1) The document discusses the basics and evolution of cellular technology, including the architecture and functionality of GSM, 3G, and future goals for 2010 and beyond. 2) It describes key aspects of GSM such as frequency bands, architecture including the base station subsystem and network switching subsystem, and support for data services through GPRS. 3) The document also covers UMTS and 3G technologies including WCDMA, HSDPA, frequency bands, and the evolution of cellular services towards 4G networks as envisioned by the NGMN with targets for seamless mobility and high data rates.

1. EH417 임베디드운영체제 이동통신 기술 개요 Page 1

2. 목차 Basics & Technology Evolution Architecture and Functionality (GSM, 3G and beyond) Cellular future goals (2010 and beyond) Convergence Comparison with Internet Page 2

3. 기본 구성 Multiple Access Downlink Handoff Uplink Base Station Fixed transceiver Mobile Station Distributed transceivers Cells Different Frequencies or Codes Page 3

4. 다중 채널 서비스 방식 Frequency CMDA: Code Division Multiple Access TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access FDMA: Frequency Division Multiple Access Codes Time Page 4

5. Cellular Technology Evolution 0G: Mobile radio telephones (PTT, MTS) 1G: Analog 2G/3G and beyond - digital: cdmaOne/CDMA2000 Family GSM Family GSM cdmaOne/IS-95 GPRS 2G EDGE HSCSD WCDMA (UMTS) CDMA2000 EV-DO 3G HSPA Page 5

6. 목차 Basics & Technology Evolution Architecture and Functionality (GSM, 3G and beyond) Cellular future goals (2010 and beyond) Convergence Comparison with Internet Page 6

7. Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) 900/1800 MHz band (US: 850/1900 MHz) For 900 MHz band Uplink: 890-915 Downlink: 935-960 25 MHz bandwidth - 124 carrier frequency channels, spaced 200KHz apart Time Division Multiplexing for 8 full rate speech channels per frequency channel. Circuit Switched Data with data rate of 9.6 kbps Handset transmission power limited to 2W in GSM850/900 and 1W in GSM1800/1900. Page 7

8. Architecture Page 8

9. The Base Station Subsystem (BSS) Base Transceiver Station (BTS) - transceivers serve different frequencies. Frequency hopping by handsets and transceivers Sectorization using directional antennas Base Station Controller (BSC) controls several (tens to hundreds) of BTSs allocation of radio channels handovers between BTSs concentrator of traffic databases with information such as carrier frequencies, frequency hopping lists, power reduction levels, etc. for each cell site Page 9

10. Network Switching Subsystem (NSS) GSM circuit-switched core network manages communication between mobile phones & PSTN Mobile Switching Center (MSC) : provides circuit switched calling, mobility management, GSM services for users Gateway MSC – interfaces with PSTN, determines which visited MSC the subscriber being called is currently located at Visited MSC - MSC where a customer is currently located. The Visitor Location Register (VLR) associated with this MSC has subscriber's data. Anchor MSC - MSC from which handover initiated. Target MSC- MSC toward which a handover should take place. Page 10

11. GPRS core network Mobility management, session management, and transport for IP services GPRS Tunneling Protocol, GTP (over UDP) allows end users mobility with continued Internet connectivity GPRS support nodes (GSN) GGSN - Gateway GPRS Support Node SGSN - Serving GPRS Support Node Page 11

12. GSM Support for Data Services: GPRS User gets pair of uplink and downlink frequencies. Multiple users share the same frequency channel with time domain multiplexing. Packets have constant length corresponding to a GSM time slot. Downlink uses FCFS packet scheduling Uplink Slotted ALOHA for reservation inquiries during contention phase data transferred using dynamic TDMA with FCFS scheduling. Upto 64 kbps (more for EDGE) downlink per user. Page 12

13. UMTS and 3G technologies (WCDMA & HSPA) Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) - WCDMA as the underlying interface Supports up to 14 Mbps rates with HSDPA (typical present deployed rates per user 384kbps) Frequency bands 1885-2025 Mhz (uplink), 2110-2200 Mhz (downlink) US: 1710-1755 MHz and 2110-2155 MHz W-CDMA has 5 Mhz wide radio channels (CDMA2000 transmits on one or several pairs of 1.25 Mhz radio channels). HSDPA allows networks based on UMTS to have higher data rates (1.8. 3.6, 7.2, 14.4 Mbps via AMC, and HARQ, fast packet scheduling. UMTS air interface forms Generic Radio Access Network (GeRAN) which can be connected to various backbone networks like the Internet, ISDN, GSM or UMTS. Using PCMCIA or USB card, or cellular router customers are able to access 3G broadband services Page 13

16. 1G ( Analog ) 2G ( Digital ) 3G ( IMT2000 ) 3G+ (HSDPA, HSUPA) Mobile Communication Roadmap Mobility 1995 2000 2005 2010+ 4 G High Speed WiBro 802.16e CDMA2000 EV-DO/DV W-CDMA/HSDPA Medium Speed CDMA/GSM/TDMA RFID High speed WLAN WPAN ZigBee MANet 5 GHz WLAN Wi-Max 802.11a/g AMPS ETACS JTACS NMT Low Speed 2.4 GHz WLAN Bluetooth 802.11b PAN Data Rates <1 Mbps <100 Mbps ~ 14.4 kbps <10 Mbps 144 kbps 384 kbps Page 16

17. 목차 Basics & Technology Evolution Architecture and Functionality (GSM, 3G and beyond) Cellular future goals (2010 and beyond) Convergence Comparison with Internet Page 17

18. 2010년 이후 전망* Next Generation Mobile Networks (NGMN) Ltd. - Consortium with partnership of major mobile operators Recommendations without specific technology prescriptions Target to establish performance targets, recommendations and deployment scenarios for future wide-area mobile broadband network packet switched core The architecture intended to provide a smooth migration of existing 2G/3G networks towards an IP network that is cost competitive and has broadband performance.  The result is 3GPP LTE Page 18 * 주) 2005년 전망 자료임

19. NGMN: Beyond 3G Video telephony and multimedia conferencing, IM, video streaming – among high drivers for NGMN Essential System recommendations Seamless mobility across all bearers with service continuity through a min of 120 km/h Peak uplink data rates 30-50 Mbps Peak > 100Mbps downlink Latency core < 10ms, RAN <10ms, <30ms e2e QoS based global roaming Broadcast, multicast, and unicast services to subscribers of all environments Real time, conversational and streaming in PS across all required bearers Cost per MB : as close to DSL as possible Page 19

20. NGMN Envisioned System Architecture Page 20

21. 목차 Basics & Technology Evolution Architecture and Functionality (GSM, 3G and beyond) Cellular future goals (2010 and beyond) Convergence Comparison with Internet Page 21

22. Convergence Heterogeneous access technologies Multi-mode access devices Dual mode phones (WiFi, 2.5/3G), UMA Heterogeneous Services Cellular Internet access and Internet based voice/video access Challenges Time variant heterogeneous network characteristics Heterogeneous applications with different utilities System design and networking challenges Page 22

23. 목차 Basics & Technology Evolution Architecture and Functionality (GSM, 3G and beyond) Cellular future goals (2010 and beyond) Convergence Comparison with Internet Page 23

24. Cellular Networks and Internet Circuit Switched Analog Circuit Switched Digital C.S. Voice + P.S. Data Internet Cellular Networks 기본 서비스 Data Voice Packet Switched Technology Controlled Evolution Semi-Organic Operator initiated or partnered Third party/ independent (largely) New Services Mobility Support Good Poor Page 24

25. Cellular Networks and Internet Internet Cellular Networks QoS at edges Good Support (voice vs. data) Mostly absent Data rates for supporting broadband services Insufficient as of present Relatively high Cost per MB of data Lower Higher Page 25