thickened endometrial called stratum functionalis is shed off from the previous cycle Menses: stratum functionalist tissue Mucus Blood secondary oocytes tissue repair occurs to prepare for a new menstrual cycle Aboubakr Elnashar
  • 34. From days 7 to 13= Proliferative (preovulatory) phase increasing levels of estrogens from secondary and mature follicles: stimulate the endometrial to thicken Aboubakr Elnashar
  • 35. Proliferative Phase: Day 6-14 Aboubakr Elnashar
  • 36. From days 15 to 28: Secretory (postovulatory) phase. continuous secretion of estrogens and progesterone from corpus luteum: endometrium to continue thickening and vascularizing Toward the end of this phase if no fertilization: lack of HCG stimulation to corpus luteum: declining levels of estrogens and progesterone: endometrium to degenerate – ultimately shedding off the stratum functionalis layer If fertilization: high levels of estrogens and progesterone from the corpus luteum (in the first trimester) and from the placenta (in the second and third trimesters): sustain the thickness and vascularization of endometrium until the end of pregnancy. Aboubakr Elnashar
  • 38. 6. Cervical mucous during the menstrual cycle & and Sperm ascent Aboubakr Elnashar
  • 39. Cervical Mucous During The Menstrual CycleAboubakr Elnashar
  • 40. The cervix  lined by secretory columnar epithelium arranged as branched glands.  This epithelium undergoes only minor changes during the menstrual cycle. Aboubakr Elnashar
  • 41. 1. Cervix mucus before ovulation  Profuse and clear {action of oestrogen before ovulation}  Ferning pattern on drying  Spinnbarkeit (by day 14 a single thread may be drawn out to 8 cm  Alkaline pH Aboubakr Elnashar
  • 42. 2. Cervical mucus in Mid-cycle Formation of microfibrils and macrofibrils of mucin from secretory cells within cervical crypts. Aboubakr Elnashar
  • 43. Ascent of sperm through micellar channels formed in cervical mucus at midcycle. Aboubakr Elnashar
  • 44.  more hydrated.  The macro-molecules (glycoprotein) condense into 'micelles* which are penetrated by a network of channels.  These enlarge before ovulation and provide a route for sperm penetration. Aboubakr Elnashar
  • 45. 3. Cervical mucus at Luteal Phase  Once progesterone secretion begins (D 15),  The cervical mucus becomes Thick Opaque highly cellular less abundant ferning pattern disappears Aboubakr Elnashar
  • 46. I. Ovum pick up 1. Prior to ovulation:  Pickup process is relatively slow (15 min)  The oocyte and cumulus detach from the follicular wall. 7. Ovum pickup and transport in F tube Aboubakr Elnashar
  • 47. 2. Ovulated eggs adhere with their cumulus to the surface of the ovary Cumulus is necessary to ensure egg pickup. Eggs can be picked up from the contralateral ovary or cul-de-sac Aboubakr Elnashar
  • 48. 3. The fimbriated end of the tube: on the ovulatory side are erect. have higher concentration of ciliated cells sweeps over the surface of the ovary. muscular movements bring fimbriae into contact with ovarian surface Mature oocyt Immature eggAboubakr Elnashar
  • 49. Cumulus is necessary to ensure egg pickup. Aboubakr Elnashar
  • 50. II. Ovum transport  Ampullary cilia beat in synchrony toward uterus.  When the ovum reaches the ampulla: the whole process is temporarily halted with a valve like mechanism for up to 38 hrs to allows additional time for fertilisation. Aboubakr Elnashar
  • 51. Rising concentration of the progesterone from the corpus luteum: valve is released: the ovum is moved on once again by the combination of cilial and muscular activity. The egg spends 80 hrs in the tube, 90% of the time in the ampulla. Aboubakr Elnashar
  • 52. Factors affecting tubal function 1. Hormones: Estrogen has a tube-locking effect that can be overcome by progesterone. 2. Adrenergic stimulus Surgical denervation does not affect transport. 3. Prostaglandins) PGs.)  relaxes tubal musculature  PGF2a stimulates contraction. Aboubakr Elnashar
  • 53. I. Male Reproductive Physiology 1. Function of male reproductive system 2. Spermatogenesis 3. Spermatozoa 4. Journey of sperm 1. Ejaculation 2. Sperm motility. 3. Sperm ascent Aboubakr Elnashar
  • 54. 1. Functions of male reproductive system – Male Reproductive System • Testes • Epididymis • Ductus deferens • Accessory glands –Prostate –Seminal vesicles –Bulbourethral glands Aboubakr Elnashar
  • 55. The male reproductive system: 1. Produce, maintain & transport viable spermatozoa 2. Hormone production 1. develops secondary sexual characteristics 2. Involved in feedback mechanisms relating to spermatogenesis Aboubakr Elnashar
  • 56. Testis:  Produces  sperm in a process called spermatogenesis  male sex hormones (testosterone)  Developed in:  male fetus near the kidneys  descend to the scrotum about 2 months before birth  Enclosed by a layer of fibrous connective tissue called tunica alumina  Contains  about 250 functional units called lobules  each lobule contains about 4 seminiferous tubules where spermatogenesis occurs  All somniferous tubules in a testis converge and form a channel called rate testis Aboubakr Elnashar
  • 57. Seminiferous Tubule Tunica Albuginea Head of EpididymisVas Deferens Epididymis Body of Epididymis Tail of Epididymis Septum Rete Testis Mediasiunum testis Tunica Vaginalis Tubuli Recti Ductui I efferentes Aboubakr Elnashar
  • 58. Scrotum: A pouch – like cutaneous extension that contains the two testes Located outside of pelvic cavity: prevent overheating of testes [internal temperature of scrotum is always about 3 ˚F below body temperature] . Epididymis: An expanded tubule from the rate testis where sperm is stored (for about 3 days), matured and become fully functional. Contains cilia on its columnar epithelium that help move sperm toward vas deferens during ejaculation. Aboubakr Elnashar
  • 59. Vas deferens: A tubule (about 10 inches long) that connects epididymis to the urethra for transporting sperm during ejaculation. Contains smooth muscle that undergoes rapid peristalsis during ejaculation . Aboubakr Elnashar
  • 60. Accessory sex glands Seminal vesicles: secrete an alkaline solution that makes up 60% of the semen volume Fructose: nutrient for the sperm Prostaglandins: stimulate uterine contraction during sexual excitation decrease cervical mucus viscosity stimulate reverse peristalsis of the uterus. Coagulating enzyme: turn semen into a bolus that can be readily propelled into the vagina. Aboubakr Elnashar
  • 61. Prostate gland: secretes a slightly acidic, milky white fluid that makes up about 30% of semen volume neutralize the pH of semen and vaginal secretion. Prostatic fibrinolysin acts to decoagulate" the semen, which helps the sperm begin their journey in female GT. Bulb urethral gland: secretes a clear lubricating fluid that aids in sexual intercourse. Aboubakr Elnashar
  • 62. Composition of Semen  10%: Sperm & testicular fluid  30%: Prostatic secretions  60% Seminal vesicle secretions. Aboubakr Elnashar
  • 63. Reproductive organs of the male Urethra: A tubule located inside the penis for urine excretion and semen ejaculation Contains smooth muscle that performs rapid peristalsis during ejaculation . Aboubakr Elnashar
  • 64. Penis: A copulatory organ that is responsible for delivering the sperm to the female reproductive tract. Contains 2 erectile tissues: corpus cavernosa corpus spongiosum:  enlarges and forms the glans penis due to increased blood flow during sexual excitation Aboubakr Elnashar
  • 66. During sexual excitement parasympathetic nerves: VD in the penis: erectile tissues swell and erect the penis During ejaculation sympathetic nerves: vas deferens, urethra and erectile tissues contract, forcefully expelling semen: (a mixture of sex gland fluids and about 300 million sperm) outward . Aboubakr Elnashar
  • 67. Seminiferous Tubules About 1,000 seminiferous tubules in each testis conduct spermatogenesis. Between the tubules: specialized glandular cells called interstitial cells (or leydig's cells ): produce testosterone. Inside the tubules: specialized cells called sertoli's cells: support and nourish the sperm. Aboubakr Elnashar
  • 69. Function of Seminiferous tubule 1. Maintain environment for spermatogonia by the basal lamina and the Sertoli cells • Sertoli cells separate the lumen from the basal lamina and create a blood-testis barrier • Creates 3 compartments – Lumen: low glucose, high K+ & steroid hormones – Basal compartment: the baso-lateral side of the sertoli cells & containing the developing spermatogonia – Interstitial fluid space: below the basal lamina and contains the Leydig cells 2. Produce hormones/paracrines • From Sertoli cells • From Leydig cells Aboubakr Elnashar
  • 70.  Endocrine: hormones travel through the circulation to reach their target cells.  Paracrine: hormones diffuse through the extracellular space to reach their target cells, which are neighboring cells.  Autocrine: hormones feed back on the cell of origin, without entering the circulation Aboubakr Elnashar
  • 71. Function of Sertoli cells Produce hormones & paracrines involved with control of hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis and the testes directly 1. AMH  Secreted during embryogenesis  Prevents development of the Müllerian ducts 2. Inhibin & activin  Regulate FSH release from anterior pituitary  Inhibin: decreases FSH release  Activin: increases LH function & increases FSH release Aboubakr Elnashar
  • 72. 3. Androgen Binding Protein (ABP) • Binds to testosterone and DHT: reduces the loses due to diffusion: `increase in testicular testosterone levels 4. Estradiols & Aromatase • Support spermatogenesis 5. GDNF (glial derived neurotrophic factor) & ERM transcription factor • Maintenance of the stem cell line Aboubakr Elnashar
  • 73. Function of Leydig cells 1. Produce androgens • testosterone, androstenedione and DHEA –Increase spermatogenesis –Influence secondary sexual characteristics 2. Stimulated to produce androgens by LH • FSH increases the response to LH by Leydig cells Aboubakr Elnashar
  • 75. Accessory Gland Function • Function: – Secrete seminal fluid (99% of semen volume) • Components of seminal fluid –Mucus –Water –Nutrients –Buffers –Enzymes –Prostaglandins –Zinc? – Accessory Glands • Prostate • Seminal vesicles • Bulbourethral glands Aboubakr Elnashar
  • 76. Seminal Fluid Components, Function and Location Aboubakr Elnashar
  • 77. 2. Spermatogenesis Spermatogonia containing 46 chromosomes 2 types A continue as a stem . B that will be primary spermatocyte undergo DNA replication and produce primary spermatocytes (with 46 pairs of chromosomes) [some spermatozoid undergo mitosis to maintain a large population , so that spermatogenesis can be continuous for many decades]. Aboubakr Elnashar
  • 78. Primary spermatocytes undergo "crossing - over" to shuffle their genes ,and undergo meiosis I: secondary spermatocytes (each containing 46 unique chromosomes) . Aboubakr Elnashar
  • 79. Secondary spermatocytes undergo meiosis II: spermatids (with 23 unique chromosomes) Spermatids now transform themselves into spermatozoa (also containing 23 unique chromosomes) in a final event called spermatogenesis . Aboubakr Elnashar
  • 81.  Maturation of an ovum:  prolonged process starting in fetal life  involving 2 resting phases before producing the definitive cell in the adult female.  Production of sperm:  in 70-80 days in a continuous process of development and maturation  only occurs after puberty . Spermatogenesis Vs Oogenesis Aboubakr Elnashar
  • 82. 2 resting phases Fetal life till fertilization Process Spermatogenesis Oogenesis Start after puberty in fetal life Length of 70-80 days Prolonged (years) the process End No definite time At menopause Meiosis 4 equal One ovum& small spermatids Polar bodies Meiosis I No definite time At LH surge Meiosis II No definite time At fertilization Outcome  100mil. sperms/ejec One ovum/monthAboubakr Elnashar
  • 83. 3. Spermatozoa Head contains the nucleus (all DNA content) contains the 23 chromosomes enclosed by acrosome which stores lays enzymes called acrosin for breaking down the coatings surrounding the egg. Mid piece mitochondria for energy production single centriole Tail. End piece Aboubakr Elnashar
  • 86.  Stages of sperm production 1. Spermatocytogenesis • produces secondary spermatocytes from spermatogoium 2. Spermatidogenesis • stage where meiosis I & II occur • results in spermatid formation 3. Spermiogenesis • final stage of sperm development • spermatid becomes a motile spermatozoa during spermiation  The spermatozoon is produced in 70-80 days in a continuous process of development and maturation, which only occurs after puberty Aboubakr Elnashar
  • 87. • Spermiation – The spermatozoa that are formed are initially unable to move. – The flagella must become motile • Not used however until ejaculated • Prior movement through the male reproductive tract is via peristalsis Aboubakr Elnashar
  • 89. 4. Journey of a Sperm At the end of spermatogenesis spermatozoa are propelled by cilia in the inner walls of rete testis toward the epididymes (the tails of these sperm are not movable at this point) . Inside the epididymis certain enzymatic reactions occur that allow spermatozoa to be fully matured and functional, but not yet have the ability to fertilize the egg . If no ejaculation occurs during the 3- day storage time in the epididymis phagocytes will destroy millions of older sperm in storage. Aboubakr Elnashar
  • 90. During ejaculation rapid peristalsis in the epididymis and vas deferens propel the millions of sperm, passing the accessory sex glands, and be expelled through the urethra into the vagina of the female Aboubakr Elnashar
  • 91. After several minutes in the vagina Normal ejaculation will occur into the upper vagina where the semen forms a coagulum for about 20 minutes before liquefying Semen coagulum liquefies 20 to 30 minutes later, secondary to prostatic enzymes. 25% of sperm is destroyed by the acidic secretion of vagina The coagulum prevents immediate loss of fluid from the vagina after sexual intercourse The seminal fluid is alkaline and acts as a buffer for the sperm –to protect it from vaginal acidity- until they can reach the alkaline cervical fluid Tail becomes functional, propelling the sperm through the cervix and into the uterus. Aboubakr Elnashar
  • 92. In cervix: At mid-cycle the flow of cervical mucus will raise the pH of the upper vagina and facilitate the activity of the sperm. Sperm must push through pores in the mucus; abnormal sperm are less successful at penetrating the cervical mucus. The acrosomal cap over the sperm head is capable of producing hydrolytic enzymes: aid the progress of the sperm. Most sperm are immobilized within 2 hours. Sperm enter the cervical mucus within 90 seconds of ejaculation. Cervix serves as a sperm reservoir for 72 hours. Aboubakr Elnashar
  • 93. In uterus:  Questionable role of uterine contractions  Half of the sperm will swim into the left F tube, while the other half swim towards the right F tube.  The time taken for spermatozoa to travel from the vagina to the tubes may be as short as 5 minutes. Aboubakr Elnashar
  • 94. In F tube: Sperm continue swimming toward the deeper end of uterine tube, against the expulsion force of the cilia lining the inner wall of F tube During this movement in the F tube, the acrosome is slowly activated to prepare for the release of acrostin enzyme By the time sperm has arrived at the ampoule region of uterine tube, only about 50 sperm are viable enough to try to fertilize the egg Usually only 1 sperm will penetrate through the coatings surrounding the egg. Aboubakr Elnashar
  • 95. 1.The ability to undergo the Acrosome reaction 2.The ability to bind to Zona Pellucida 3.The acquisition of hypermotility Capacitation Aboubakr Elnashar
  • 96. Acrosome Reaction.  occurs in the vicinity of the oocyte or after incubation in the follicular fluid  involves changes to prepare sperm for fusion with the egg membrane : Aboubakr Elnashar
  • 97. In vitro:  Acrosome reaction can be induced by human follicular fluid and the zona pellucida proteins of the oocyte  Capacitation can be brought about in a culture medium which is a balanced salt solution containing lactate, pyruvate and glucose for energy and albumin.  This is used in ART Aboubakr Elnashar