planning

1. Topic 2: Planning
- determining the objectives and decides
on the actions to be taken to achieve the
objectives (Lewis et al., 2001)
- proposals of actions (Certo, 2000)
- process to determine the objectives and
actions to be taken (Rue & Byars, 2000)
- formation of strategies and action plans
(Robbins, 1996)
- determine the objectives and the best
way to achieve them (Barton & Martin,
1994) 1

2. ..how to achieve objectives?
2
specific measurable
attainable realistic
timely

3. Types of Planning
3
format
• descriptive
• budget
• graphics
hierarchy
• strategic
• tactical
• operational
Frequency
of use
• one-time
• standing
plan

4. Advantages of Planning
4
Generate intensive efforts
Continuous effort
Unity of direction
Establishing work strategy
Positive impact on individual and
organization

5. Disadvantages of Planning
Restricting changes &
adaptation
Uncertainty towards
assumptions
Separation between planner &
implementer
5