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Trigo cheat sheet_reduced
1.
Trig Cheat Sheet
Formulas and Identities Tangent and Cotangent Identities Half Angle Formulas sin θ cos θ sin 2 θ = (1 − cos ( 2θ ) ) 1 Definition of the Trig Functions tan θ = cot θ = Right triangle definition cos θ sin θ 2 Reciprocal Identities cos 2 θ = (1 + cos ( 2θ ) ) For this definition we assume that Unit circle definition 1 π For this definition θ is any angle. csc θ = 1 sin θ = 1 2 0 <θ < or 0° < θ < 90° . 2 y sin θ csc θ 1 − cos ( 2θ ) tan θ = 2 sec θ = 1 cos θ = 1 1 + cos ( 2θ ) ( x, y ) cos θ sec θ Sum and Difference Formulas sin (α ± β ) = sin α cos β ± cos α sin β hypotenuse 1 1 1 y θ cot θ = tan θ = opposite tan θ cot θ x x Pythagorean Identities cos (α ± β ) = cos α cos β ∓ sin α sin β θ sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1 tan α ± tan β tan (α ± β ) = adjacent tan θ + 1 = sec θ 2 2 1 ∓ tan α tan β Product to Sum Formulas opposite hypotenuse y 1 1 + cot 2 θ = csc 2 θ sin θ = csc θ = sin θ = =y csc θ = 1 sin α sin β = ⎡cos (α − β ) − cos (α + β ) ⎤ 2⎣ ⎦ hypotenuse opposite 1 y Even/Odd Formulas cos θ = adjacent sec θ = hypotenuse x 1 sin ( −θ ) = − sin θ csc ( −θ ) = − cscθ cos θ = = x sec θ = 1 cos α cos β = ⎡cos (α − β ) + cos (α + β ) ⎤ hypotenuse adjacent 1 x cos ( −θ ) = cos θ sec ( −θ ) = sec θ 2⎣ ⎦ opposite adjacent y x tan θ = cot θ = tan θ = cot θ = tan ( −θ ) = − tan θ cot ( −θ ) = − cot θ 1 sin α cos β = ⎣sin (α + β ) + sin (α − β ) ⎦ ⎡ ⎤ adjacent opposite x y 2 Periodic Formulas 1 cos α sin β = ⎡sin (α + β ) − sin (α − β ) ⎤ Facts and Properties If n is an integer. 2⎣ ⎦ Domain sin (θ + 2π n ) = sin θ csc (θ + 2π n ) = csc θ Sum to Product Formulas The domain is all the values of θ that Period cos (θ + 2π n ) = cos θ sec (θ + 2π n ) = sec θ ⎛α + β ⎞ ⎛α −β ⎞ can be plugged into the function. The period of a function is the number, sin α + sin β = 2sin ⎜ ⎟ cos ⎜ ⎟ T, such that f (θ + T ) = f (θ ) . So, if ω tan (θ + π n ) = tan θ cot (θ + π n ) = cot θ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ sin θ , θ can be any angle is a fixed number and θ is any angle we ⎛α + β ⎞ ⎛α − β ⎞ Double Angle Formulas sin α − sin β = 2 cos ⎜ ⎟ sin ⎜ ⎟ cos θ , θ can be any angle ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎛ 1⎞ have the following periods. sin ( 2θ ) = 2sin θ cos θ tan θ , θ ≠ ⎜ n + ⎟ π , n = 0, ± 1, ± 2,… ⎛α + β ⎞ ⎛α −β ⎞ ⎝ 2⎠ 2π cos ( 2θ ) = cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ cos α + cos β = 2 cos ⎜ ⎟ cos ⎜ ⎟ sin (ωθ ) → T= ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ csc θ , θ ≠ n π , n = 0, ± 1, ± 2,… ω = 2 cos 2 θ − 1 ⎛α + β ⎞ ⎛α − β ⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ 2π cos α − cos β = −2sin ⎜ ⎟ sin ⎜ ⎟ sec θ , θ ≠ ⎜ n + ⎟ π , n = 0, ± 1, ± 2,… cos (ω θ ) → T = = 1 − 2sin 2 θ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ω π 2 tan θ Cofunction Formulas cot θ , θ ≠ n π , n = 0, ± 1, ± 2,… tan ( ωθ ) → = tan ( 2θ ) = T ω 1 − tan 2 θ ⎛π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞ sin ⎜ − θ ⎟ = cos θ cos ⎜ − θ ⎟ = sin θ 2π ⎝2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠ Range csc (ωθ ) → T = Degrees to Radians Formulas The range is all possible values to get ω If x is an angle in degrees and t is an ⎛π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞ csc ⎜ − θ ⎟ = sec θ sec ⎜ − θ ⎟ = csc θ out of the function. 2π angle in radians then ⎝2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠ −1 ≤ sin θ ≤ 1 csc θ ≥ 1 and csc θ ≤ −1 sec (ω θ ) → T = π πx ω = t ⇒ t= and x = 180t ⎛π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞ tan ⎜ − θ ⎟ = cot θ cot ⎜ − θ ⎟ = tan θ −1 ≤ cos θ ≤ 1 sec θ ≥ 1 and sec θ ≤ −1 π 180 x 180 π ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ −∞ ≤ tan θ ≤ ∞ −∞ ≤ cot θ ≤ ∞ cot (ωθ ) → T = ω © 2005 Paul Dawkins © 2005 Paul Dawkins
2.
Unit Circle
Inverse Trig Functions Definition Inverse Properties cos ( cos −1 ( x ) ) = x y ( 0,1) y = sin −1 x is equivalent to x = sin y cos−1 ( cos (θ ) ) = θ π ⎛1 3⎞ ⎜ , ⎟ y = cos −1 x is equivalent to x = cos y sin ( sin −1 ( x ) ) = x sin −1 ( sin (θ ) ) = θ ⎛ 1 3⎞ ⎜2 2 ⎟ ⎜− , ⎟ ⎝ ⎠ −1 2 y = tan x is equivalent to x = tan y ⎝ 2 2 ⎠ π ⎛ 2 2⎞ tan ( tan −1 ( x ) ) = x tan −1 ( tan (θ ) ) = θ 2π 90° ⎜ ⎜ 2 , 2 ⎟ ⎟ ⎛ 2 2⎞ 3 ⎝ ⎠ ⎜− , ⎟ ⎝ 2 2 ⎠ 3 120° 60° π Domain and Range 3π ⎛ 3 1⎞ Function Domain Range Alternate Notation 4 ⎜ , ⎟ sin −1 x = arcsin x ⎛ 3 1⎞ ⎜ 2 2⎟ ⎝ ⎠ π π ⎜− , ⎟ 4 135° 45° π y = sin −1 x −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 − ≤ y≤ ⎝ 2 2⎠ 5π 2 2 cos −1 x = arccos x 6 −1 0≤ y ≤π 6 30° y = cos x −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 tan −1 x = arctan x 150° π π y = tan −1 x −∞ < x < ∞ − < y< 2 2 ( −1,0 ) π 180° 0° 0 (1,0 ) Law of Sines, Cosines and Tangents 360° 2π x c β a 210° 7π 330° 11π 6 225° ⎛ 3 1⎞ 6 ⎛ 3 1⎞ α γ ⎜− ,− ⎟ 5π 315° ⎜ ,− ⎟ ⎝ 2 2⎠ ⎝ 2 2⎠ 4 240° 300° 7π ⎛ 2⎞ 4π 270° b 5π 2 4 ⎜− ,− ⎟ ⎛ 2 2⎞ ⎝ 2 2 ⎠ 3 3π ⎜ ⎝ 2 ,− ⎟ 2 ⎠ 3 Law of Sines Law of Tangents ⎛ 1 3⎞ 2 ⎜ − ,− ⎟ ⎛ 1 ⎜ ,− 3⎞ ⎟ sin α sin β sin γ = = a − b tan 1 (α − β ) ⎝ 2 2 ⎠ ⎝2 2 ⎠ = 2 ( 0,−1) a b c a + b tan 1 (α + β ) 2 Law of Cosines b − c tan 1 ( β − γ ) = 2 a 2 = b 2 + c 2 − 2bc cos α b + c tan 1 ( β + γ ) 2 For any ordered pair on the unit circle ( x, y ) : cos θ = x and sin θ = y b 2 = a 2 + c 2 − 2ac cos β a − c tan 1 (α − γ ) = 2 c = a + b − 2ab cos γ 2 2 2 a + c tan 1 (α + γ ) 2 Example Mollweide’s Formula ⎛ 5π ⎞ 1 ⎛ 5π ⎞ 3 cos ⎜ ⎟ = sin ⎜ ⎟ = − a + b cos 1 (α − β ) ⎝ 3 ⎠ 2 ⎝ 3 ⎠ 2 = 2 c sin 1 γ 2 © 2005 Paul Dawkins © 2005 Paul Dawkins
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