런던 놀이터 연구 보고서

LONDON STUDY OF PLAYGROUNDS 1
LONDON STUDY
OF PLAYGROUNDS
The Influence of Design on Play Behavior in London
vs NewYork, San Francisco, and Los Angeles

LONDON STUDY OF PLAYGROUNDS
COVER:TUMBLING BAY PLAYGROUND, QUEEN ELIZABETH OLYMPIC PARK
1LONDON STUDY OF PLAYGROUNDS
CONTENTS
FOREWORD
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
METHODS AND FINDINGS
(THE PLAYGROUNDS,THE ASSESSMENT,THE PLAY ELEMENTS)
PLAYGROUND COMPARISONS
(LONDONVS NEWYORK, SAN FRANCISCO,AND LOS ANGELES)
PLAYGROUND ANALYSES
(INFLUENCES OF SURFACES, FEATURES,AND PLAY ELEMENTS ON PLAY BEHAVIOR)
3
4-7
8-19
20-27

28-125

2 LONDON STUDY OF PLAYGROUNDS LONDON STUDY OF PLAYGROUNDS 3
Studio Ludo is a non-profit organization whose mission is building better play through research, design
and advocacy. We believe that everyone deserves a great place to play. Building on a over fifteen years of
experience in the design field, with a focus on play, Studio Ludo was founded in January of 2015.
Since our inception we have received numerous accolades for our work. We were the winners of the
Play Space international design competition and the Kaboom Play Everywhere Competition. Our research
has been presented at national conferences for Child in the City, the International Play Association, The
Association for the Study of Play, and the U.S. Play Coalition, as well as through the American Society of
Landscape Architects Online Learning Series.We have been published in Next City and Context:The Magazine
of the AIA Philadelphia, and our work has been featured in World Landscape Architecture Magazine, Landscape
Architecture Magazine, GRID Magazine, City Lab, and The Atlantic.
Research is the core of our organization and directly informs our design process. The London Study of
Playgrounds serves as the basis for much of our thinking about play and helped to launch Studio Ludo.
Over a six month period in the spring of 2015, we visited forty five playgrounds within the ten kilometer
(approximately six mile) radius of the center of London and selected sixteen as part of our study. Upon
returning to the U.S.,we compared our findings to the National Study of Neighborhood Parks by the RAND
Corporation, to understand the influences of the design of playgrounds on play behaviors and physical
activity levels in children and teens.
We released our preliminary report in September 2016, which contained a summary of our methodology,
our initial findings, as well as images of the sixteen play spaces.This final report expands upon that work and
includes detailed maps,images of uses by all ages,analysis of behaviors related to play surfaces and structures,
as well as an assessment of playground injury rates and cost differences in the U.K. vs U.S.
I want to thank my friends and family for their support during the past three years of this research project.
From getting us to London in the first place and doing all the complicated Excel work (thanks to my husband
Andy), to being a fabulous research assistant (my daughter Amelia), to helping develop the protocols and
comparisons (Deb), to being on the board of Studio Ludo and reviewing the work (Susan, Kate, Rebecca,
Richard, and Matt). I could not have finished this project without you!
Happy reading!
Meghan Talarowski, MLA, CPSI
Director
Studio Ludo

EXECUTIVE
SUMMARY
SPA FIELDS PLAYGROUND

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
taken at defined areas within the playgrounds.The videos were
assessed using the System for Observing Play and Recreation
in Communities (SOPARC) to document apparent age, gender,
ethnicity, and physical activity. This assessment led to the
categorization of use and behavior of 18,142 people.
The data was then compared to the National Study of
Neighborhood Parks (NSNP) by the RAND Corporation,
focusing on NewYork,San Francisco,and LosAngeles. We used
Geographic Information System (GIS) in conjunction with U.S.7
and U.K.8
census data to define population densities in the one
mile area around each playground to establish comparisons.
FINDINGS:
By comparing playgrounds of similar size (.25-.75 acres) and
population density (50,000-175,000 people in one mile area) in
London to those in San Francisco, Los Angeles, and New York,
we discovered that the London playgrounds had 55% more
visitors, 14% more adults, and children and teens were 16-18%
more physically active.
MORE POPULAR
Half of the children studied were found in just four areas:
climbing, sand, grass, and swinging. Hard surfaces were also
popular, as were slides. Adults preferred sitting in the grass
or on a bench, and supervising play near a structure or playing
in the sand. Teens were found either using or acting as an
audience for risky elements, such as giant slides or high speed
spinners, hanging out at the edges, and perching in high places.
MORE ACTIVE
The same four areas promoted the most moderate to vigorous
physical activity:climbing,sand,swinging,and grass. Hard surfaces
such as concrete and asphalt were also popular for games
such as tag and soccer/football. Grass was the largest surface
area in the playgrounds. Sand was significantly smaller, yet was
consistently popular and active.The majority of equipment fell
into the climbing category. Swings were a smaller offering, but
were constantly in use, often by many children at once. Swings
also contributed to the most adult physical activity.
Passive spaces also support children’s play. ‘Play loops’ were
observed where a child would engage in active play for an
intense period of time, before circling back to the passive
spaces. Both function best in conjunction, as those in the
passive spaces enjoy the spectacle of the active spaces, while
the passive spaces act as a pressure valve for the active ones.
Besides accommodating adults, the London playgrounds think
outside the box.They use diverse materials and non-prescriptive,
riskier play structures that lead to lower costs and lower injury
rates than U.S.playgrounds,which is counter intuitive,given our
intense focus on safety in the last few decades.
The U.S.seems to have reached‘peak safety’.We have created a
nation of overly expensive,homogeneously safe,and insidiously
boring play spaces. Our injury rates demonstrate that these
spaces have unintended consequences.In pursuit of fun,children
are using play structures in unintended ways, falling on surfaces
too expensive to maintain,11
and are not moving enough,12
becoming too weak to play without injuring themselves.To turn
the tide, the solution is to follow London’s lead:
1. DESIGN FOR ALL AGES
Both passive and active spaces are important, blur the lines
between play and park. And don’t forget cafes and bathrooms!
2. PLAY EVERYWHERE
Provide ‘play affordances’, such as boulders, logs, plants, and
topography for inexpensive, but effective fun.
3.THINK OUTSIDE THE CATALOG
All playgrounds should have the top five: grass, sand, climbing,
swinging, and sliding.Water and loose parts are another plus.
4. PLAYGROUNDS ARE FOR PLAY
Everything on a playground should be playable, including
surfaces.Fun should be prioritized over safety and maintenance.
5. RISK IS A GOOD THING
The best playgrounds look dangerous but are completely safe,
offering ways to play based on skill level, strength, and bravery.
Play is so important to children’s well being that the United
Nations has recognized it as a human right, along with shelter
and education. And yet, in the U.S. today, children spend an
average of seven hours per day on screens.1
Nearly one in
three are overweight or obese.2
Stress levels in children and
teens are at all time highs,3
and levels of depression and suicide
are increasing at rapid rates.4
The same can be said for adults, with obesity now a leading
cause of death in the U.S.5
Clearly, we need to move more, we
need to get out more,and we need to give ourselves permission
to play, but where? For the first time in history, more people
live in cities than elsewhere6
, and that trend will only continue.
As more people compete for finite public space resources, we
must advocate for the role of play in creating happier, healthier
urban communities.
But what affordances should we create in our cities to allow
play to happen?What encourages play in our youngest children
(under fives)?What attracts teens? How do we encourage play
throughout our lifetimes,supporting healthy adults and seniors?
The London Study of Playgrounds sought to answer these
questions. By studying play and use behaviors in sixteen
playgrounds, we discovered what made these spaces work,
what people were attracted to, and how the playgrounds
encouraged physical activity and social interaction for all ages.
METHODS:
Forty five London playgrounds were visited over a three month
period, from January-March 2015. Sixteen were selected based
on the following criteria: design uniqueness; variety in surfaces
and structures; different sizes (neighborhood vs destination);
demographics (ethnicity and socioeconomic); and equal
distribution in the ten kilometer (approximately 6 mile) radius
of the center of London.
Observations occurred from end of April-early June 2015,
from 8am-7pm every day of the week except for Fridays.
Five to ten second video sweeps, recorded via IPhone, were
LESS INJURY
Injury rates in U.S. playgrounds have always been consistently
higher than in U.K. playgrounds.9
A recent publication by the
Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC)10
shows that
while injuries in the U.S. have been decreasing on the whole, in
the last three years assessed as part of the report (2012-2014)
injuries have begun to increase sharply.
The U.S.has managed to bring death rates in playgrounds down
significantly, which is a laudable achievement. However, this
continued trend of high injury rates is cause for concern and
further study.
LESS COST
Eleven London playgrounds had available costs, ranging from
$14-55/sf, with an average of $30/sf. The average cost of the
U.S. playgrounds was $48/sf.
In the London playgrounds, many used grass, rubber matting,
sand,and bark as their primary surfaces.These all have significant
cost savings over their counterparts in the comparable U.S.
playgrounds, which utilized primarily poured in place rubber or
rubber tile as their surfaces.
Additionally, many of the London playgrounds took advantage
of ‘play affordances’, elements in the built environment that
promote play, such as boulders, logs, topography, plantings,
and trees. These elements are cost effective partners to
manufactured play equipment.
RECOMMENDATIONS:
There were an almost equal number of children (48%) and
adults (47%) in the London playgrounds. It is clear that these
spaces, traditionally thought of as serving only children, are
actually a rich community resource.
The playgrounds in the study blur the boundary between play
space and park. Most have considerable grass areas and passive
spaces for adults to relax and spend time.This ‘dwell factor’ is
one of the reasons for the success of these playgrounds.
7
HTTP://DOC.ARCGIS.COM/EN/ESRI-DEMOGRAPHICS/DATA/CENSUS-ACS.HTM
8
HTTPS://DATA.LONDON.GOV.UK/CENSUS/DATA/
9
HTTP://WWW.HSE.GOV.UK/RESEARCH/CRR_PDF/2002/CRR02426.PDF
10
HTTPS://WWW.CPSC.GOV/S3FS-PUBLIC/INJURIES%20AND%20INVESTIGATED%20DEATHS%20ASSOCIATED%20WITH%20
PLAYGROUND%20EQUIPMENT%202009%20TO%202014_1.PDF?29GWYLHQ6FUWXSKAQXLOGAHAE8AHZSSY
11
HTTPS://COMPTROLLER.NYC.GOV/WP-CONTENT/UPLOADS/DOCUMENTS/CLAIMSTAT_PLAYGROUND_FEBRUARY_2015.PDF
12
HTTPS://WWW.CDC.GOV/NCHS/DATA/DATABRIEFS/DB153.HTM
1
HTTPS://MEDLINEPLUS.GOV/ENCY/PATIENTINSTRUCTIONS/000355.HTM
2
HTTPS://STATEOFOBESITY.ORG/CHILDHOOD/
3
HTTPS://WWW.APA.ORG/MONITOR/2014/04/TEEN-STRESS.ASPX
4
HTTPS://WWW.CDC.GOV/MMWR/VOLUMES/66/WR/MM6630A6.HTM
5
HTTPS://STATEOFOBESITY.ORG/ADULT-OBESITY/
6
HTTP://WWW.UN.ORG/EN/DEVELOPMENT/DESA/NEWS/POPULATION/WORLD-URBANIZATION-PROSPECTS-2014.HTML

POOLS PLAYGROUND,VICTORIA PARK
METHODS
& FINDINGS
The Playgrounds,The Assessment,The Play Elements

Playgrounds in the study ranged in size from .22 acres to 3.5 acres,
and were selected based on the uniqueness of their designs, variety in
surface materials, and open ended, non-prescriptive play structures.
1. BROCKWELL PARK PLAYGROUND
2. BURGESS PARK PLAYGROUND
3. CLAPTON COMMON PLAYGROUND
4. CLISSOLD PARK PLAYGROUND
5. JUBILEE GARDENS PLAYGROUND
6. KILBURN GRANGE PLAYGROUND
7. KING SQUARE GARDENS
8. KNIGHTSBRIDGE BARRACKS PLAYGROUND
9. MARYLEBONE GREEN PLAYGROUND
10. OLYMPIC PARK PLAYGROUND
11. POOLS PLAYGROUND
12. PRINCESS DIANA MEMORIAL PLAYGROUND
13. SPA FIELDS PLAYGROUND
14.TUMBLING BAY PLAYGROUND
15.VICTORIA AND ALEXANDRA PLAYGROUND
16.WELLINGTON BARRACKS PLAYGROUND
1
5
9
13
3
7
11
15
2
6
10
14
4
8
12
16
THE PLAYGROUNDS
16 SELECTED PLAYGROUNDS
45VISITED PLAYGROUNDS
CENTER OF LONDON (CHARING CROSS)
10KM
RADIUS
1
25
7
13
12
8 16
9 10
14
15
11
6
3
4

OVERALL SCHEDULE SATURDAY SUNDAY MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY
5. JUBILEE GARDENS 4/18 4/19 4/20 (4/27)*
4/21 (5/19)*
16.WELLINGTON 4/18 4/19 4/20 (4/27)*
4/21 (6/4)*
12. PRINCESS DIANA 4/18 4/19 4/22 4/23
8. KNIGHTSBRIDGE 4/18 4/19 4/22 4/23
7. KING SQUARE 4/25 (5/2)**
4/26 (5/10)**
4/27 (4/20)*
4/28
13. SPA FIELDS 4/25 (5/2)**
4/26 (5/10)**
4/27 (4/20)*
4/28
2. BURGESS PARK 4/25 (5/2)**
4/26 (5/10)**
4/29 (5/13)**
4/30
1. BROCKWELL PARK 4/25 (5/2)**
4/26 (5/10)**
4/29 (5/13)**
4/30
15.V AND A 5/2 (5/9)**
5/3 (5/17)**
5/4 5/5 (5/12)**
11. POOLS 5/2 (5/9)**
5/3 (5/17)**
5/4 5/5 (5/12)**
15.TUMBLING BAY 5/2 (5/9)**
5/3 (5/17)**
5/6 (5/27)**
5/7
10. OLYMPIC PARK 5/2 (5/9)**
5/3 (5/17)**
5/6 (5/27)**
5/7
9. MARYLEBONE GREEN 5/9 (5/16)**
5/10 (5/24)**
5/11 (5/25)**
5/12 (5/26)**
6. KILBURN GRANGE 5/9 (5/16)**
5/10 (5/24)**
5/11 (5/25)**
5/12 (5/26)**
4. CLISSOLD PARK 5/9 (5/16)**
5/10 (5/24)**
5/13 (6/3)**
5/14 (5/21)**
3. CLAPTON COMMON 5/9 (5/16)**
5/10 (5/24)**
5/13 (6/3)**
5/14 (5/21)**
(Parentheses
indicate date
actual observation
occurred, due to
rescheduling for
closures or rain)
* Jubilee closed
for repairs
4/20-22
** Rain, reschedule
4/25
4/26
4/29
5/3
5/5
5/6
5/11
5/14
5/18
5/19, 12pm on
5/20
6/2
TYPICAL WEEKEND SATURDAY SUNDAY
5. JUBILEE GARDENS 8:00am 2:00pm
16.WELLINGTON 9:00am 3:00pm
16.WELLINGTON 11:00am 5:00pm
5. JUBILEE GARDENS 12:00pm 6:00pm
16.WELLINGTON 1:00pm 7:00pm
12. PRINCESS DIANA 2:00pm 8:00am
8. KNIGHTSBRIDGE 3:00pm 9:00am
8. KNIGHTSBRIDGE 5:00pm 11:00am
8. KNIGHTSBRIDGE 7:00pm 1:00pm
TYPICAL WEEKDAY M OR W TU OR TH
5. JUBILEE GARDENS 12:00pm 6:00pm
BREAK 1:00pm
16.WELLINGTON 2:00pm 8:00am
16.WELLINGTON 6:00pm 12:00pm
THE ASSESSMENT
Over a two month period from April-June 2015, we conducted
256 observations, took 1638 videos, and categorized 18,142 visitors
by age, gender, ethnicity, and activity levels.
10KM
RADIUS
1
25
7
13
12
8 16
9 10
14
15
11
6
3
4
Forty five London playgrounds were visited from January-March
2015. Sixteen were selected and observed from April-June
2015. Observation periods were from 8am-7pm, every day of
the week except for Fridays,which was a rest day.Observations
did not occur on rainy days, but were rescheduled to the same
day the following week (see schedule at right).
Our data collectors consisted of a thirty five year old female
and a‘research assistant’,a one year old child.It is important to
note that the presence of the child was crucial in gaining access
to the playgrounds, as many spaces would not admit an adult
without a child.
The playgrounds were grouped by location, for ease of transit
between them.Every playground was observed on one weekday
morning, one weekday afternoon, one weekend morning, and
one weekend afternoon (see schedule at right).
Observations were done through videography, completed in
five to ten second sweeps of specific areas of the playgrounds.
Videos were taken discretely with an IPhone.Twice a subject
asked that the videos be deleted.Once the subject left the area
being observed, a new video was taken.
In order to aid observations, every playground was mapped
into smaller zones based on surface type. Videos were taken
from the same location at every observation period, ensuring
that all subjects were visible. Observations were also taken of
specific site elements, as well as play structures.
Given the diversity of the play structure types, they were
grouped by movement, which included: balancing, climbing,
crawling, hanging, jumping, manipulating, organized, passive,
pumping, rocking, seesawing, sliding, spinning, stepping, swinging,
and walking. Surfaces included: artificial turf, asphalt, bark, brick,
concrete, dirt, grass, gravel, metal, planting, rubber, sand, stone,
and water. Site features included: art, bench, bike rack, boulder,
bush, fence, shade, table, and tree.

CHILD (5-12)UNDER 5
3500
3000
2500
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
ADULT (18-64) SENIOR (65+)
AGE
TEEN (13-18)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
M
F
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
Vigorous
Moderate
Sedentary
MODERATE
FEMALE
SEDENTARYVIGOROUS
MALE
GENDER
ACTIVITY LEVELS
3500
3500
3000
3000
2500
2500
2000
2000
1500
1500
1000
1000
500
500
0
0
KIN
G
SQ
UARE
KIN
G
SQ
UARESPA
FIELD
S
SPA
FIELD
S
C
LAPTO
N
C
O
M
M
O
N
C
LAPTO
N
C
O
M
M
O
N
KILBU
RN
G
RAN
G
E
KILBU
RN
G
RAN
G
E
BU
RG
ESS
PARK
BU
RG
ESS
PARK
W
ELLIN
G
TO
N
BARRAC
KS
W
ELLIN
G
TO
N
BARRAC
KS
JU
BILEE
G
ARD
EN
S
JU
BILEE
G
ARD
EN
S
KN
IG
H
TSBIRD
G
E
BARRAC
KS
KN
IG
H
TSBIRD
G
E
BARRAC
KS
O
LYM
PIC
PARK
O
LYM
PIC
PARK
BRO
C
KW
ELL
PARK
BRO
C
KW
ELL
PARK
VIC
TO
RIA
AN
D
ALEX
AN
D
RA
VIC
TO
RIA
AN
D
ALEX
AN
D
RA
M
ARYLEBO
N
E
G
REEN
M
ARYLEBO
N
E
G
REEN
C
LISSO
LD
PARK
C
LISSO
LD
PARK
TU
M
BLIN
G
BAY
TU
M
BLIN
G
BAY
PO
O
LS
PO
O
LS
PRIN
C
ESS
D
IAN
A
M
EM
O
RIAL
PRIN
C
ESS
D
IAN
A
M
EM
O
RIAL
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
Other
Muslim
Black
White
ETHNICITY
MIDDLE EASTERN BLACK WHITE
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0
KIN
G
SQ
UARE
KIN
G
SQ
UARESPA
FIELD
S
SPA
FIELD
S
C
LAPTO
N
C
O
M
M
O
N
C
LAPTO
N
C
O
M
M
O
N
KILBU
RN
G
RAN
G
E
KILBU
RN
G
RAN
G
E
BU
RG
ESS
PARK
BU
RG
ESS
PARK
W
ELLIN
G
TO
N
BARRAC
KS
W
ELLIN
G
TO
N
BARRAC
KS
JU
BILEE
G
ARD
EN
S
JU
BILEE
G
ARD
EN
S
KN
IG
H
TSBIRD
G
E
BARRAC
KS
KN
IG
H
TSBIRD
G
E
BARRAC
KS
O
LYM
PIC
PARK
O
LYM
PIC
PARK
BRO
C
KW
ELL
PARK
BRO
C
KW
ELL
PARK
VIC
TO
RIA
AN
D
ALEX
AN
D
RA
VIC
TO
RIA
AN
D
ALEX
AN
D
RA
M
ARYLEBO
N
E
G
REEN
M
ARYLEBO
N
E
G
REEN
C
LISSO
LD
PARK
C
LISSO
LD
PARK
TU
M
BLIN
G
BAY
TU
M
BLIN
G
BAY
PO
O
LS
PO
O
LS
PRIN
C
ESS
D
IAN
A
M
EM
O
RIAL
PRIN
C
ESS
D
IAN
A
M
EM
O
RIAL
OTHER
THE FINDINGS
(ALL PLAYGROUND USAGE)
are designed for the five to twelve age range, this is not
surprising, as there were many attractors for them.
Teens had distinct preferences, such as perches and gathering
spaces at the edges of the playgrounds, risky and adventurous
play equipment, and places to watch and be watched while
on the risky equipment. Playgrounds that supported them
were Princess Diana Memorial Playground, Pools Playground,
Tumbling Bay Playground, and Burgess Park Playground.Adults
and seniors, of course, loved to sit and preferred many options,
like grass, sand, benches, tables, boulders, fences, and shade.
They were fairly equally distributed in the playgrounds as well.
GENDER
Overall, gender was fairly equal within the playgrounds. Adult
caregivers tended to be more female,while the children tended
to be slightly more male. There were a few outliers, such as
Clapton Common Playground, which served a predominately
Hasidic Jewish population with fairly traditional gender roles.In
this playground, nearly all the caregivers were female, and boys
were encouraged to be more active on the riskier climbing
structures, while the girls were more sedentary on the swings.
ETHNICITY
The ethnicity observed in the playgrounds closely matched that
of the surrounding communities. Middle Eastern was included
as an ethnicity category primarily to see if traditional dress
interfered with physical activity levels. It had no contribution.
Some in traditional dress did request to not be photographed.
ACTIVITY LEVELS
Most of the playgrounds had between 40-60% physically active
users. Sedentary users tended to be adults and seniors, while
children tended to be very active. Princess Diana Memorial
Playground, Pools Playground, Tumbling Bay Playground, and
Olympic Playground had higher percentages of sedentary users.
This was no doubt due to the prevalance of a variety of seating
options for adults and caregivers, which in turn contributed
to ‘dwell time’ for adults, longer play times for children, and
perhaps more popularity. ‘Dwell time’ was not calculated as
part of this study, but would be a useful further study.
USAGE
There were five clear favorites of the London playgrounds.
Princess Diana Memorial Playground was by far the most
popular in the study. It receives more than 1,000,000 visitors
per year and is a world class destination. It is also located in a
highly touristed area, but receives a large percentage of local
visitors as well. It is incredibly popular in warmer months, with
occasionally a several hour queue for entry. During our study,
the water play areas were off however, and the weather was
not warm enough to contribute to a surge of users.
Pools Playground has a significant neighborhood draw, and
observations happened to occur during a school holiday, so
there were considerable amounts of children and families
utilizing the space. It has many amenities that make it popular,
like a giant concrete mountain with three very fast slides, a
huge sand area, many climbing structures, and best of all, there
is no fencing separating the play area from the passive grass
spaces, blurring the line between play and park.
Tumbling Bay Playground and Clissold Park Playground are
both newer spaces with different draws. Tumbling Bay is a
destination play space, with huge timber climbing towers,
water play area, sand, cafe, and restrooms. Clissold Park is a
well loved neighborhood space that was recently renovated
with a wide variety of play options.It also has a massive hill with
embankment slide, similar to Pools.
Marylebone Green Playground has three very distinctive play
spaces. It has both a neighborhood and destination draw, and
was also observed during a school holiday, which could have
contributed to its high user counts.
AGE
Under five’s were predominately found in playgrounds with
large sand areas,water play,grass,and smaller elements tailored
to their size, like mounds with embankment slides, rockers,
and swings. These were found at Princess Diana Memorial
Playground,Tumbling Bay Playground, Clissold Park Playground,
and Brockwell Park Playground. Children over 5 had a fairly
equal distribution in all of the playgrounds.As most playgrounds
The top five popular playgrounds were:
Princess Diana Memorial Playground, Pools Playground,Tumbling Bay
Playground, Clissold Park Playground, and Marylebone Green Playground.

THE SURFACES, FEATURES & PLAY ELEMENTS
The playgrounds in London had a wide variety of surface types
and site elements, many selected specifically for their play value.
Play structures were both bespoke/custom and manufactured.
RUBBER*
GRASS
ASPHALT
SAND
BARK
PLANTING
METAL
DIRT
WATER BIKE RACK
TREE
SHADE
TABLE
BUSH FENCE
ART
BOULDER
BENCH
ARTIFICIAL
TURF
STONE
GRAVEL
BRICK
CONCRETE
11
1413
10
12
9
5
1
6
2 1 2
4
6
8
3
5
7
9
7
3
8
4 1
5
9
13
3
7
11
15
2
6
10
14
4
8
12
16
CRAWLING ORGANIZED HANGING PUMPING
JUMPING
MANIPULATING
BALANCING
SEESAWING
SPINNING
SLIDING
ROCKING
STEPPING
SWINGING
WALKING
PASSIVE
CLIMBING
* RUBBER CATEGORY INCLUDES:
POURED IN PLACE (AKA WET POUR)
AND RUBBER MATTING

ETHNICITY
MODERATE
SEDENTARY
VIGOROUS
ACTIVITY
LEVELS
MIDDLE EASTERN
BLACK
WHITE
OTHER
FEMALE
MALE
GENDER
M
ETAL
M
ETAL
M
ETAL
M
ETAL
D
IRT
D
IRT
D
IRT
D
IRT
W
ATER
W
ATER
W
ATER
W
ATER
ARTIFIC
IALTU
RF
ARTIFIC
IALTU
RF
ARTIFIC
IALTU
RF
ARTIFIC
IALTU
RF
C
O
N
C
RETE
C
O
N
C
RETE
C
O
N
C
RETE
C
O
N
C
RETE
STO
N
E
STO
N
E
STO
N
E
STO
N
E
G
RAVEL
G
RAVEL
G
RAVEL
G
RAVEL
SAN
D
SAN
D
SAN
D
SAN
D
BRIC
K
BRIC
K
BRIC
K
BRIC
K
BARK
BARK
BARK
BARKASPH
ALT
ASPH
ALT
ASPH
ALT
ASPH
ALT
G
RASS
G
RASS
G
RASS
G
RASS
PLAN
TIN
G
PLAN
TIN
G
PLAN
TIN
G
PLAN
TIN
G
RU
BBER
RU
BBER
RU
BBER
RU
BBER
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
C
RAW
LIN
G
C
RAW
LIN
G
C
RAW
LIN
G
C
RAW
LIN
G
O
RG
AN
IZED
O
RG
AN
IZED
O
RG
AN
IZED
O
RG
AN
IZED
H
AN
G
IN
G
H
AN
G
IN
G
H
AN
G
IN
G
H
AN
G
IN
G
PU
M
PIN
G
PU
M
PIN
G
PU
M
PIN
G
PU
M
PIN
G
JU
M
PIN
G
JU
M
PIN
G
JU
M
PIN
G
JU
M
PIN
G
SEESAW
IN
G
SEESAW
IN
G
SEESAW
IN
G
SEESAW
IN
G
RO
C
KIN
G
RO
C
KIN
G
RO
C
KIN
G
RO
C
KIN
G
W
ALKIN
G
W
ALKIN
G
W
ALKIN
G
W
ALKIN
G
M
AN
IPU
LATIN
G
M
AN
IPU
LATIN
G
M
AN
IPU
LATIN
G
M
AN
IPU
LATIN
G
BALAN
C
IN
G
BALAN
C
IN
G
BALAN
C
IN
G
BALAN
C
IN
G
SPIN
N
IN
G
SPIN
N
IN
G
SPIN
N
IN
G
SPIN
N
IN
G
SLID
IN
G
SLID
IN
G
SLID
IN
G
SLID
IN
G
STEPPIN
G
STEPPIN
G
STEPPIN
G
STEPPIN
G
SW
IN
G
IN
G
SW
IN
G
IN
G
SW
IN
G
IN
G
SW
IN
G
IN
G
PASSIVE
PASSIVE
PASSIVE
PASSIVE
C
LIM
BIN
G
C
LIM
BIN
G
C
LIM
BIN
G
C
LIM
BIN
G
BIKE
RAC
K
BIKE
RAC
K
BIKE
RAC
K
BIKE
RAC
K
FEN
C
E
FEN
C
E
FEN
C
E
FEN
C
E
TREE
TREE
TREE
TREE
BU
SH
BU
SH
BU
SH
BU
SH
BO
U
LD
ER
BO
U
LD
ER
BO
U
LD
ER
BO
U
LD
ER
SH
AD
E
SH
AD
E
SH
AD
E
SH
AD
E
BEN
C
H
BEN
C
H
BEN
C
H
BEN
C
H
ART
ART
ART
ART
TABLE
TABLE
TABLE
TABLE
AGE
ADULT (18-64)
TEEN (13-18)
CHILD (5-12)
UNDER 5
SENIOR (65+)
THE FINDINGS
(BY SURFACES, FEATURES, & PLAY ELEMENTS)
Climbing structures and swings are the true heroes of
every playground, but work best with their partners:
sand, grass, and water.
PLAY ELEMENTS
Climbing and swinging are the true favorites of every
playground. All kids have a compulsion to climb, even a few
inches off the ground. A variety of open ended,non-prescriptive
climbing elements is key, like the timber towers at Tumbling
Bay Playground, or the scramble climbers at Jubilee Gardens.
Scale is also important.Tiny timber tangles and wood steppers
support under five’s, while teens and adults want more risk
and adventure. Height and a sense of danger is helpful, like the
custom climber at Clapton Common Playground.
Swings are a must in every playground. Basket swings in
particular serve all ages, and huge groups. We observed one
basket swing holding twelve children,fully operational.Children
crave the sensation of movement that only a swing can provide.
Adults love the nesting quality, and would often lay with
younger children inside. Giant swings, like theViking atVictoria
and Alexandra Playground also offer great team building and
communication opportunities, as it swings highest with lots of
people working together.
MAINTENANCE/OPERATIONS
Many of the London playgrounds utilized surfaces and
structures that require significant maintenance. Grass needs
to be mowed, sand sifted for sharps and contaminants, and
plantings tended to. Custom structures with wood elements
need monthly and yearly inspections and repairs. Some wood
manufactured structures have been dried and treated,and have
a longer life span than typical exposed wood.
There is no maintenance free playground. They are evolving
public realms that can be well (and over) loved.Almost every
London playground in the study had maintenance staff that was
observed on a daily basis. Every playground was well tended to
and had minimal observable deficiencies, such as trash, broken
surfaces or structures, with the exception of Burgess, Jubilee,
and Olympic, all of which received new poured in place rubber
surfacing during the study. Site staff is key to the success of
these spaces and is another piece of the popularity puzzle. A
well tended space tells people, and their children, that they are
cared for and safe.
SURFACES
Grass was the most popular surface in the London playgrounds,
but was also the largest area overall, ranging up to 94% of the
useable space in Brockwell Park Playground, for instance.
Sand was the second most popular surface, but was always a
much smaller offering, between 4-20% of the useable space.
Often however, it was given center stage, around a central
play feature, like the pirate ship at Princess Diana Memorial
Playground, at the base of the giant mound and embankment
slides at Pools Playground,or close to the entrance,like at King
Square Gardens.
Adults vastly preferred grass over every other surface.Children
used grass and sand fairly equally, but definitely preferred them
over other surfaces.There were no distinct gender preferences
for any surfaces. Users in the grass were mostly sedentary, as
they would set up picnics and social gatherings at the perimeter
and throughout the playground.
Sand was surprisingly active,as it was often used as a landing pad
for kids and teens launching themselves off of play structures,
like the pirate ship at Princess Diana Memorial Playground, the
slide at Pools Playground, or the climbing structure at King
Square Gardens.
SITE FEATURES
Benches were very popular for adults and seniors. Variety
was key, with different sizes and types spread throughout the
playground at regular intervals and related to specific play areas,
like the long benches at the under five play area at Clissold Park
Playground. Some bench design can encourage running and
jumping, like the circular bench at Jubilee Gardens Playground,
but that same bench also contributed to a significant drop
(25%) in activity levels in adults, so in addition to providing
benches, the design must include opportunities to get adults
moving, either solo or with their children.
Boulders are always a great addition to playgrounds, providing
seating, climbing, jumping, and hiding opportunities. They also
increase overall activity levels.
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
C
RAW
LIN
G
O
RG
AN
IZED
H
AN
G
IN
GPU
M
PIN
GJU
M
PIN
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SEESAW
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M
AN
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G
SPIN
N
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GSTEPPIN
G
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EN
TARY
BALAN
C
IN
GSLID
IN
G
SW
IN
G
IN
G
C
LIM
BIN
G
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
BIKE
RAC
K
BU
SH
FEN
C
E
TREE
ART
SH
AD
E
BO
U
LD
ER
TABLE
BEN
C
H
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
M
ETAL
W
ATER
STO
N
E
BRIC
KPLAN
TIN
G
D
IRT
ARTIFIC
IALTU
RFG
RAVEL
BARKASPH
ALT
RU
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C
O
N
C
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SAN
D
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0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
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M
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TABLE
BEN
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0
500
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2000
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0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
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0
500
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2000
2500
3000
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SH
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ER
TABLE
BEN
C
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0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
C
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500
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C
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0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
BIKE
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SH
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ART
SH
AD
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BO
U
LD
ER
TABLE
BEN
C
H
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
C
RAW
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0
500
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TABLE
BEN
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0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
M
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500
1000
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2000
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3000
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2000
2500
3000
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TABLE
BEN
C
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0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
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500
1000
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2000
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500
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1500
2000
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TABLE
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0
500
1000
1500
2000
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0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
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LIM
BIN
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500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
BIKE
RAC
K
BU
SH
FEN
C
E
TREE
ART
SH
AD
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BO
U
LD
ER
TABLE
BEN
C
H
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
M
ETAL
W
ATER
STO
N
E
BRIC
KPLAN
TIN
G
D
IRT
ARTIFIC
IALTU
RFG
RAVEL
BARKASPH
ALT
RU
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C
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N
C
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SAN
D
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RASS
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
M
ETAL
W
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STO
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TIN
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ARTIFIC
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0
500
1000
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2000
2500
3000
BIKE
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TABLE
BEN
C
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0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
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RAW
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BIN
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0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
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500
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2500
3000
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TABLE
BEN
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0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
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0
500
1000
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2000
2500
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500
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2000
2500
3000
BIKE
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ART
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TABLE
BEN
C
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0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
C
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2000
2500
3000
2000
2500
3000
2000
2500
3000
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
M
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0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
BIKE
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BO
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TABLE
BEN
C
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0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
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SEESAW
IN
G
RO
C
KIN
G
W
ALKIN
G
M
AN
IPU
LATIN
G
SPIN
N
IN
GSTEPPIN
G
SED
EN
TARY
BALAN
C
IN
GSLID
IN
G
SW
IN
G
IN
G
C
LIM
BIN
G
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
M
ETAL
W
ATER
STO
N
E
BRIC
KPLAN
TIN
G
D
IRT
ARTIFIC
IALTU
RFG
RAVEL
BARKASPH
ALT
RU
BBER
C
O
N
C
RETE
SAN
D
G
RASS
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
BIKE
RAC
K
BU
SH
FEN
C
E
TREE
ART
SH
AD
E
BO
U
LD
ER
TABLE
BEN
C
H
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
C
RAW
LIN
G
O
RG
AN
IZED
H
AN
G
IN
GPU
M
PIN
GJU
M
PIN
G
SEESAW
IN
G
RO
C
KIN
G
W
ALKIN
G
M
AN
IPU
LATIN
G
SPIN
N
IN
GSTEPPIN
G
SED
EN
TARY
BALAN
C
IN
GSLID
IN
G
SW
IN
G
IN
G
C
LIM
BIN
G
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
M
ETAL
W
ATER
STO
N
E
BRIC
KPLAN
TIN
G
D
IRT
ARTIFIC
IALTU
RFG
RAVEL
BARKASPH
ALT
RU
BBER
C
O
N
C
RETE
SAN
D
G
RASS
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
BIKE
RAC
K
BU
SH
FEN
C
E
TREE
ART
SH
AD
E
BO
U
LD
ER
TABLE
BEN
C
H
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
C
RAW
LIN
G
O
RG
AN
IZED
H
AN
G
IN
GPU
M
PIN
GJU
M
PIN
G
SEESAW
IN
G
RO
C
KIN
G
W
ALKIN
G
M
AN
IPU
LATIN
G
SPIN
N
IN
GSTEPPIN
G
SED
EN
TARY
BALAN
C
IN
GSLID
IN
G
SW
IN
G
IN
G
C
LIM
BIN
G
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
CRAW
LIN
G
O
RG
AN
IZED
H
AN
G
IN
GPUM
PIN
GJUM
PIN
G
SEESAW
IN
G
RO
CKIN
G
W
ALKIN
G
M
AN
IPULATIN
G
SPIN
N
IN
GSTEPPIN
G
SED
EN
TARY
BALAN
CIN
GSLID
IN
G
SW
IN
G
IN
G
CLIM
BIN
G
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
BIKE
RACK
BUSH
FEN
CE
TREE
ART
SH
AD
E
BO
ULD
ER
TABLE
BEN
CH
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
M
ETAL
W
ATER
STO
N
E
BRICKPLAN
TIN
G
D
IRT
ARTIFICIALTURFG
RAVEL
BARKASPH
ALT
RUBBER
CO
N
CRETE
SAN
D
G
RASS
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
M
ETAL
W
ATER
STO
N
E
BRICKPLAN
TIN
G
D
IRT
ARTIFICIALTURFG
RAVEL
BARKASPH
ALT
RUBBER
CO
N
CRETE
SAN
D
G
RASS
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
BIKE
RACK
BUSH
FEN
CE
TREE
ART
SH
AD
E
BO
ULD
ER
TABLE
BEN
CH
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
CRAW
LIN
G
O
RG
AN
IZED
H
AN
G
IN
GJUM
PIN
GPUM
PIN
G
SEESAW
IN
G
RO
CKIN
G
W
ALKIN
G
M
AN
IPULATIN
G
SPIN
N
IN
GSTEPPIN
G
SED
EN
TARY
BALAN
CIN
GSLID
IN
G
SW
IN
G
IN
G
CLIM
BIN
G
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
M
ETAL
W
ATER
STO
N
E
BRICKPLAN
TIN
G
D
IRT
ARTIFICIALTURFG
RAVEL
BARKASPH
ALT
RUBBER
CO
N
CRETE
SAN
D
G
RASS
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
BIKE
RACK
BUSH
FEN
CE
TREE
ART
SH
AD
E
BO
ULD
ER
TABLE
BEN
CH
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
CRAW
LIN
G
O
RG
AN
IZED
H
AN
G
IN
GPUM
PIN
GJUM
PIN
G
SEESAW
IN
G
RO
CKIN
G
W
ALKIN
G
M
AN
IPULATIN
G
SPIN
N
IN
GSTEPPIN
G
SED
EN
TARY
BALAN
CIN
GSLID
IN
G
SW
IN
G
IN
G
CLIM
BIN
G
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
M
ETAL
W
ATER
STO
N
E
BRICKPLAN
TIN
G
D
IRT
ARTIFICIALTURFG
RAVEL
BARKASPH
ALT
RUBBER
CO
N
CRETE
SAN
D
G
RASS
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
BIKE
RACK
BUSH
FEN
CE
TREE
ART
SH
AD
E
BO
ULD
ER
TABLE
BEN
CH
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
CRAW
LIN
G
O
RG
AN
IZED
H
AN
G
IN
GPUM
PIN
GJUM
PIN
G
SEESAW
IN
G
RO
CKIN
G
W
ALKIN
G
M
AN
IPULATIN
G
SPIN
N
IN
GSTEPPIN
G
SED
EN
TARY
BALAN
CIN
GSLID
IN
G
SW
IN
G
IN
G
CLIM
BIN
G
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
CRAW
LIN
G
O
RG
AN
IZED
H
AN
G
IN
GPUM
PIN
GJUM
PIN
G
SEESAW
IN
G
RO
CKIN
G
W
ALKIN
G
M
AN
IPULATIN
G
SPIN
N
IN
GSTEPPIN
G
SED
EN
TARY
BALAN
CIN
GSLID
IN
G
SW
IN
G
IN
G
CLIM
BIN
G
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
BIKE
RACK
BUSH
FEN
CE
TREE
ART
SH
AD
E
BO
ULD
ER
TABLE
BEN
CH
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
M
ETAL
W
ATER
STO
N
E
BRICKPLAN
TIN
G
D
IRT
ARTIFICIALTURFG
RAVEL
BARKASPH
ALT
RUBBER
CO
N
CRETE
SAN
D
G
RASS
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
M
ETAL
W
ATER
STO
N
E
BRICKPLAN
TIN
G
D
IRT
ARTIFICIALTURFG
RAVEL
BARKASPH
ALT
RUBBER
CO
N
CRETE
SAN
D
G
RASS
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
BIKE
RACK
BUSH
FEN
CE
TREE
ART
SH
AD
E
BO
ULD
ER
TABLE
BEN
CH
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
CRAW
LIN
G
O
RG
AN
IZED
H
AN
G
IN
GJUM
PIN
GPUM
PIN
G
SEESAW
IN
G
RO
CKIN
G
W
ALKIN
G
M
AN
IPULATIN
G
SPIN
N
IN
GSTEPPIN
G
SED
EN
TARY
BALAN
CIN
GSLID
IN
G
SW
IN
G
IN
G
CLIM
BIN
G
0
500
1000
1500
2000
M
ETAL
W
ATER
STO
N
E
BRICKPLAN
TIN
G
D
IRT
ARTIFICIALTURFG
RAVEL
BARKASPH
ALT
RUBBER
CO
N
CRETE
SAN
D
G
RASS
0
500
1000
1500
BIKE
RACK
BUSH
FEN
CE
TREE
ART
SH
AD
E
BO
ULD
ER
TABLE
BEN
CH
0
500
1000
1500
CRAW
LIN
G
O
RG
AN
IZED
H
AN
G
IN
GPUM
PIN
GJUM
PIN
G
SEESAW
IN
G
RO
CKIN
G
W
ALKIN
G
M
AN
IPULATIN
G
SPIN
N
IN
GSTEPPIN
G
SED
EN
TARY
BALAN
CIN
GSLID
IN
G
SW
IN
G
IN
G
CLIM
BIN
G
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
CRAW
LIN
G
O
RG
AN
IZED
H
AN
G
IN
GPUM
PIN
GJUM
PIN
G
SEESAW
IN
G
RO
CKIN
G
W
ALKIN
G
M
AN
IPULATIN
G
SPIN
N
IN
GSTEPPIN
G
SED
EN
TARY
BALAN
CIN
GSLID
IN
G
SW
IN
G
IN
G
CLIM
BIN
G
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
BIKE
RACK
BUSH
FEN
CE
TREE
ART
SH
AD
E
BO
ULD
ER
TABLE
BEN
CH
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
M
ETAL
W
ATER
STO
N
E
BRICKPLAN
TIN
G
D
IRT
ARTIFICIALTURFG
RAVEL
BARKASPH
ALT
RUBBER
CO
N
CRETE
SAN
D
G
RASS
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
M
ETAL
W
ATER
STO
N
E
BRICKPLAN
TIN
G
D
IRT
ARTIFICIALTURFG
RAVEL
BARKASPH
ALT
RUBBER
CO
N
CRETE
SAN
D
G
RASS
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
BIKE
RACK
BUSH
FEN
CE
TREE
ART
SH
AD
E
BO
ULD
ER
TABLE
BEN
CH
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
CRAW
LIN
G
O
RG
AN
IZED
H
AN
G
IN
GJUM
PIN
GPUM
PIN
G
SEESAW
IN
G
RO
CKIN
G
W
ALKIN
G
M
AN
IPULATIN
G
SPIN
N
IN
GSTEPPIN
G
SED
EN
TARY
BALAN
CIN
GSLID
IN
G
SW
IN
G
IN
G
CLIM
BIN
G
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
M
ETAL
W
ATER
STO
N
E
BRICKPLAN
TIN
G
D
IRT
ARTIFICIALTURFG
RAVEL
BARKASPH
ALT
RUBBER
CO
N
CRETE
SAN
D
G
RASS
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
BIKE
RACK
BUSH
FEN
CE
TREE
ART
SH
AD
E
BO
ULD
ER
TABLE
BEN
CH
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
CRAW
LIN
G
O
RG
AN
IZED
H
AN
G
IN
GPUM
PIN
GJUM
PIN
G
SEESAW
IN
G
RO
CKIN
G
W
ALKIN
G
M
AN
IPULATIN
G
SPIN
N
IN
GSTEPPIN
G
SED
EN
TARY
BALAN
CIN
GSLID
IN
G
SW
IN
G
IN
G
CLIM
BIN
G
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
M
ETAL
W
ATER
STO
N
E
BRICKPLAN
TIN
G
D
IRT
ARTIFICIALTURFG
RAVEL
BARKASPH
ALT
RUBBER
CO
N
CRETE
SAN
D
G
RASS
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
BIKE
RACK
BUSH
FEN
CE
TREE
ART
SH
AD
E
BO
ULD
ER
TABLE
BEN
CH
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
CRAW
LIN
G
O
RG
AN
IZED
H
AN
G
IN
GPUM
PIN
GJUM
PIN
G
SEESAW
IN
G
RO
CKIN
G
W
ALKIN
G
M
AN
IPULATIN
G
SPIN
N
IN
GSTEPPIN
G
SED
EN
TARY
BALAN
CIN
GSLID
IN
G
SW
IN
G
IN
G
CLIM
BIN
G
2500
3000
2500
3000
2500
3000
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
M
ETAL
W
ATER
STO
N
E
BRICKPLAN
TIN
G
D
IRT
ARTIFICIALTURFG
RAVEL
BARKASPH
ALT
RUBBER
CO
N
CRETE
SAN
D
G
RASS
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
BIKE
RACK
BUSH
FEN
CE
TREE
ART
SH
AD
E
BO
ULD
ER
TABLE
BEN
CH
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
CRAW
LIN
G
O
RG
AN
IZED
H
AN
G
IN
GJUM
PIN
GPUM
PIN
G
SEESAW
IN
G
RO
CKIN
G
W
ALKIN
G
M
AN
IPULATIN
G
SPIN
N
IN
GSTEPPIN
G
SED
EN
TARY
BALAN
CIN
GSLID
IN
G
SW
IN
G
IN
G
CLIM
BIN
G
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
M
ETAL
W
ATER
STO
N
E
BRICKPLAN
TIN
G
D
IRT
ARTIFICIALTURFG
RAVEL
BARKASPH
ALT
RUBBER
CO
N
CRETE
SAN
D
G
RASS
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
BIKE
RACK
BUSH
FEN
CE
TREE
ART
SH
AD
E
BO
ULD
ER
TABLE
BEN
CH
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
CRAW
LIN
G
O
RG
AN
IZED
H
AN
G
IN
GPUM
PIN
GJUM
PIN
G
SEESAW
IN
G
RO
CKIN
G
W
ALKIN
G
M
AN
IPULATIN
G
SPIN
N
IN
GSTEPPIN
G
SED
EN
TARY
BALAN
CIN
GSLID
IN
G
SW
IN
G
IN
G
CLIM
BIN
G
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
M
ETAL
W
ATER
STO
N
E
BRICKPLAN
TIN
G
D
IRT
ARTIFICIALTURFG
RAVEL
BARKASPH
ALT
RUBBER
CO
N
CRETE
SAN
D
G
RASS
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
BIKE
RACK
BUSH
FEN
CE
TREE
ART
SH
AD
E
BO
ULD
ER
TABLE
BEN
CH
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
CRAW
LIN
G
O
RG
AN
IZED
H
AN
G
IN
GPUM
PIN
GJUM
PIN
G
SEESAW
IN
G
RO
CKIN
G
W
ALKIN
G
M
AN
IPULATIN
G
SPIN
N
IN
GSTEPPIN
G
SED
EN
TARY
BALAN
CIN
GSLID
IN
G
SW
IN
G
IN
G
CLIM
BIN
G
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
CRAW
LIN
G
O
RG
AN
IZED
H
AN
G
IN
GPUM
PIN
GJUM
PIN
G
SEESAW
IN
G
RO
CKIN
G
W
ALKIN
G
M
AN
IPULATIN
G
SPIN
N
IN
GSTEPPIN
G
SED
EN
TARY
BALAN
CIN
GSLID
IN
G
SW
IN
G
IN
G
CLIM
BIN
G
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
BIKE
RACK
BUSH
FEN
CE
TREE
ART
SH
AD
E
BO
ULD
ER
TABLE
BEN
CH
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
M
ETAL
W
ATER
STO
N
E
BRICKPLAN
TIN
G
D
IRT
ARTIFICIALTURFG
RAVEL
BARKASPH
ALT
RUBBER
CO
N
CRETE
SAN
D
G
RASS
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
M
ETAL
W
ATER
STO
N
E
BRICKPLAN
TIN
G
D
IRT
ARTIFICIALTURFG
RAVEL
BARKASPH
ALT
RUBBER
CO
N
CRETE
SAN
D
G
RASS
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
BIKE
RACK
BUSH
FEN
CE
TREE
ART
SH
AD
E
BO
ULD
ER
TABLE
BEN
CH
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
CRAW
LIN
G
O
RG
AN
IZED
H
AN
G
IN
GJUM
PIN
GPUM
PIN
G
SEESAW
IN
G
RO
CKIN
G
W
ALKIN
G
M
AN
IPULATIN
G
SPIN
N
IN
GSTEPPIN
G
SED
EN
TARY
BALAN
CIN
GSLID
IN
G
SW
IN
G
IN
G
CLIM
BIN
G
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
M
ETAL
W
ATER
STO
N
E
BRICKPLAN
TIN
G
D
IRT
ARTIFICIALTURFG
RAVEL
BARKASPH
ALT
RUBBER
CO
N
CRETE
SAN
D
G
RASS
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
BIKE
RACK
BUSH
FEN
CE
TREE
ART
SH
AD
E
BO
ULD
ER
TABLE
BEN
CH
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
CRAW
LIN
G
O
RG
AN
IZED
H
AN
G
IN
GPUM
PIN
GJUM
PIN
G
SEESAW
IN
G
RO
CKIN
G
W
ALKIN
G
M
AN
IPULATIN
G
SPIN
N
IN
GSTEPPIN
G
SED
EN
TARY
BALAN
CIN
GSLID
IN
G
SW
IN
G
IN
G
CLIM
BIN
G
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
M
ETAL
W
ATER
STO
N
E
BRICKPLAN
TIN
G
D
IRT
ARTIFICIALTURFG
RAVEL
BARKASPH
ALT
RUBBER
CO
N
CRETE
SAN
D
G
RASS
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
BIKE
RACK
BUSH
FEN
CE
TREE
ART
SH
AD
E
BO
ULD
ER
TABLE
BEN
CH
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
CRAW
LIN
G
O
RG
AN
IZED
H
AN
G
IN
GPUM
PIN
GJUM
PIN
G
SEESAW
IN
G
RO
CKIN
G
W
ALKIN
G
M
AN
IPULATIN
G
SPIN
N
IN
GSTEPPIN
G
SED
EN
TARY
BALAN
CIN
GSLID
IN
G
SW
IN
G
IN
G
CLIM
BIN
G
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
CRAW
LIN
G
O
RG
AN
IZED
H
AN
G
IN
GPUM
PIN
GJUM
PIN
G
SEESAW
IN
G
RO
CKIN
G
W
ALKIN
G
M
AN
IPULATIN
G
SPIN
N
IN
GSTEPPIN
G
SED
EN
TARY
BALAN
CIN
GSLID
IN
G
SW
IN
G
IN
G
CLIM
BIN
G
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
BIKE
RACK
BUSH
FEN
CE
TREE
ART
SH
AD
E
BO
ULD
ER
TABLE
BEN
CH
0
500
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TUMBLING BAY PLAYGROUND, QUEEN ELIZABETH OLYMPIC PARKTUMBLING BAY PLAYGROUND, QUEEN ELIZABETH OLYMPIC PARK
PLAYGROUND
COMPARISONS
London vs NewYork, San Francisco, and Los Angeles

THE COMPARISON
We partnered with the RAND Corporation to compare
our London playground data to their National Study of
Neighborhood Parks (NSNP).We focused on New York, San
Francisco, and Los Angeles, as these cities had population
densities similar to London.
We found eight playgrounds in the NSNP that most closely
matched those studied in London, based on size and
population density.
CLAPTON COMMON PLAYGROUND (.22 AC, 92,833 POP/MI)*
MARCONI PARK, NEWYORK CITY (.19 AC, 78,224 POP/MI)
JUBLIEE GARDENS PLAYGROUND (.24 AC, 68,429 POP/MI)
HILLTOP PARK, SAN FRANCISCO (.25 AC, 71,796 POP/MI)
KILBURN GRANGE PLAYGROUND (.32 AC, 98,815 POP/MI)
COM. BARRY PARK, NEWYORK CITY (.59 AC, 96,025 POP/MI)
KING SQUARE GARDENS (.63 AC, 139,585 POP/MI)
BROWER PARK, NEWYORK CITY (.46 AC, 171,637 POP/MI)
KNIGHTSBRIDGE PLAYGROUND (.47 AC, 56,862 POP/MI)
SOUTH PARK, LOS ANGELES (.34 AC, 69,697 POP/MI)
OLYMPIC PARK PLAYGROUND (.54 AC, 53,047 POP/MI)
ST MARY’S REC, SAN FRANCISCO (.3 AC, 63,111 POP/MI)
SPA FIELDS PLAYGROUND (.42 AC, 132,369 POP/MI)
WILLIAMSBRIDGE OVAL,NEWYORK CITY (.4AC,114,667 POP/MI)
WELLINGTON PLAYGROUND (.25 AC, 56,220 POP/MI)
POTRERO HILL, SAN FRANCISCO (.38 AC, 52,153 POP/MI)
Many of the London playgrounds are much larger than the
ones studied as part of the NSNP, which resulted in eight
having no comparable match.
BURGESS PARK PLAYGROUND (.92 AC, 113,815 POP/MI)
MARYLEBONE GREEN PLAYGROUND (1.02 AC, 80,692 POP/MI)
BROCKWELL PARK PLAYGROUND (1.22 AC, 79,037 POP/MI)
CLISSOLD PARK PLAYGROUND (1.42 AC, 109,990 POP/MI)
PRINCESS DIANA PLAYGROUND (1.98 AC, 100,188 POP/MI)
TUMBLING BAY PLAYGROUND (2.1 AC, 55,116 POP/MI)
V&A PLAYGROUND (2.1 AC, 99,920 POP/MI)
POOLS PLAYGROUND (3.5 AC, 81,766 POP/MI)
3. CLAPTON COMMON PLAYGROUND
5. JUBILEE GARDENS PLAYGROUND
6. KILBURN GRANGE PLAYGROUND
7. KING SQUARE GARDENS
3. MARCONI PARK
5. HILLTOP PARK
6. COMMODORE BARRY PARK
7. BROWER PARK
8. KNIGHTSBIRDGE BARRACKS PLAYGROUND
10. OLYMPIC PARK PLAYGROUND
13. SPA FIELDS PLAYGROUND
16.WELLINGTON BARRACKS PLAYGROUND
8. SOUTH PARK
10. ST. MARY’S RECREATION CENTER
13.WILLIAMBRIDGE OVAL PLAYGROUND
16. POTRERO HILL PLAYGROUND
5 5
13 13
3 3
7 76 6
10 108 8
16 16
We found that playgrounds in London had 55% more visitors and
16-18% more physical activity in children and teens than comparable
playgrounds in San Francisco, Los Angeles, and NewYork.
* AC = ACRES
POP/MI = POPULATION/MILE

for the comparison study. This reduced our visitor count to
14,583, down from 18,142.
We then took the total visitation (N) for each playground
divided by the acreage (A), then divided by the population
density (PD) within the one mile service area to establish
average playground visitor density (VD).
The NSNP playground visitors ranged from 0 to 861 people
per playground (N). Acreage ranged from .19 to .46 acres,with
an average of .36 acres (A). Population densities ranged from
52.2 per square mile to 171.6 per square mile, with an average
of 89.7 per square mile (PD), with population figures given in
10,000’s. Visitor density ranged between 0 and 188 with an
average of 76.2 (VD).
The London playground visitors ranged from 119 to 807 people
per playground (N). Acreage ranged from .22 to .63 acres,with
an average of .39 acres (A). Population densities ranged from
53.0 per square mile to 139.6 per square mile, with an average
of 87.2 per square mile (PD). Visitor density ranged between
14 and 299 with an average of 118 (VD).
Visitors
(N)
Acreage
(A)
Population
Density (PD)
Visitor
Density (VD)
NSNP 1989 .36 89.7 76.2
London 3181 .39 87.2 118
Based on our calculations, average population densities
and acreage were similar, however, visitation in the London
playgrounds was higher,leading to a much higher visitor density.
Through this comparison, we demonstrated that the London
playgrounds had 55% more visitors than the comparable
playgrounds in San Francisco, Los Angeles, and NewYork City.
THE FINDINGS
(MORE POPULAR, MORE ACTIVE)
MORE ACTIVE
Utilizing the same metrics that determined popularity, we also
looked at age and activity levels. We found that the London
playgrounds had 5% fewer children, 10% fewer teens, but 14%
more adults than the NSNP playgrounds. Seniors remained
virtually the same in both.
Childrenwere18%morephysicallyactive(moderatetovigorous
physical activity (MVPA) is defined as expending energy at a
walking level or above), and teens were 16% more physically
active. Adults and seniors had similar behavior patterns in
the NSNP and London playgrounds. Adults were, on average,
74% sedentary and 26% physically active, and seniors were, on
average, 78% sedentary and 22% physically active.
Climbing contributed 20% of physical activity for children and
teens. Sand contributed 14% and hard surfaces, with space to
run or play games like tag and soccer,contributed another 10%.
Swings and grass both contributed 9%. These spaces had the
majority (53%) of physical activity for children and teens.
For adults and seniors, 49% of their physical activity took place
on hard surfaces and grass, either walking, cycling, or running.
Second to that, 11% of adult and senior physical activity took
place while engaged with swings,either using them or pushing a
child or children. Sand contributed 8% of physical activity, with
climbing structures contributing another 6%.
For surfaces, children were most active on sand and hard
surfaces, while adults and seniors were most active on grass
and hard surfaces. Climbers and swings were the most active
play structures for all ages, at 35% and 20%, respectively.
Bench design is also critical. One playground in particular,
Jubilee Gardens, had a significant (25%) reduction in adult and
senior physical activity,possibly given its extensive linear bench,
which had a big footprint in the playground and provided many
social opportunities,but few physical activity options for adults.
MORE POPULAR
We found that the London playgrounds had 55% more visitors
than comparable U.S.playgrounds in San Francisco,LosAngeles,
and New York City, assessed as part of the National Study of
Neighborhood Parks (NSNP).To establish comparisons,we first
determined playground size through a Google Maps calculator.1
Defining playground boundaries was relatively simple for the
NSNP playgrounds, as most had either a fence or surfacing
demarcating the edge condition. For some of the London
playgrounds, such as Pools Playground or Clapton Common
Playground,the line was not entirely clear,so assumptions were
made based on pavement edges or apparent edge of play zone
(see site plans in section ‘Playground Analyses’, pages 28-125).
Population was defined through zip code (U.S.)2
and ward
(U.K.)3
census data. Population density was determined by
first converting hectares to square kilometers to square miles,
for comparison from metric (U.K.) to imperial (U.S.). The
population was then assumed to be equally distributed within
that zip code or ward. Then the percentage of the zip code
or ward that fell within the playground service area (defined
as a one mile circle from the center of each playground)
was determined, and that percentage of the total distributed
population was taken (i.e. 10% of zipcode or ward one, 60% of
zipcode or ward two,and 30% of zipcode or ward three = total
population density in playground service area).
As the playgrounds varied in size, we felt that the comparisons
would be more consistent if they were compared by visitor
density per acre. For this calculation, we utilized visitation
counts per the standard System for Observing Play and
Recreation in Communities (SOPARC) protocol.
SOPARC observes only three times per day, four days per
week and was used on the NSNP playgrounds.Our assessment
collected data five to six times per day. We eliminated the extra
observation periods from the London playground assessments
1
HTTPS://WWW.DAFTLOGIC.COM/PROJECTS-GOOGLE-MAPS-AREA-CALCULATOR-TOOL.HTM
2
HTTP://DOC.ARCGIS.COM/EN/ESRI-DEMOGRAPHICS/DATA/CENSUS-ACS.HTM
3
HTTPS://DATA.LONDON.GOV.UK/CENSUS/DATA/
Climbing, swinging, grass, sand, and hard surfaces with plenty
of space for games like tag and soccer were most popular
and encouraged the most physical activity for all ages.
=
TotalVisitors (N) /
Playground Acreage (A) /
Population Density (PD)
AverageVisitor
Density (VD)

THE FINDINGS
(LESS INJURY, LESS COST)
Country Period Fatality
Rate (per
100k pop.)
Injury
Rate (per
100k pop.)
Source
U.K. 1990’s .002a
320a
Ball1
U.S. 1990-94 .03b
382c
Mack et al2
U.S. 1998 392 Tinsworth3
U.S. 2009-
2014
.009d
364e
CPSC4
and
this report
a
For 0-16 age range, population of 13 million. Equipment-related cases only.
b
Average of 17 fatalities each year. 67% of fatalities occur at home.
c
For 0-14 age range, population of 55 million. 70% of injuries on public
playgrounds.
d
For 0-14 year age range, population of 61.13 million, per Population
Division, U.S. Census Bureau.5
63% of injuries on public playgrounds, 14% at
home, 22% location not reported.
e
Injury rate for 2012-2014 is 372/100k.
The U.K. has released injury data for 2009-2014, but it has not
been assessed with the same granularity as the Ball report and
is not associated directly to playgrounds. Therefore, there is
not a current accurate U.K.data set to compare with this most
current release from CPSC.What can be noted from the chart
above is the injury trend. For the U.S., we remain at a higher
injury and fatality rate than the U.K., even when comparing
current data for 2009-2014 to the mid 1990’s of the Ball report.
Additionally, it is worrisome that our injury rate has begun to
increase from 2012-2014, with an injury rate of approximately
372/100k. For this calculation, we used the 247,075 injury
average for 2012-2014,multiplied by 92% for the 0-14 age range,
divided by 61.08 million, the average 0-14 age range population
from 2012-2014,and multiplied by 100,000.This rate may be an
outlier,but could also be indicative of a larger problem.We have
spent millions of dollars in pursuit of safer playgrounds, and
while our death rate has decreased significantly, our injuries
have not followed the same trend.
LESS COST
Eleven of the London playgrounds had available costs, either
published publicly online, or through communication with
the design teams. Several playground costs were lumped into
whole park renovations and could not be separated (see costs
in section ‘Playground Analyses’, pages 28-125).
Three playgrounds in the study were renovations to existing
spaces (Marylebone Green Playground, Pools Playground, and
Victoria and Alexandra Playground).Additionally,Tumbling Bay
Playground made use of salvaged materials from the 2012
Olympic Games,such as plantings,stone,and concrete elements.
These four playgrounds were considered outliers to average
playground costs, and were not included in our estimates.
Excluding those four, the remaining seven London playgrounds
ranged in cost from $14-55 per square foot with an average
cost of $30 per square foot.By contrast,the average cost of the
comparison U.S. playgrounds was $48 per square foot.
For example, Potrero Hill Playground in San Francisco and Spa
Fields Playground in London are the same size, yet Spa Fields
cost two and a half times less and serves two and a half times
more children and families. The primary reason in the cost
difference between the playgrounds in the U.K.and the U.S.lies
in the choices of surfaces and structures.
Many of the London playgrounds utilized significant areas of
grass and sand, which costs between $1-4 per square foot,
as opposed to the comparison U.S. playgrounds, which had
poured in place rubber or rubber tile, ranging between $10-
20 per square foot. For structures, rather than rely on solely
manufactured elements, play was supplemented with cost
effective options, such as salvaged logs and timbers, boulders,
plantings, and trees.This focus, on a variety of surfaces and play
elements,made the London playgrounds more economical than
the comparable U.S. ones, while at the same time increasing
their popularity.
LESS INJURY
The U.S. has consistently had higher rates of injury and
death on playgrounds than the U.K. A study by Ball in 20021
demonstrated that the U.K.injury rate was 320/100k and fatality
rate was negligible, only .002/100k. By comparison, in a similar
time period, Mack et al2
andTinsworth3
demonstrated that the
U.S. injury rate was 382/100k and 392/100k, respectively, and
fatality rate was .03/100k.
A new report released earlier this year by the Consumer
Product Safety Commission (CPSC)4
provides the most
complete current picture of injury and fatality data for U.S.
playgrounds. From 2009-2014, the injury amount ranged from
233,000 to 267,000, with an average of 243,200 injuries per
year.There was also an unusual spike in injuries in 2012, that
resulted in an injury average of 247,075 for 2012-2014.
In order to calculate the injury rate per 100,000 population,
we followed the lead of Mack et al.We isolated the injuries in
the 0-14 age range only, which amounted to 92% of the total
injuries and an average of 222,787 injuries per year.
We used population data from the U.S. Census Bureau5
to calculate the average population for the 0-14 age range
from 2009-2014, which was 61.13 million. We then divided
the average injuries (IN) by average population (P) and then
multiplied by 100,000 to get the average U.S. injury rate (IR)
from 2009-2014 of 364/100k.
As part of the study, CPSC reported 34 deaths from 2009-
2014, with an average of 5.66 deaths per year. Using the same
equation, substituting injury for death, this results in a fatality
rate of .009/100k. However, as the CPSC data did not include
ages in fatality statistics, this number includes adults and is
potentially overstated.
1
BALL,‘PLAYGROUNDS: RISKS, BENEFITS AND CHOICES,’ CONTRACT RESEARCH REPORT, HEALTH AND SAFETY EXECUTIVE, 2002
2
M. G. MACK, S. HUDSON AND D.THOMPSON,‘A DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF CHILDREN’S PLAYGROUND INJURIES IN THE UNITED STATES 1990-4,’ INJURY
PREVENTION, 3, 100-103, 1997
3
D. K.TINSWORTH,‘PLAYGROUND INJURIES – 1990VS TODAY,’ PROCEEDINGS OF ‘PLAYGROUND SAFETY,’ PENN STATE, 1999
4
CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION,‘INJURIES AND INVESTIGATED DEATHS ASSOCIATED WITH PLAYGROUND EQUIPMENT,’ 2017
5
HTTP://DATACENTER.KIDSCOUNT.ORG/DATA/TABLES/101-CHILD-POPULATION-BY-AGE-GROUP#DETAILED/1/ANY/
FALSE/36,868,867,133,38/62,63,64/419,420
= Injury Rate/100k (IR)
Average Injuries (IN) /
Average Population (P) x
100,000

KILBURN GRANGE
PLAYGROUND
PLAYGROUND
ANALYSES
The Influences of Surfaces, Features, & Play Elements on Play Behavior

A playground with a wide variety of equipment, and often filled
with teens attracted to riskier play elements like the spinner,
which elevates kids almost completely horizontal as it spins.
BROCKWELL PARK PLAYGROUND
LOCATION: BOROUGH OF LAMBETH
SIZE: .49 HECTARES (1.22 ACRES)
DATE COMPLETED: 2012
1
DESIGNER: LAND USE CONSULTANTS
EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURER: RICHTER SPIELGERATE
COST: £500,000 IN 2012 ($735,000 IN 2017)
Brockwell Park in Herne Hill, South London was developed as
a public park in 1892. The Park is under the management of
Lambeth Council.
The highly popular 50 hectare (123.5 acre) space was in need
of renovation and Land Use Consultants (LUC) was retained
to develop a master plan. A £6 million ($9.88 million adjusted*)
effort for the whole park was supported by the Heritage
Lottery Fund / BIG Lottery and Lambeth Council. £500,000
($735,000) went to the half hectare (1.22 acre) playground,
which was reopened in 2012.
The renovation included a total redevelopment of the children’s
play area, improvements to the wet play area, restoration of
the lakes, new trees and plantings, new railings and gates, and
pathway improvements.
The play area has grass mounds for picnicking,as well as timber
benches, tables, and boulders for adults and caregivers to use,
spread throughout the space. It is surrounded with mature
trees, as well as many newly installed ones. It also has planted
areas throughout, for an feeling of being immersed in nature.
Split into three distinct areas, the playground appeals to a
variety of ages.The toddler area has swings,playhouses,wobble
dishes, a rocking sail boat, accordion stepper, slides, and a
large sand play area with boulders. The school age play area
has a salvaged log bridge, suspension bridge, playhouses set in
sand, see-saw, climbing wall, and swings. An adjacent play area
appeals to older children and teens with a zip line, log climber,
nest swing, and whirlwind spinner.
A wet play area was also included as part of the redevelopment
effort, but was separated from the larger play area by a series
of lakes. While it was also a successful play space, it was
considerably smaller and had fewer users. Our study focused
on the larger play area, which provided a wider variety of
equipment and surfaces.
*ALL COSTS ADJUSTED FOR INFLATION IN POUNDS,1
THEN CONVERTED TO 2017 DOLLARS2
1
HTTP://INFLATION.STEPHENMORLEY.ORG/
2
GOOGLE CALCULATOR,AT EXCHANGE OF £1 TO $1.47, OCTOBER 20, 2017

SITE PLAN
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0’ 25’ 50’ 100’
SURFACES FEATURES PLAY ELEMENTS (BY MOVEMENT)
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N GRASS TABLE BALANCING SLIDING SWINGING
POURED
IN PLACE
RUBBER BOULDER HANGING JUMPING ROCKING
SAND BENCH SEESAWING SPINNING CLIMBING
BARK TREE MANIPULATING CRAWLING PASSIVE ORGANIZEDCONCRETE
ASPHALT

SURFACES FEATURES PLAY ELEMENTS
MODERATE
SEDENTARY
VIGOROUS
ACTIVITY
LEVELS
ETHNICITY
MIDDLE EASTERN
BLACK
WHITE
OTHER
FEMALE
MALE
GENDER
BARK
BARK
BARK
BARK
C
O
N
C
RETE
C
O
N
C
RETE
C
O
N
C
RETE
C
O
N
C
RETE
ASPH
ALT
ASPH
ALT
ASPH
ALT
ASPH
ALT
SAN
D
SAN
D
SAN
D
SAN
D
G
RASS
G
RASS
G
RASS
G
RASS
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
M
AN
IPU
LATIN
G
M
AN
IPU
LATIN
G
M
AN
IPU
LATIN
G
M
AN
IPU
LATIN
G
C
RAW
LIN
G
C
RAW
LIN
G
C
RAW
LIN
G
C
RAW
LIN
G
H
AN
G
IN
G
H
AN
G
IN
G
H
AN
G
IN
G
H
AN
G
IN
G
PASSIVE
PASSIVE
PASSIVE
PASSIVE
O
RG
AN
IZED
O
RG
AN
IZED
O
RG
AN
IZED
O
RG
AN
IZED
JU
M
PIN
G
JU
M
PIN
G
JU
M
PIN
G
JU
M
PIN
G
RO
C
KIN
G
RO
C
KIN
G
RO
C
KIN
G
RO
C
KIN
G
SEESAW
IN
G
SEESAW
IN
G
SEESAW
IN
G
SEESAW
IN
G
SPIN
N
IN
G
SPIN
N
IN
G
SPIN
N
IN
G
SPIN
N
IN
G
C
LIM
BIN
G
C
LIM
BIN
G
C
LIM
BIN
G
C
LIM
BIN
G
BALAN
C
IN
G
BALAN
C
IN
G
BALAN
C
IN
G
BALAN
C
IN
GSLID
IN
G
SLID
IN
G
SLID
IN
G
SLID
IN
G
SW
IN
G
IN
G
SW
IN
G
IN
G
SW
IN
G
IN
G
SW
IN
G
IN
G
TREE
TREE
TREE
TREE
BO
U
LD
ER
BO
U
LD
ER
BO
U
LD
ER
BO
U
LD
ER
BEN
C
H
BEN
C
H
BEN
C
H
BEN
C
H
TABLE
TABLE
TABLE
TABLE
AGE
ADULT (18-64)
TEEN (13-18)
CHILD (5-12)
UNDER 5
SENIOR (65+)
CONCLUSIONS
We observed 1064 users in the playground and discovered:
• The grass had the most users in the playground, but also
had the largest footprint, at 94% of the useable space.
• The sand, at only 4% of the useable area of the playground,
had the second highest usage.This was higher than usage
on any of the play structures.
• Children were the majority users of the site, followed
closely by adults.
• The central part of the site, with grass mound and tables,
was a primary location for adults.It had excellent site lines
to most of the play areas, and was close to the bathroom.
• Males and females used the play surfaces and structures
fairly equally, but there was a predominance of females on
site features, such as boulders, benches, and tables.
• Users of site features were almost entirely sedentary,
except for boulders,which supported climbing and jumping.
• The top five play activities were swinging, sliding, balancing,
climbing, and spinning.
• Between three quarters to all of the participants in the top
five play activities were physically active.
• Approximately half of users in the sand and grass areas
were physically active.
• The hard surfaces (asphalt and concrete) promoted the
most physical activity of any surface, primarily through
cycling, scooting, running, and walking.
• Children were most attracted to the grass, slides, and
swings.
• Teens were most attracted to the spinner. A bench and
boulders were adjacent to the spinner, allowing teens to
gather and watch their friends.
• Adults were most attracted to the grass,slides,and swings.
• Seniors were most attracted to the grass and sand.
Teens love to show off to their friends.
Even small sand areas have huge impacts.
Adults prefer grass over benches.
0
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GSPIN
N
IN
GCLIM
BIN
G
BALAN
CIN
G
SLID
IN
GSW
IN
GIN
G
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
W
ALKIN
GCRAW
LIN
GSED
EN
TARY
O
RGAN
IZEDHAN
GIN
GJUM
PIN
GRO
CKIN
GSEESAW
IN
GSPIN
N
IN
GCLIM
BIN
G
BALAN
CIN
G
SLID
IN
GSW
IN
GIN
G
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
TREE
BO
ULD
ER
BEN
CH
TABLE
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
BARK
CO
N
CRETE
ASPHALT
SAN
D
GRASS
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
BARK
CO
N
CRETE
ASPHALT
SAN
D
GRASS
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
TREE
BO
ULD
ER
BEN
CH
TABLE
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
W
ALKIN
GCRAW
LIN
GSED
EN
TARY
O
RGAN
IZEDJUM
PIN
GHAN
GIN
GRO
CKIN
GSEESAW
IN
GSPIN
N
IN
GCLIM
BIN
G
BALAN
CIN
G
SLID
IN
GSW
IN
GIN
G
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
BARK
CO
N
CRETE
ASPHALT
SAN
D
GRASS
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
TREE
BO
ULD
ER
BEN
CH
TABLE
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
W
ALKIN
GCRAW
LIN
GSED
EN
TARY
O
RGAN
IZEDHAN
GIN
GJUM
PIN
GRO
CKIN
GSEESAW
IN
GSPIN
N
IN
GCLIM
BIN
G
BALAN
CIN
G
SLID
IN
GSW
IN
GIN
G
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
BARK
CO
N
CRETE
ASPHALT
SAN
D
GRASS
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
TREE
BO
ULD
ER
BEN
CH
TABLE
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
W
ALKIN
GCRAW
LIN
GSED
EN
TARY
O
RGAN
IZEDHAN
GIN
GJUM
PIN
GRO
CKIN
GSEESAW
IN
GSPIN
N
IN
GCLIM
BIN
G
BALAN
CIN
G
SLID
IN
GSW
IN
GIN
G
250
300
200
250
300
250
300
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
BARK
CO
N
CRETE
ASPHALT
SAN
D
GRASS
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
TREE
BO
ULD
ER
BEN
CH
TABLE
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
W
ALKIN
GCRAW
LIN
GSED
EN
TARY
O
RGAN
IZEDJUM
PIN
GHAN
GIN
GRO
CKIN
GSEESAW
IN
GSPIN
N
IN
GCLIM
BIN
G
BALAN
CIN
G
SLID
IN
GSW
IN
GIN
G
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
BARK
CO
N
CRETE
ASPHALT
SAN
D
GRASS
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
TREE
BO
ULD
ER
BEN
CH
TABLE
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
W
ALKIN
GCRAW
LIN
GSED
EN
TARY
O
RGAN
IZEDHAN
GIN
GJUM
PIN
GRO
CKIN
GSEESAW
IN
GSPIN
N
IN
GCLIM
BIN
G
BALAN
CIN
G
SLID
IN
GSW
IN
GIN
G
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
BARK
CO
N
CRETE
ASPHALT
SAN
D
GRASS
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
TREE
BO
ULD
ER
BEN
CH
TABLE
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
W
ALKIN
GCRAW
LIN
GSED
EN
TARY
O
RGAN
IZEDHAN
GIN
GJUM
PIN
GRO
CKIN
GSEESAW
IN
GSPIN
N
IN
GCLIM
BIN
G
BALAN
CIN
G
SLID
IN
GSW
IN
GIN
G
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
W
ALKIN
GCRAW
LIN
GSED
EN
TARY
O
RG
AN
IZEDH
AN
G
IN
GJUM
PIN
GRO
CKIN
GSEESAW
IN
GSPIN
N
IN
GCLIM
BIN
G
BALAN
CIN
G
SLID
IN
GSW
IN
G
IN
G
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
TREE
BO
ULD
ER
BEN
CH
TABLE
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
BARK
CO
N
CRETE
ASPH
ALT
SAN
D
G
RASS
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
BARK
CO
N
CRETE
ASPH
ALT
SAN
D
G
RASS
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
TREE
BO
ULD
ER
BEN
CH
TABLE
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
W
ALKIN
GCRAW
LIN
GSED
EN
TARY
O
RG
AN
IZEDJUM
PIN
GH
AN
G
IN
GRO
CKIN
GSEESAW
IN
GSPIN
N
IN
GCLIM
BIN
G
BALAN
CIN
G
SLID
IN
GSW
IN
G
IN
G
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
BARK
CO
N
CRETE
ASPH
ALT
SAN
D
G
RASS
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
TREE
BO
ULD
ER
BEN
CH
TABLE
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
W
ALKIN
GCRAW
LIN
GSED
EN
TARY
O
RG
AN
IZEDH
AN
G
IN
GJUM
PIN
GRO
CKIN
GSEESAW
IN
GSPIN
N
IN
GCLIM
BIN
G
BALAN
CIN
G
SLID
IN
GSW
IN
G
IN
G
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
BARK
CO
N
CRETE
ASPH
ALT
SAN
D
G
RASS
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
TREE
BO
ULD
ER
BEN
CH
TABLE
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
W
ALKIN
GCRAW
LIN
GSED
EN
TARY
O
RG
AN
IZEDH
AN
G
IN
GJUM
PIN
GRO
CKIN
GSEESAW
IN
GSPIN
N
IN
GCLIM
BIN
G
BALAN
CIN
G
SLID
IN
GSW
IN
G
IN
G
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
W
ALKIN
GCRAW
LIN
GSED
EN
TARY
O
RG
AN
IZEDH
AN
G
IN
GJUM
PIN
GRO
CKIN
GSEESAW
IN
GSPIN
N
IN
GCLIM
BIN
G
BALAN
CIN
G
SLID
IN
GSW
IN
G
IN
G
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
TREE
BO
ULD
ER
BEN
CH
TABLE
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
BARK
CO
N
CRETE
ASPH
ALT
SAN
D
G
RASS
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
BARK
CO
N
CRETE
ASPH
ALT
SAN
D
G
RASS
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
TREE
BO
ULD
ER
BEN
CH
TABLE
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
W
ALKIN
GCRAW
LIN
GSED
EN
TARY
O
RG
AN
IZEDJUM
PIN
GH
AN
G
IN
GRO
CKIN
GSEESAW
IN
GSPIN
N
IN
GCLIM
BIN
G
BALAN
CIN
G
SLID
IN
GSW
IN
G
IN
G
0
50
100
150
200
250
BARK
CO
N
CRETE
ASPH
ALT
SAN
D
G
RASS
0
50
100
150
200
250
TREE
BO
ULD
ER
BEN
CH
TABLE
0
50
100
150
200
250
W
ALKIN
GCRAW
LIN
GSED
EN
TARY
O
RG
AN
IZEDH
AN
G
IN
GJUM
PIN
GRO
CKIN
GSEESAW
IN
GSPIN
N
IN
GCLIM
BIN
G
BALAN
CIN
G
SLID
IN
GSW
IN
G
IN
G
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
W
ALKIN
GCRAW
LIN
GSED
EN
TARY
O
RG
AN
IZEDH
AN
G
IN
GJUM
PIN
GRO
CKIN
GSEESAW
IN
GSPIN
N
IN
GCLIM
BIN
G
BALAN
CIN
G
SLID
IN
GSW
IN
G
IN
G
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
TREE
BO
ULD
ER
BEN
CH
TABLE
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
BARK
CO
N
CRETE
ASPH
ALT
SAN
D
G
RASS
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
BARK
CO
N
CRETE
ASPH
ALT
SAN
D
G
RASS
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
TREE
BO
ULD
ER
BEN
CH
TABLE
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
W
ALKIN
GCRAW
LIN
GSED
EN
TARY
O
RG
AN
IZEDJUM
PIN
GH
AN
G
IN
GRO
CKIN
GSEESAW
IN
GSPIN
N
IN
GCLIM
BIN
G
BALAN
CIN
G
SLID
IN
GSW
IN
G
IN
G
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
BARK
CO
N
CRETE
ASPH
ALT
SAN
D
G
RASS
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
TREE
BO
ULD
ER
BEN
CH
TABLE
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
W
ALKIN
GCRAW
LIN
GSED
EN
TARY
O
RG
AN
IZEDH
AN
G
IN
GJUM
PIN
GRO
CKIN
GSEESAW
IN
GSPIN
N
IN
GCLIM
BIN
G
BALAN
CIN
G
SLID
IN
GSW
IN
G
IN
G
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
BARK
CO
N
CRETE
ASPH
ALT
SAN
D
G
RASS
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
TREE
BO
ULD
ER
BEN
CH
TABLE
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
W
ALKIN
GCRAW
LIN
GSED
EN
TARY
O
RG
AN
IZEDH
AN
G
IN
GJUM
PIN
GRO
CKIN
GSEESAW
IN
GSPIN
N
IN
GCLIM
BIN
G
BALAN
CIN
G
SLID
IN
GSW
IN
G
IN
G
200
250
300
200
250
300
200
250
300
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
BARK
CO
N
CRETE
ASPH
ALT
SAN
D
G
RASS
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
TREE
BO
ULD
ER
BEN
CH
TABLE
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
W
ALKIN
GCRAW
LIN
GSED
EN
TARY
O
RG
AN
IZEDJUM
PIN
GH
AN
G
IN
GRO
CKIN
GSEESAW
IN
GSPIN
N
IN
GCLIM
BIN
G
BALAN
CIN
G
SLID
IN
GSW
IN
G
IN
G
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
BARK
CO
N
CRETE
ASPH
ALT
SAN
D
G
RASS
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
TREE
BO
ULD
ER
BEN
CH
TABLE
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
W
ALKIN
GCRAW
LIN
GSED
EN
TARY
O
RG
AN
IZEDH
AN
G
IN
GJUM
PIN
GRO
CKIN
GSEESAW
IN
GSPIN
N
IN
GCLIM
BIN
G
BALAN
CIN
G
SLID
IN
GSW
IN
G
IN
G
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
BARK
CO
N
CRETE
ASPH
ALT
SAN
D
G
RASS
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
TREE
BO
ULD
ER
BEN
CH
TABLE
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
W
ALKIN
GCRAW
LIN
GSED
EN
TARY
O
RG
AN
IZEDH
AN
G
IN
GJUM
PIN
GRO
CKIN
GSEESAW
IN
GSPIN
N
IN
GCLIM
BIN
G
BALAN
CIN
G
SLID
IN
GSW
IN
G
IN
G

LOCATION: BOROUGH OF SOUTHWARK
SIZE: .37 HECTARES (.92 ACRES)
DATE COMPLETED: 2012
DESIGNER: LDA DESIGN
EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURER: EIBE
COST: PART OF £8 MIL. PROJECT ($14.46 MIL IN 2017)
A playground with a massive hill slide so popular they had to install
rubber surfacing around it, not to protect from falls, but to stabilize
the soil, along with log climbers and sand play for young kids.
BURGESS PARK PLAYGROUND2
Burgess Park, at 51 hectares (1.26 acres), is both one of the
largest public parks in South London and the largest in the
borough of Southwark. It is surrounded by one fifth of the
lowest income wards in London, and is a vital public space
resource for the local community.
In March 2009, Burgess Park was awarded £2 million ($3.6
million) from the Mayor’s Priority Parks scheme, with an
additional £4 million ($7.2 million) coming from the New
Deal for Communities (NDC). LDA Design crafted the master
plan in 2010 and the first phase of work was complete in the
summer of 2012 for a total cost of £8 million ($14.46 million),
which included the playground renovation.
The first phase had several key elements, such as a path
network, large earthen berms, enlargement of the lake and
habitat restoration, and a new play area that integrated with
an existing cafe and Chumleigh Gardens, a historic almshouse
turned community center.
The play area is split into three zones,two enclosed with fences,
and the third,a water play space in the concrete adjacent to the
cafe, which was off during much of the study.
The toddler play area includes sand, grass mounds, planted
areas for hide and seek, timber climbers, basket swing, small
scale slide, and two tot swings. A highly popular linear bench is
located near the entrance.
The school age play area has numerous mounds, covered in
rubber surfacing, wound through with asphalt paths that
encourage cycling, skating, and scooting. Play structures include
a giant net climber, zip line, spinner, and basket swing. Site
features include boulders for climbing,benches,tables,and table
tennis facilities.The earthen berm is integrated into the rear of
the play area, and has a giant slide and embankment ropes for
scrambling. In 2015, rubber surfacing was added around the
slide, as significant use had eroded the slope.

SITE PLAN
7
12
8
10
10
10
13
14
14
15
16
9
19
19
111
11
11
11
2
3
4
17
18
18
5
6
18
N
SURFACES FEATURES PLAY ELEMENTS (BY MOVEMENT)
POURED IN PLACE
RUBBER
1 7 11
14
16
18
15
17
19
12 13
8
9
10
2
43
5
6
BENCH SWINGING CLIMBING
POURED IN
PLACE RUBBER
TABLE SLIDING HANGINGGRASS CONCRETE
BOULDER SPINNING WALKINGASPHALT
BUSH BALANCING STEPPING ORGANIZEDPLANTING SAND
0’ 25’ 50’ 100’

SURFACES FEATURES PLAY ELEMENTS
MODERATE
SEDENTARY
VIGOROUS
ACTIVITY
LEVELS
ETHNICITY
MIDDLE EASTERN
BLACK
WHITE
OTHER
FEMALE
MALE
GENDER
PLAN
TIN
G
PLAN
TIN
G
PLAN
TIN
G
PLAN
TIN
G
SAN
D
SAN
D
SAN
D
SAN
D
G
RASS
G
RASS
G
RASS
G
RASS
C
O
N
C
RETE
C
O
N
C
RETE
C
O
N
C
RETE
C
O
N
C
RETE
ASPH
ALT
ASPH
ALT
ASPH
ALT
ASPH
ALT
RU
BBER
RU
BBER
RU
BBER
RU
BBER
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
140
140
140
140
140
140
140
140
140
140
140
140
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
BALAN
C
IN
G
BALAN
C
IN
G
BALAN
C
IN
G
BALAN
C
IN
GSTEPPIN
G
STEPPIN
G
STEPPIN
G
STEPPIN
G
SLID
IN
G
SLID
IN
G
SLID
IN
G
SLID
IN
G
O
RG
AN
IZED
O
RG
AN
IZED
O
RG
AN
IZED
O
RG
AN
IZED
H
AN
G
IN
G
H
AN
G
IN
G
H
AN
G
IN
G
H
AN
G
IN
GSPIN
N
IN
G
SPIN
N
IN
G
SPIN
N
IN
G
SPIN
N
IN
GW
ALKIN
G
W
ALKIN
G
W
ALKIN
G
W
ALKIN
GSW
IN
G
IN
G
SW
IN
G
IN
G
SW
IN
G
IN
G
SW
IN
G
IN
GC
LIM
BIN
G
C
LIM
BIN
G
C
LIM
BIN
G
C
LIM
BIN
G
AGE
ADULT (18-64)
TEEN (13-18)
CHILD (5-12)
UNDER 5
SENIOR (65+)
Swings are fun for all ages.
A little topography supports a lot of play.
Teens love to perch and climb.
CONCLUSIONS
As all three of the play areas were in close proximity,they were
all included in the assessment.Of note, the water play area was
turned off for all but one of the assessment periods.
We observed 567 users in the playground and discovered:
• The poured in place rubber surfacing was the most used
space in the playground and had the largest footprint, at
62% of the useable space.
• A majority of the users on the rubber surface were on the
mounds,popular for biking,scooting,and skating,as well as
spots for gathering and sitting for all ages.
• The embankment around the slide was the second most
used space. All ages climbed, scrambled, or just hung out
at various points on the embankment.
• The third most popular space was the asphalt pathways.
They also had a number of topographic changes, similar to
the rubber surfacing, that encouraged active play.
• The top five play activities were climbing, swinging,
splashing, spinning, and hanging.
• Swinging was the second most popular play activity. The
basket swings in particular encouraged use by all ages,
either solo or in groups, up to six people.
• Between 70-90% of participants in the top five play
activities were physically active.
• The asphalt promoted the most physical activity of any
surface, primarily cycling, scooting, running, and walking.
• Children were most attracted to the rubber, asphalt, and
linear bench in the toddler play area.
• Teens were most attracted to the climbing embankment,
as well as perching on the rubber mounds.
• Adults were most attracted to the rubber mounds and
climbing embankment.
• Seniors were most attracted to the rubber and swings.0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
BALAN
C
IN
G
STEPPIN
GO
RG
AN
IZED
SLID
IN
G
H
AN
G
IN
G
SPIN
N
IN
G
W
ALKIN
G
SW
IN
G
IN
G
C
LIM
BIN
G
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
BU
SH
TABLE
BO
U
LD
ER
BEN
C
H
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
PLAN
TIN
G
SAN
D
G
RASS
C
O
N
C
RETE
ASPH
ALT
RU
BBER
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
PLAN
TIN
G
SAN
D
G
RASS
C
O
N
C
RETE
ASPH
ALT
RU
BBER
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
BU
SH
TABLE
BO
U
LD
ER
BEN
C
H
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
BALAN
C
IN
G
STEPPIN
GO
RG
AN
IZED
SLID
IN
G
H
AN
G
IN
G
SPIN
N
IN
G
W
ALKIN
G
SW
IN
G
IN
G
C
LIM
BIN
G
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
PLAN
TIN
G
SAN
D
G
RASS
C
O
N
C
RETE
ASPH
ALT
RU
BBER
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
BU
SH
TABLE
BO
U
LD
ER
BEN
C
H
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
BALAN
C
IN
G
STEPPIN
GO
RG
AN
IZED
SLID
IN
G
H
AN
G
IN
G
SPIN
N
IN
G
W
ALKIN
G
SW
IN
G
IN
G
C
LIM
BIN
G
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
PLAN
TIN
G
SAN
D
G
RASS
C
O
N
C
RETE
ASPH
ALT
RU
BBER
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
BU
SH
TABLE
BO
U
LD
ER
BEN
C
H
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
BALAN
C
IN
G
STEPPIN
GO
RG
AN
IZED
SLID
IN
G
H
AN
G
IN
G
SPIN
N
IN
G
W
ALKIN
G
SW
IN
G
IN
G
C
LIM
BIN
G
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
BALAN
C
IN
G
STEPPIN
GO
RG
AN
IZED
SLID
IN
G
H
AN
G
IN
G
SPIN
N
IN
G
W
ALKIN
G
SW
IN
G
IN
G
C
LIM
BIN
G
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
BU
SH
TABLE
BO
U
LD
ER
BEN
C
H
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
PLAN
TIN
G
SAN
D
G
RASS
C
O
N
C
RETE
ASPH
ALT
RU
BBER
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
PLAN
TIN
G
SAN
D
G
RASS
C
O
N
C
RETE
ASPH
ALT
RU
BBER
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
BU
SH
TABLE
BO
U
LD
ER
BEN
C
H
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
BALAN
C
IN
G
STEPPIN
GO
RG
AN
IZED
SLID
IN
G
H
AN
G
IN
G
SPIN
N
IN
G
W
ALKIN
G
SW
IN
G
IN
G
C
LIM
BIN
G
0
20
40
60
80
100
PLAN
TIN
G
SAN
D
G
RASS
C
O
N
C
RETE
ASPH
ALT
RU
BBER
0
20
40
60
80
100
BU
SH
TABLE
BO
U
LD
ER
BEN
C
H
0
20
40
60
80
100
BALAN
C
IN
G
STEPPIN
GO
RG
AN
IZED
SLID
IN
G
H
AN
G
IN
G
SPIN
N
IN
G
W
ALKIN
G
SW
IN
G
IN
G
C
LIM
BIN
G
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
BALAN
C
IN
G
STEPPIN
GO
RG
AN
IZED
SLID
IN
G
H
AN
G
IN
G
SPIN
N
IN
G
W
ALKIN
G
SW
IN
G
IN
G
C
LIM
BIN
G
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
BU
SH
TABLE
BO
U
LD
ER
BEN
C
H
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
PLAN
TIN
G
SAN
D
G
RASS
C
O
N
C
RETE
ASPH
ALT
RU
BBER
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
PLAN
TIN
G
SAN
D
G
RASS
C
O
N
C
RETE
ASPH
ALT
RU
BBER
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
BU
SH
TABLE
BO
U
LD
ER
BEN
C
H
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
BALAN
C
IN
G
STEPPIN
GO
RG
AN
IZED
SLID
IN
G
H
AN
G
IN
G
SPIN
N
IN
G
W
ALKIN
G
SW
IN
G
IN
G
C
LIM
BIN
G
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
PLAN
TIN
G
SAN
D
G
RASS
C
O
N
C
RETE
ASPH
ALT
RU
BBER
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
BU
SH
TABLE
BO
U
LD
ER
BEN
C
H
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
BALAN
C
IN
G
STEPPIN
GO
RG
AN
IZED
SLID
IN
G
H
AN
G
IN
G
SPIN
N
IN
G
W
ALKIN
G
SW
IN
G
IN
G
C
LIM
BIN
G
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
PLAN
TIN
G
SAN
D
G
RASS
C
O
N
C
RETE
ASPH
ALT
RU
BBER
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
BU
SH
TABLE
BO
U
LD
ER
BEN
C
H
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
BALAN
C
IN
G
STEPPIN
GO
RG
AN
IZED
SLID
IN
G
H
AN
G
IN
G
SPIN
N
IN
G
W
ALKIN
G
SW
IN
G
IN
G
C
LIM
BIN
G
80
100
120
140
80
100
120
140
80
100
120
140
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
PLAN
TIN
G
SAN
D
G
RASS
C
O
N
C
RETE
ASPH
ALT
RU
BBER
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
BU
SH
TABLE
BO
U
LD
ER
BEN
C
H
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
BALAN
C
IN
G
STEPPIN
GO
RG
AN
IZED
SLID
IN
G
H
AN
G
IN
G
SPIN
N
IN
G
W
ALKIN
G
SW
IN
G
IN
G
C
LIM
BIN
G
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
PLAN
TIN
G
SAN
D
G
RASS
C
O
N
C
RETE
ASPH
ALT
RU
BBER
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
BU
SH
TABLE
BO
U
LD
ER
BEN
C
H
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
BALAN
C
IN
G
STEPPIN
GO
RG
AN
IZED
SLID
IN
G
H
AN
G
IN
G
SPIN
N
IN
G
W
ALKIN
G
SW
IN
G
IN
G
C
LIM
BIN
G
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
PLAN
TIN
G
SAN
D
G
RASS
C
O
N
C
RETE
ASPH
ALT
RU
BBER
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
BU
SH
TABLE
BO
U
LD
ER
BEN
C
H
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
BALAN
C
IN
G
STEPPIN
GO
RG
AN
IZED
SLID
IN
G
H
AN
G
IN
G
SPIN
N
IN
G
W
ALKIN
G
SW
IN
G
IN
G
C
LIM
BIN
G
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
BALAN
CIN
G
STEPPIN
GO
RGAN
IZED
SLID
IN
G
HAN
GIN
G
SPIN
N
IN
G
W
ALKIN
G
SW
IN
GIN
G
CLIM
BIN
G
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
BUSH
TABLE
BO
ULD
ER
BEN
CH
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
PLAN
TIN
G
SAN
D
GRASS
CO
N
CRETE
ASPHALT
RUBBER
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
PLAN
TIN
G
SAN
D
GRASS
CO
N
CRETE
ASPHALT
RUBBER
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
BUSH
TABLE
BO
ULD
ER
BEN
CH
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
BALAN
CIN
G
STEPPIN
GO
RGAN
IZED
SLID
IN
G
HAN
GIN
G
SPIN
N
IN
G
W
ALKIN
G
SW
IN
GIN
G
CLIM
BIN
G
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
PLAN
TIN
G
SAN
D
GRASS
CO
N
CRETE
ASPHALT
RUBBER
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
BUSH
TABLE
BO
ULD
ER
BEN
CH
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
BALAN
CIN
G
STEPPIN
GO
RGAN
IZED
SLID
IN
G
HAN
GIN
G
SPIN
N
IN
G
W
ALKIN
G
SW
IN
GIN
G
CLIM
BIN
G
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
PLAN
TIN
G
SAN
D
GRASS
CO
N
CRETE
ASPHALT
RUBBER
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
BUSH
TABLE
BO
ULD
ER
BEN
CH
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
BALAN
CIN
G
STEPPIN
GO
RGAN
IZED
SLID
IN
G
HAN
GIN
G
SPIN
N
IN
G
W
ALKIN
G
SW
IN
GIN
G
CLIM
BIN
G
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
BALAN
CIN
G
STEPPIN
GO
RGAN
IZED
SLID
IN
G
HAN
GIN
G
SPIN
N
IN
G
W
ALKIN
G
SW
IN
GIN
G
CLIM
BIN
G
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
BUSH
TABLE
BO
ULD
ER
BEN
CH
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
PLAN
TIN
G
SAN
D
GRASS
CO
N
CRETE
ASPHALT
RUBBER
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
PLAN
TIN
G
SAN
D
GRASS
CO
N
CRETE
ASPHALT
RUBBER
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
BUSH
TABLE
BO
ULD
ER
BEN
CH
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
BALAN
CIN
G
STEPPIN
GO
RGAN
IZED
SLID
IN
G
HAN
GIN
G
SPIN
N
IN
G
W
ALKIN
G
SW
IN
GIN
G
CLIM
BIN
G
0
20
40
60
80
PLAN
TIN
G
SAN
D
GRASS
CO
N
CRETE
ASPHALT
RUBBER
0
20
40
60
BUSH
TABLE
BO
ULD
ER
BEN
CH
0
20
40
60
80
BALAN
CIN
G
STEPPIN
GO
RGAN
IZED
SLID
IN
G
HAN
GIN
G
SPIN
N
IN
G
W
ALKIN
G
SW
IN
GIN
G
CLIM
BIN
G
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
BALAN
CIN
G
STEPPIN
GO
RGAN
IZED
SLID
IN
G
HAN
GIN
G
SPIN
N
IN
G
W
ALKIN
G
SW
IN
GIN
G
CLIM
BIN
G
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
BUSH
TABLE
BO
ULD
ER
BEN
CH
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
PLAN
TIN
G
SAN
D
GRASS
CO
N
CRETE
ASPHALT
RUBBER
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
PLAN
TIN
G
SAN
D
GRASS
CO
N
CRETE
ASPHALT
RUBBER
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
BUSH
TABLE
BO
ULD
ER
BEN
CH
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
BALAN
CIN
G
STEPPIN
GO
RGAN
IZED
SLID
IN
G
HAN
GIN
G
SPIN
N
IN
G
W
ALKIN
G
SW
IN
GIN
G
CLIM
BIN
G
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
PLAN
TIN
G
SAN
D
GRASS
CO
N
CRETE
ASPHALT
RUBBER
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
BUSH
TABLE
BO
ULD
ER
BEN
CH
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
BALAN
CIN
G
STEPPIN
GO
RGAN
IZED
SLID
IN
G
HAN
GIN
G
SPIN
N
IN
G
W
ALKIN
G
SW
IN
GIN
G
CLIM
BIN
G
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
PLAN
TIN
G
SAN
D
GRASS
CO
N
CRETE
ASPHALT
RUBBER
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
BUSH
TABLE
BO
ULD
ER
BEN
CH
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
BALAN
CIN
G
STEPPIN
GO
RGAN
IZED
SLID
IN
G
HAN
GIN
G
SPIN
N
IN
G
W
ALKIN
G
SW
IN
GIN
G
CLIM
BIN
G
120
140
120
140
120
140
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
PLAN
TIN
G
SAN
D
GRASS
CO
N
CRETE
ASPHALT
RUBBER
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
BUSH
TABLE
BO
ULD
ER
BEN
CH
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
BALAN
CIN
G
STEPPIN
GO
RGAN
IZED
SLID
IN
G
HAN
GIN
G
SPIN
N
IN
G
W
ALKIN
G
SW
IN
GIN
G
CLIM
BIN
G
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
PLAN
TIN
G
SAN
D
GRASS
CO
N
CRETE
ASPHALT
RUBBER
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
BUSH
TABLE
BO
ULD
ER
BEN
CH
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
BALAN
CIN
G
STEPPIN
GO
RGAN
IZED
SLID
IN
G
HAN
GIN
G
SPIN
N
IN
G
W
ALKIN
G
SW
IN
GIN
G
CLIM
BIN
G
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
PLAN
TIN
G
SAN
D
GRASS
CO
N
CRETE
ASPHALT
RUBBER
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
BUSH
TABLE
BO
ULD
ER
BEN
CH
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
BALAN
CIN
G
STEPPIN
GO
RGAN
IZED
SLID
IN
G
HAN
GIN
G
SPIN
N
IN
G
W
ALKIN
G
SW
IN
GIN
G
CLIM
BIN
G
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
BALAN
CIN
G
STEPPIN
GO
RG
AN
IZED
SLID
IN
G
H
AN
G
IN
G
SPIN
N
IN
G
W
ALKIN
G
SW
IN
G
IN
G
CLIM
BIN
G
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
BUSH
TABLE
BO
ULD
ER
BEN
CH
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
PLAN
TIN
G
SAN
D
G
RASS
CO
N
CRETE
ASPH
ALT
RUBBER
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
PLAN
TIN
G
SAN
D
G
RASS
CO
N
CRETE
ASPH
ALT
RUBBER
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
BUSH
TABLE
BO
ULD
ER
BEN
CH
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
BALAN
CIN
G
STEPPIN
GO
RG
AN
IZED
SLID
IN
G
H
AN
G
IN
G
SPIN
N
IN
G
W
ALKIN
G
SW
IN
G
IN
G
CLIM
BIN
G
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
PLAN
TIN
G
SAN
D
G
RASS
CO
N
CRETE
ASPH
ALT
RUBBER
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
BUSH
TABLE
BO
ULD
ER
BEN
CH
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
BALAN
CIN
G
STEPPIN
GO
RG
AN
IZED
SLID
IN
G
H
AN
G
IN
G
SPIN
N
IN
G
W
ALKIN
G
SW
IN
G
IN
G
CLIM
BIN
G
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
PLAN
TIN
G
SAN
D
G
RASS
CO
N
CRETE
ASPH
ALT
RUBBER
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
BUSH
TABLE
BO
ULD
ER
BEN
CH
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
BALAN
CIN
G
STEPPIN
GO
RG
AN
IZED
SLID
IN
G
H
AN
G
IN
G
SPIN
N
IN
G
W
ALKIN
G
SW
IN
G
IN
G
CLIM
BIN
G
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
BALAN
CIN
G
STEPPIN
GO
RG
AN
IZED
SLID
IN
G
H
AN
G
IN
G
SPIN
N
IN
G
W
ALKIN
G
SW
IN
G
IN
G
CLIM
BIN
G
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
BUSH
TABLE
BO
ULD
ER
BEN
CH
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
PLAN
TIN
G
SAN
D
G
RASS
CO
N
CRETE
ASPH
ALT
RUBBER
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
PLAN
TIN
G
SAN
D
G
RASS
CO
N
CRETE
ASPH
ALT
RUBBER
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
BUSH
TABLE
BO
ULD
ER
BEN
CH
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
BALAN
CIN
G
STEPPIN
GO
RG
AN
IZED
SLID
IN
G
H
AN
G
IN
G
SPIN
N
IN
G
W
ALKIN
G
SW
IN
G
IN
G
CLIM
BIN
G
0
20
40
60
80
PLAN
TIN
G
SAN
D
G
RASS
CO
N
CRETE
ASPH
ALT
RUBBER
0
20
40
60
80
BUSH
TABLE
BO
ULD
ER
BEN
CH
0
20
40
60
80
BALAN
CIN
G
STEPPIN
GO
RG
AN
IZED
SLID
IN
G
H
AN
G
IN
G
SPIN
N
IN
G
W
ALKIN
G
SW
IN
G
IN
G
CLIM
BIN
G
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
BALAN
CIN
G
STEPPIN
GO
RG
AN
IZED
SLID
IN
G
H
AN
G
IN
G
SPIN
N
IN
G
W
ALKIN
G
SW
IN
G
IN
G
CLIM
BIN
G
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
BUSH
TABLE
BO
ULD
ER
BEN
CH
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
PLAN
TIN
G
SAN
D
G
RASS
CO
N
CRETE
ASPH
ALT
RUBBER
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
PLAN
TIN
G
SAN
D
G
RASS
CO
N
CRETE
ASPH
ALT
RUBBER
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
BUSH
TABLE
BO
ULD
ER
BEN
CH
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
BALAN
CIN
G
STEPPIN
GO
RG
AN
IZED
SLID
IN
G
H
AN
G
IN
G
SPIN
N
IN
G
W
ALKIN
G
SW
IN
G
IN
G
CLIM
BIN
G
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
PLAN
TIN
G
SAN
D
G
RASS
CO
N
CRETE
ASPH
ALT
RUBBER
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
BUSH
TABLE
BO
ULD
ER
BEN
CH
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
BALAN
CIN
G
STEPPIN
GO
RG
AN
IZED
SLID
IN
G
H
AN
G
IN
G
SPIN
N
IN
G
W
ALKIN
G
SW
IN
G
IN
G
CLIM
BIN
G
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
PLAN
TIN
G
SAN
D
G
RASS
CO
N
CRETE
ASPH
ALT
RUBBER
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
BUSH
TABLE
BO
ULD
ER
BEN
CH
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
BALAN
CIN
G
STEPPIN
GO
RG
AN
IZED
SLID
IN
G
H
AN
G
IN
G
SPIN
N
IN
G
W
ALKIN
G
SW
IN
G
IN
G
CLIM
BIN
G
100
120
140
100
120
140
100
120
140
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
PLAN
TIN
G
SAN
D
G
RASS
CO
N
CRETE
ASPH
ALT
RUBBER
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
BUSH
TABLE
BO
ULD
ER
BEN
CH
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
BALAN
CIN
G
STEPPIN
GO
RG
AN
IZED
SLID
IN
G
H
AN
G
IN
G
SPIN
N
IN
G
W
ALKIN
G
SW
IN
G
IN
G
CLIM
BIN
G
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
PLAN
TIN
G
SAN
D
G
RASS
CO
N
CRETE
ASPH
ALT
RUBBER
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
BUSH
TABLE
BO
ULD
ER
BEN
CH
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
BALAN
CIN
G
STEPPIN
GO
RG
AN
IZED
SLID
IN
G
H
AN
G
IN
G
SPIN
N
IN
G
W
ALKIN
G
SW
IN
G
IN
G
CLIM
BIN
G
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
PLAN
TIN
G
SAN
D
G
RASS
CO
N
CRETE
ASPH
ALT
RUBBER
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
BUSH
TABLE
BO
ULD
ER
BEN
CH
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
BALAN
CIN
G
STEPPIN
GO
RG
AN
IZED
SLID
IN
G
H
AN
G
IN
G
SPIN
N
IN
G
W
ALKIN
G
SW
IN
G
IN
G
CLIM
BIN
G
BU
SH
BU
SH
BU
SH
BU
SH
TABLE
TABLE
TABLE
TABLE
BO
U
LD
ER
BO
U
LD
ER
BO
U
LD
ER
BO
U
LD
ER
BEN
C
H
BEN
C
H
BEN
C
H
BEN
C
H

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