1. Anatomical & PhysiologicalAnatomical & Physiological
changes in Pregnancychanges in Pregnancy
Dr.Fahmida Rashid Swati
Assistant Professor
Dept.of Obstetrics & gynaecology
Chittagong Medical College
4. Changes in Pregnancy
⢠1.Anatomical
⢠2.Physiological
⢠3.Biochemical
Genital
Organ
All System of
body
Maternal Adaptation
Increasing Demand of
growing fetus
11. Change occurs in All 3 Parts of
uterus
⢠1.Body
⢠2.Isthmas
⢠3.Cervix
12. ⢠Uterine expansion& increase weight
⢠Growing fetus
⢠â in connective tissue
⢠â size and no. of blood vessels
⢠âHypertrophy &hyperplasia of Muscle
13. Body -â Growth & enlarged by
Change in muscle -
1.Hypertrophy & hyperplasia (E+P)
2.Stretching of muscle fibre-
Elongate beyond 20 weeks( distension )
Wall - thinner , size- 1.5cm or less.
⢠Feeling of uterus-
Soft &elastic(non pregnant âFirm)
Fundus enlarge >Body
14. Arrangement of the muscle fibres
1)Outer- longitudinal
(2) Inner circular â sphincter like - around
internal os
(3) Intermediate â Thickest and strongest
Criss-cross fashion
Blood vessels run.
Figure of â8â form.
living ligature
18. Position
ď§ A/V positions exaggerated up to 8 weeks,lie
on bladder â erect.
Lateral Obliquity-
Uterus-Dextrorotation after 12 wks
{Due to rectosigmoid in lt. post.}
Cervix-Levorotation
20. Contraction(Braxton-Hicks)
⢠Starts - early weeks ,not conscious about it
⢠Spontaneous, irregular, infrequent,
spasmodic ,painless without any
effect on dilatation of cervix.
⢠elicited by âBME/Rubbing
⢠Near term-Frequent,â intensity
⢠merge with labour contraction.
21. Endometrium(Decidua of Pregnancy)
⢠â structural & Secretory(P) after
implantation -- known as desidual reaction,
⢠Layers-
⢠A.Superficial compact layer-
implantation occur
⢠B.Intermediate spongy layer
⢠C.Thin basal layer.
22. Function:
a. good nidus for
implantation .
b.Supply nutrition .
c.Help in Deeper
penetration
d.Formation of basal
plate of placenta.
23. ⢠Isthmus:
⢠1st
trimester-hypertrophy,soft & elongated .
⢠>12 wks-Unfolds until it incorporated with
uterine cavity.
⢠As sphincter in early pregnancy.
⢠Incompetent--abortion( encirclage operation)
25. Cervix
Secretion :
Copious & tenacious-
physiological leucorrhoea (P)
mucus plug(protective barrier ).
Directed âposterior until
engagement of head.
26. ⢠Overy-
⢠Corpus luteum-maximum at
8wks(2.5cm),Cystic,Bright orange âyellowâ
pale âcolloid degeneration at 12 wk.
⢠Regressed â as hCG â.
ď§ Fallopian Tube:
ď§ length -â,congested
ď§ Muscles - hypertrophy
27. ⢠Corpus luteum
⢠Secrete E & P ,
⢠maintain environment for growing ovum .
ď§ formation and maintenance of decidua
ď§ Inhibit ripening of the follicles
⢠both ov. & Ut. cycle of normal menses remain
suspended.
28. ⢠Size: â
( H+H & proliferation of duct&
Alveoli & connective tissue).
⢠Myoepithelial cell-prominent.
⢠Vascularity-â
(bluish vein under skin)
⢠Stria-due to streching.
Change in Breast
31. Cutaneous -Pigmentation
more marked below umbilicus, breasts and
may , buttocks and thighs
Abdomen
Linea nigra : midline brownish black pigmented ,
xiphisternum to symphysis pubis
Straie graviderum : depressed
linear marks, varying length-breadth .
33. Weight Gain
ď§In early weeks -lose weight because of nausea
and vomiting
Wt GAIN = 17%
= 12 kg T1 = 1-2 kg
T2 = 5-6 kg
T3 = 5-6 kg
34. Weight gain at term distribution :
Reproductive weight gain :
6 kg
Net maternal weight
gain :
6 kg
Fetus â 3.3 kg,
placenta â 0.6 kg and
liquor â 0.8 kg
uterus â 0.9 kg and
breast -0.4 kg,
accumulation of the fat and
protein â 3.5 kg
â blood volume â 1.3
kg
â ECF â 1.2 kg
37. Changes occur in pregnancy to
1. Support the foetus
2. Prepare mother for delivery
Changes are due to
1. Hormonal changes
2. Increasing size of uterus and
foetus
3. Anatomical changes
38. Systems affected
Body water metabolism
Hematological
Cardiovascular
Metabolic
Respiratory
Gastrointestinal
Hepatobiliary
Renal
Endocrine
CNS
39. Body water metabolism
⢠Water retained â 6.5 liters
⢠Fetus+placenta+Amniotic fluid=3.5 L
⢠Pregnancy âstate of hypervolemia
⢠Due to Na+ retension.
⢠Resetting of osmotic thresholds for thirst and
ADH secretion.
⢠Cause-polyuria in early pregnancy
41. Plasma Volume:
ď§Starts to â by 6 weeks
ď§Rate of â parallels to blood volume
ď§â 50% of pre-pregnant level.
ď§Total plasma volume â 1.25 L
42. RBC And Haemoglobin :
ď§RBC â 20-30%.
ď§â demand of O2 transport .
ď§ plasma 50% and RBC 20-30% - haemodilution
ď§So , Hb% â 2 gm.% .
44. Leucocytes And Immune System
leukocytes depressed - increased susceptibility
of to infection
Total plasma protein- â( 180 gm to 230 gm).
But for haemodilution - conc.â( 7 % to 6 gm.%)
Blood Coagulation Factor - hypercoagulable
Plasma fibrinogen (factor 1) â from 12 wks.
46. CARDIOVASCULAR CHANGES
The Heart :
ď§Muscle - hypertrophies â enlargement of the
heart.
ď§Growing uterus push heart up and left .
ď§ HR and SV â as blood volume and oxygen
requirement â
47. Examination-
1.Apical impulse in 4th
ICS & laterally
2.Loud S1
3.A2P2 changes less with respiration
4.Early mid-diastolic murmur at
left sternal border.
ECG â
1.Sinus tachycardia ( âPR & QT interval)
2.ST depression & T inversion in left prericardial
leads
3.Left axis deviation (false)
48. Cardiac Output : â markedly.
ď§lowest - sitting or supine position and
ď§ highest - right / left lateral / knee chest
position.
ď§Capacity of veins - â.
ď§Arterial walls relax and dilate(P)
49. Blood Pressure
ď§Mid-trimester- BP â; cause fainting.
ď§In late pregnancy - 10% women âsupine
hypotensive syndromeâ
ď§Pressure of gravid uterus compresses IVC - â
the venous return
ď§CO â 25-30% and the
ď§BP â 10-15 percent
50. Compression of aorta & IVC in supine & lateral tilt position
www.anaesthesia.co.in
51.
52. Regional Distribution Of The Blood Flow
ď§Uterine blood flow â
â( 50 ml/Min to 750 ml/min)
ď§Pulmonary blood flow
(N- 6000ml/min) -â by 2500 ml/min
ď§Renal blood flow-
(normal 800 ml)- âby 400ml/M
ď§Heat sensation, sweating or stuffy nose
due to â blood flow
53. ECHO â
1. Enlargement of chambers
2. LVH
3. Annular dilatation of all valves except Aortic
(regurgitation)
Chest X Ray â
1. Apparent cardiomegaly
2. Straightening of left heart border
54. PARAMETER CHANGE
1.CO +40%
2. SV +30%
3. HR +15%
4. SBP No changeNo change
5. DBP -15%-15%
6. SVR -15%
7. Femoral venous P +15%
Note: fall in DBP while SBP is unaffected
56. METABOLIC CHANGES
General Metabolic Changes
ď§Total metabolism -â( growing fetus and
uterus)
ď§BMR +15% at term
Protein Metabolism
ď§Positive nitrogenous balance
ď§At term âfetus +placenta - 500 gm. of protein
and maternal gain -500 gm.
60. Iron Metabolism
ď§Absorbed in ferrous form from duodenum and
jejunum and released into circulation as
transferrin
ď§10 % of ingested iron â absorbed
ď§Total iron requirement - approximately
1000mg
ď§If no iron supplementation â â Hb%, serum
iron and ferritin
61. SYSTEMIC CHANGES
Respiratory System
ď§Chest shape and circumference - â 5-7 cm
O2 consumption +35% (âneeds of fetus,
uterus, placenta)
ď§Mucosa of nasopharynx - hyperaemic and
oedematous
ď§Hyperventilation - â tidal volume
ď§Shortness of breath
ď§Respiratory alkalosis
62.
63. Changes in Respiratory system
⢠Diaphragm - elevated and
compressed.
⢠Lungs - compressed due to
growing uterus.
64. Urinary System
â˘kidney
ď§Dilatation of the ureter, renal pelvis and calyces.
ď§ length â 1 cm.
ď§Renal plasma flow is â 50-75%
ď§GFR - â by 50% .
ď§â creatinine clearance ânormal at 8-12 wk
postpartum
â˘Ureter
ď§Atonic(P)
ď§Dilatation of the ureter above the pelvic brim with
stasis is marked on the right side.
65. Renal
CHANGE CONSEQUENCE
1. Renal plasma flowâ(70%)
GFR â +
Plasma expansion
Renal indices < normal
(creatinine â0.5-0.6)
BUN â 8-9)
2. âGFR + âabsorption
threshold
Mild glycosuria(1-10g/dl)
Proteinuria(<300mg/d)
3. Ureter & renal pelvis dilate Pyelonephritis
Progesterone + estrogen â +RAAS â Na & H2O retention
66. ⢠Bladder
ď§ â frequency at 6-8 weeks
ď§ subside after 12 weeks
and
ď§ In late pregnancy
-reappears due to pressure
of presenting part on the
bladder .
ď§ Stress incontinence -late
pregnancy(urethral
sphincter weakness)
67.
68. Alimentary System
ď§Gums - congested and spongy ,bleed to touch
ď§Peptic ulcer -reduced.
ď§Atonicity of the gut - constipation
â˘Liver and gall bladder
ď§Liver functions - depressed
ď§High blood cholesterol level - favour stone
formation
69. Hepatobiliary system
Progesterone ââ cholecystokininââGB emptying
Altered bile composition
ďś Serum bilirubin & liver enzymes
âupto upper limit of normal range
Gall
stones
70. NERVOUS SYSTEM
ď§Temperamental changes ,Nausea, vomiting,
mental irritability and sleeplessness
ď§Postpartum blues, depression or psycosis - in
susceptible individual
71. CHANGES IN THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Placental Hormones
ď§Placenta produces - hormones
ď§high E+P from placenta -- breast changes, skin
pigmentations and uterine enlargement in the
first trimester
ď§hCG - immunologic pregnancy tests
ď§hPL - stimulates the growth of the breasts
72. Pituitary Hormones
ď§Prolactin, ACTH, Thyrotropic Hormone and
MSH -â
ď§FSH ,LH - greatly â ( placental P+E).
ď§Prolactin secretion - suppressed .
ď§Posterior pituitary releases oxytocin in low-
frequency pulses , â at term â stimulates
uterine contractions
73. THYROID
Thyromegaly due to â placental HCG (âTSH )
â T3 + T4
âTBG (estrogen)
Free T3/T4
unchanged
Euthyroid
74. Changes in Musculo-skeletal system
Ligaments
⢠Placental production of the hormone relaxin
causes pelvic ligaments and the pubic symphysis
to relax, widen, and become more flexible.
⢠This increased motility eases birth passage, but
it may also result in a waddling gait during
pregnancy.
75. Postural changes:
During pregnancy, postural changes
occurred.
⢠These changes include
⢠forward head,
⢠rounded shoulders,
⢠increased lumbar lordosis- LBP 50%
⢠Center of gravity shift,
⢠hyperextended knees, and
⢠pronated feet.
76. ⢠Muscular changes â
shortened hip flexors, lower back
musculature, and pectorals.
⢠Abdominal muscles, neck, and upper
back muscle groups elongate.
Maternal Adaptation
Incresing Demand of growing fetus
Jacqemier,s Sign
Function:
Provide good nidus for implantation of Blastocyst.
b.Supply nutrition to early stage of growing ovum.
c.Deeper penetration of trophoblast controlled by peptide,cytokine, integrin
d.Decidua basalis take part in formation of basal plate of placenta.
Pregnancy-Associated Changes in the Thyroid-Stimulating Antibody of Gravesâ Disease and the Relationship to Neonatal Hyperthyroidism
http://jcem.endojournals.org/content/57/5/1036.short
Myopathic gait (or waddling gait) is a form of gait abnormality.
The &quot;waddling&quot; is due to the weakness of the proximal muscles of the pelvic girdle.
The patient uses circumduction to compensate for gluteal weakness.
Haemostatic changes in pregnancyhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049384804004475