Ebola virus disease is a severe and often fatal illness in humans that causes hemorrhagic fever. It first appeared in 1976 and is transmitted through contact with infected wildlife such as fruit bats or primates, or through human-to-human transmission via bodily fluids. Symptoms include fever, muscle pain, and bleeding. While there is no approved vaccine or treatment, several are in development. Fruit bats are considered the natural host for the virus in Africa.
This file contains the epidemiology, diagnostic tecnhiques, prevention methods and control strategies of dengue fever in context of developing countries like Nepal.
(Welcome to collaborate to write book, book chapter or review papers)
This is a final year project report on Ebola Virus Disease.....
.
.
.
for more information and materials for the project contact me @ www.facebook.com/abhishekurmate
This file contains the epidemiology, diagnostic tecnhiques, prevention methods and control strategies of dengue fever in context of developing countries like Nepal.
(Welcome to collaborate to write book, book chapter or review papers)
This is a final year project report on Ebola Virus Disease.....
.
.
.
for more information and materials for the project contact me @ www.facebook.com/abhishekurmate
This is the investigatory project on aids. for biology class 12. or can be used for educational purpose. this covers all important topics with good images. if you like this follow me on my instagram @vishal2782003
this presentation is prepared with the intention to create an insight about coronavirus among the undergraduate medical students in their pre and para clinical years
This Is Investigatory Project On Aids For Class 12. With Full Description and Good images. If you like this follow me on instagram @vishal2782003. Thankyou
This is the investigatory project on aids. for biology class 12. or can be used for educational purpose. this covers all important topics with good images. if you like this follow me on my instagram @vishal2782003
this presentation is prepared with the intention to create an insight about coronavirus among the undergraduate medical students in their pre and para clinical years
This Is Investigatory Project On Aids For Class 12. With Full Description and Good images. If you like this follow me on instagram @vishal2782003. Thankyou
Chemistry Investigatory project on "Study of constituents of an alloy"Swaroop Somanna
This is a CBSE class 12 Chemistry Investigatory Project on the topic "Study of constituents of an alloy".
THIS PROJECT HAS ALREADY BEEN SUBMITTED TO THE RESPECTIVE SCHOOL BY THE AUTHOR AND MUST NOT BE COPIED.
This project must only be used for idea gaining and reference purpose.
Class 12 CBSE Biology Investigatory project on the topic "Drug Addiction" which includes the appropriate format and content for the CBSE practical examinations.
In light of the of the Ebola outbreak in West Africa the Yale-Tulane ESF-8 Planning and Response Program has produced this special report.
Since most of our student are not back yet from summer break I reached out to past alumni and members of Team Rubicon to assist in putting this report together.
The report was compiled entirely from open source materials. Please feel free to forward the report to anyone who might be interested.
Any students, past alumni, or volunteers who would like to work on future slides let me know. Assistance is always welcome.
Speaking at the 2015 CCIH Annual Conference, Elizabeth Foulkes, MPH, Ebola Response Coordinator for ADRA International explores the organization's response to the 2014 Ebola outbreak and discusses how organizations can engage community volunteers and Ebola survivors in such a crisis.
In light of the Ebola Outbreak in Guinea and Liberia the Yale-Tulane ESF-8 Planning and Response Program has produced this special report.The Yale-Tulane ESF #8 Program is a multi-disciplinary, multi-center, graduate-level, program designed to produce ESF #8 planners and responders with standardized skill sets that are consistent with evolving public policy, technologies, and best practices. The group that produced this summary are graduate students from Yale.
Ebola outbreak: International Health experts urge to send in military! Harm Kiezebrink
Prevention and preparation for large-scale outbreak situations are having a serious price tag, but by neglecting the outcome of risk assessments do have disastrous consequences that turn crisis situations into a worldwide disaster. Read what happens when doctors and nurses are doomed to treat highly infectious patients without any Personal Protection Equipment, no amount of vaccinations and new drugs would be able to prevent the escalating disaster.
Read about what the international president of Médecins sans Frontières (MSF) Dr Joanne Liu explains that the world is 'losing the battle' as cases and deaths continue to surge. As one of the leading health experts she urges military teams to be sent to west Africa immediately if there is to be any hope of controlling the Ebola epidemic.
During a meeting with the United Nations on Tuesday, doctors working on the frontline of the outbreaks painted a stark picture of health workers dying, explaining that patients left without care and infectious bodies lying in the streets. Although alarm bells had been ringing for six months, the response had been too little, too late.
Presentation for North Durham Rotary on 2014 Ebola virus disease epidemic, including information on the aid organizations involved, scope of the epidemic, and some natural history. Please share with other Rotary presenters!
In light of the rise in #Ebola Epidemic in West Africa Yale-Tulane ESF-8 Planning and Response Program has produced this special report. Past alumni, graduate students from Tulane and Yale, and members of Team Rubicon have assisted in putting this report together.
The report was compiled entirely from open source materials. Please feel free to forward the report to anyone who might be interested.For those of you who are deploying and would like us to focus in on a specific topic or issue let us know and we’ll do our best go get the materials or information you need. If any of you would like to volunteer to help put the brief together let me know and we’ll add you to our team.
In the absence of effective treatment and a human vaccine, raising awareness of the risk factors for Ebola infection and the protective measures individuals can take is the only way to reduce human infection and death.
big and small, lined and soft, round and angular
of felt or velvet
adorned with fur, embroidery, gorgeous bird feathers, ribbons, stones according to the owner’s fortune
grands et petits, doublés et doux, ronds et angulaires,
en feutre ou en velours,
ornés de fourrure, broderies, plumes d'oiseaux magnifiques, de rubans, pierreries selon la fortune du propriétaire ...
Recognised as the most beautiful woman in the Mediterranean civilisations, hers was the face that launched a thousand ships and inspired the legends ...
Rückenfigur ... back figure in paintings.ppsxguimera
Wanderer above the Sea of Fog is perhaps the most iconic Rückenfigur in German Romantic painting …
Rückenfigur, the back-figure is a pictorial theme with significant power.
Rückenfigur ... back figure in paintings
Rückenfigur ... figure de dos dans la peinture.ppsxguimera
Le Voyageur contemplant une mer de nuages est probablement la Rückenfigur la plus emblématique de la peinture romantique allemande ...
Rückenfigur, la figure de dos est un thème pictural d'une grande puissance.
Has been depicted
in mythological and religious paintings, in still life, vanities, allegories, in the genre painting.
From Caravaggio and Rubens to Millet, through Vermeer, Delacroix, Manet, Moreau …
Panier en osier dans la peinture européenne.ppsxguimera
A été représenté
dans les peintures mythologiques et religieuses, les natures mortes, vanités, allégories, dans la peinture de genre.
Du Caravage et Rubens à Millet, en passant par Vermeer, Delacroix, Manet, Moreau ...
The Art of Rain_The beauty of rain in paintings..ppsxguimera
The beauty of rain in paintings.
expected or feared, delicate or stormy, metaphorical or very real, the rain has often entered the imagination of artists ...
L’art de la pluie_La beauté de la pluie dans la peinture..ppsxguimera
La beauté de la pluie dans la peinture.
espérée ou redoutée, fine ou orageuse, métaphorique ou bien réelle, la pluie s’est souvent invitée dans l’imaginaire des artistes ...
Medea and the beautiful Argonaut,
the first human Cain
Romulus and Remus nursed by the same she-wolf,
Vulcan who loves Venus who loves Mars
Eve and the Apple of the Tree of Temptation
and
the most human of emotions that inspired the painters
La jalousie dans la peinture européenne.ppsxguimera
Médée et le bel Argonaute,
le premier humain Caïn
Romulus et Remus nourris au sein de la même louve,
Vulcain qui aime Vénus qui aime Mars
Ève et la pomme de l'arbre de la tentation
et
la plus humaine des émotions qui a inspiré les peintres
créatures mi-hommes, mi-chevaux, habitant les forêts et les montagnes
violents et sauvages, avec une morale brutale, et un amour immodéré pour le vin et les femmes
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
6. Health specialists prepare for work in an isolation ward for patients at the Medecins Sans Frontieres facility in southern Guinea
7. A Liberian nurse is being sprayed with disinfectant after preparing several bodies of victims of Ebola for burial on August 1, 2014.
8. People read the comments on current events on a blackboard in Monrovia, Liberia, Saturday Aug. 2, 2014, as the deadly Ebola virus claims hundreds of lives in the
West Africa region.
9. A Liberian street vendor wears protective gloves as a precaution to prevent infection with the deadly Ebola virus while transacting business with customers in
downtown Monrovia, Liberia
10. A nurse from Liberia sprays preventives to disinfect the waiting area for visitors at the ELWA Hospital where a US doctor Kent Bradley is being quarantined in the
hospitals isolation unit having contracted the Ebola virus, Monrovia, Liberia
11. Staff of the Christian charity Samaritan's Purse put on protective gear in the ELWA hospital in the Liberian capital Monrovia
12. Body of evidence: health workers transport a casket of a nun whose death resulted from an Ebola infection in Zaire in 1995
13. Peter Piot in Yambuku, northern Congo (then Zaire), in 1976, where he was part of the original team to discover the Ebola virus
14. A member of Doctors Without Borders helps to unload protection and healthcare materials in Guinea
15. Doctors in protective gear work inside the Medecins Sans Frontieres isolation ward as Guinea faced the worst ever outbreak of the Ebola virus
16. The Liberian daughter of a woman that died of Ebola is in tears as her mother is taken for burial from the isolation unit in Foya, Lofa County, Liberia July 2, 2014.
17. Protective gear including boots, gloves, masks and suits, drying after being used in a treatment room in the ELWA hospital in the Liberian capital Monrovia on July
24.
18. A nurse from Liberia disinfects the waiting area for visitors at the ELWA Hospital in Monrovia, Liberia, July 28, 2014, where US doctor Kent Bradley was quarantined
after contracting the Ebola virus.
19. A boy walks through an empty class room on July 31, 2014 in Monrovia. Liberia announced on July 30 it was shutting all schools and placing "non-essential"
government workers on 30 days' leave in a bid to halt the spread of the deadly Ebola epidemic raging in West Africa.
20. Liberian Deputy Health Minister Tolbert Nyensuah talks with protesters on the importance of burying Ebola victims in Johnsonville outside Monrovia, Liberia August
2, 2014. The military police were called in to control youths from the Johnsonville community who staged a protest against the government's decision to bury Ebola
victims in Johnsonville.
21. Liberian children wash hands before entering a church service to pray for the end of Ebola at the Providence Baptist Church in Monrovia, Liberia, August 3, 2014
22. Liberian Christians hold holy communion in gloves to avoid contact with the deadly Ebola virus during a service at the Providence Baptist Church in Monrovia,
Liberia August 3, 2014.
23. Nigeria health officials wait to screen passengers at the arrival hall of Murtala Muhammed International Airport in Lagos, Nigeria, Monday, Aug. 4, 2014. Nigerian
authorities on Monday confirmed a second case of Ebola in Africa's most populous country, an alarming setback as officials across the region battle to stop the
spread of a disease.
24. People queue outside a bank as fear spreads that some buildings dealing with the public might be closed due to the spread of the deadly Ebola virus, in the city of
Monrovia, Liberia, Monday, Aug. 4, 2014.
25. Liberian members of the Women of Peace Building Network in Monrovia, Liberia, August 4, 2014 as they observe two weeks of fasting and praying for God's
intervention in eradicating the deadly Ebola virus. According to statistics from the United Nations, 887 people have died from the Ebola outbreak, making it the worst
ever in history. The Liberian government has ordered that the bodies of people killed by the Ebola virus must be cremated following strong reactions from
communities objecting against the burial of Ebola victims in their areas.
26. A view of gloves and boots used by medical staff, drying in the sun, at a center for victims of the Ebola virus in Guekedou, on April 1, 2014. The viral haemorrhagic
fever epidemic raging in Guinea is caused by several viruses which have similar symptoms -- the deadliest and most feared of which is Ebola.
27. Members of Doctors Without Borders (MSF) wearing protective gear walk outside the isolation ward of the Donka Hospital, on July 23, 2014 in Conakry. Ebola first
emerged in 1976 in what is now the Democratic Republic of Congo, and is named after a river in that country
28. Members of Doctors Without Borders (MSF) put on protective gear at the isolation ward of the Donka Hospital, on July 23, 2014 in Conakry.
29. In this 2014 photo provided by the Samaritan's Purse aid organization, Dr. Kent Brantly, left, treats an Ebola patient at the Samaritan's Purse Ebola Case Management
Center in Monrovia, Liberia. On Saturday, July 26, 2014, the North Carolina-based aid organization said Brantly tested positive for the disease and was being treated at
a hospital in Monrovia.
30. Members of Doctors Without Borders (MSF) wear protective gear at the isolation ward of the Donka Hospital in Conakry on July 23, 2014.
31. In Monday, July 15, 2014 photo, a woman, center, walks near the Arwa clinic, center rear, that was closed after the clinic doctor got infected by the Ebola virus in the
capital city of Freetown, Sierra Leone.
32. A 10-year-old boy is given a medical blouse after being
taken out of quarantine following his mother's death
caused by the ebola virus, in the Christian charity
Samaritan's Purse Ebola treatment center, at the ELWA
hospital in the Liberian capital Monrovia, on July 24, 2014.
33. In this photo taken on Monday, July 28, 2014, people hang out in a street under a banner which warns people to be cautious about Ebola, in Monrovia, Liberia.
34. A picture taken on July 24, 2014 shows a
staff member of the Christian charity
Samaritan's Purse wearing protective whilst
entering a room where patients are kept in
the ELWA hospital in the Liberian capital
Monrovia.
35. A pharmacist searches for drugs in a pharmacy in Lagos on July 26, 2014. Nigeria was on alert against the possible spread of Ebola on July 26, a day after the first
confirmed death from the virus in Lagos, Africa's biggest city and the country's financial capital.
36. Members of the Guinean Red Cross stick information concerning the Ebola virus during an awareness campaign on April 11, 2014 in Conakry. Guinea has been hit
by the most severe strain of the virus, known as Zaire Ebola, which has had a fatality rate of up to 90 percent in past outbreaks, and for which there is no vaccine,
cure or even specific treatment. The World Health Organization (WHO) has described west Africa's first outbreak among humans as one of the most challenging
since the virus emerged in 1976 in what is now the Democratic Republic of Congo.
37. Health workers wearing protective suits walk in an isolation center for people infected with Ebola at Donka Hospital in Conakry on April 14, 2014.
38. A picture taken on June 28, 2014 shows members of Doctors Without Borders (MSF) putting on protective gear at the isolation ward of the Donka Hospital in Conakry,
where people infected with the Ebola virus are being treated.
39. In this March 28, 2014 photo provided by Medecins Sans Frontieres (Doctors Without Borders), healthcare workers from the organization prepare isolation and
treatment areas for their Ebola virus operations in Gueckedou, Guinea. One preacher advocated fasting and prayer to spare people from a virus that usually leads to
a horrible death. Some people pray that the Ebola virus stays confined to a rural district. Others are unruffled and say the outbreak will blow over.
40. Doctors Without Borders staff members carry the body of a person killed by viral haemorrhagic fever at a center for victims of the Ebola virus in Gueckedou, on April 1,
2014.
41. Volunteers lower a corpse, which is prepared with safe burial practices to ensure it does not pose a health risk to others and stop the chain of person-to-person
transmission of Ebola, into a grave in Kailahun August 2, 2014.
42. A volunteer walks at a cemetery near the Mediciens Sans Frontieres treatment centre in Kailahun August 2, 2014.
43. Volunteers prepare to remove the bodies of people who were suspected of contracting Ebola and died in the community in the village of Pendebu, north of Kenema
August 2 , 2014.
44. Health workers, wearing head-to-toe protective gear, prepare for work outside an isolation unit in Foya District, Lofa County, Liberia in this July 2014 UNICEF
handout photo.
45. Girls look at a poster, distributed by UNICEF, bearing information on and illustrations of best practices that help prevent the spread of Ebola in Voinjama, Lofa
County, Liberia in this April 2014 UNICEF handout photo.
46. A UNICEF worker speaks with drivers of motorcycle taxis about the symptoms of Ebola virus disease (EVD) and best practices to help prevent its spread in
Voinjama, Lofa County, Liberia in this April 2014 UNICEF handout photo.
47. Medical staff working with Medecins sans Frontieres (MSF) prepare to bring food to patients kept in an isolation area at the MSF Ebola treatment center in Kailahun,
Sierra Leone July 20, 2014.
48. Medical staff working with Medecins sans Frontieres (MSF) put on their protective gear before entering an isolation area at the MSF Ebola treatment center in
Kailahun, Sierra Leone July 20, 2014.
49. Health workers carry the body of an Ebola virus victim in Kenema, Sierra Leone June 25, 2014.
50. Medical staff take a blood sample from a suspected Ebola patient at the government hospital in Kenema, Sierra Leone July 10, 2014.
51. A health worker removes his protective suit as he emerges from an isolation area at the Medecins sans Frontieres Ebola treatment center in Kailahun, Sierra Leone
July 20, 2014.
52. A health worker with disinfectant spray walks down a street outside the government hospital in Kenema, Sierra Leone July 10, 2014.
53. Health workers teach people about the Ebola virus and how to prevent infection, in Conakry, Guinea, on March 31, 2014.
54. Health workers take blood samples for Ebola virus testing at a screening tent in the local government hospital in Kenema, Sierra Leone June 30, 2014.
55. Government health workers are seen during the administration of blood tests for the Ebola virus in Kenema, Sierra Leone June 25, 2014.
56. A view of the isolation block of a hospital where Ebola victims are being treated in Macenta, Guinea March 27, 2014.
57. Workers from Doctors Without Borders unload emergency medical supplies to deal with an Ebola outbreak in Conakry, Guinea March 23, 2014.
58. Government health workers administer blood tests to check for the Ebola virus in Kenema, Sierra Leone June 25, 2014.
59. Medical staff put on protective gear in Kenema government hospital before taking a sample from a suspected Ebola patient in Kenema, Sierra Leone July 10, 2014.
60. A scientist separates blood cells from plasma cells to isolate any Ebola RNA in order to test for the virus at the European Mobile Laboratory in Gueckedou, Guinea
April 3, 2014.
61. View of an isolation center for people infected with Ebola at Donka Hospital in Conakry.
62. Ebola virus disease
Key facts
•Ebola virus disease (EVD), formerly known as Ebola haemorrhagic fever, is a
severe, often fatal illness in humans.
•EVD outbreaks have a case fatality rate of up to 90%.
•EVD outbreaks occur primarily in remote villages in Central and West Africa,
near tropical rainforests.
•The virus is transmitted to people from wild animals and spreads in the human
population through human-to-human transmission.
•Fruit bats of the Pteropodidae family are considered to be the natural host of
the Ebola virus.
•Severely ill patients require intensive supportive care. No licensed specific
treatment or vaccine is available for use in people or animals.
63. Ebola first appeared in 1976 in 2 simultaneous outbreaks, in Nzara,
Sudan, and in Yambuku, Democratic Republic of Congo. The latter was
in a village situated near the Ebola River, from which the disease takes
its name.
Genus Ebolavirus is 1 of 3 members of the Filoviridae family (filovirus),
along with genus Marburgvirus and genus Cuevavirus. Genus Ebolavirus
comprises 5 distinct species:
•Bundibugyo ebolavirus (BDBV)
•Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV)
•Reston ebolavirus (RESTV)
•Sudan ebolavirus (SUDV)
•Taï Forest ebolavirus (TAFV).
BDBV, EBOV, and SUDV have been associated with large EVD
outbreaks in Africa, whereas RESTV and TAFV have not. The RESTV
species, found in Philippines and the People’s Republic of China, can
infect humans, but no illness or death in humans from this species has
been reported to date.
64. Transmission
Ebola is introduced into the human population through close contact with
the blood, secretions, organs or other bodily fluids of infected animals. In
Africa, infection has been documented through the handling of infected
chimpanzees, gorillas, fruit bats, monkeys, forest antelope and porcupines
found ill or dead or in the rainforest.
Ebola then spreads in the community through human-to-human
transmission, with infection resulting from direct contact (through broken
skin or mucous membranes) with the blood, secretions, organs or other
bodily fluids of infected people, and indirect contact with environments
contaminated with such fluids. Burial ceremonies in which mourners have
direct contact with the body of the deceased person can also play a role in
the transmission of Ebola. Men who have recovered from the disease can
still transmit the virus through their semen for up to 7 weeks after recovery
from illness.
Health-care workers have frequently been infected while treating patients
with suspected or confirmed EVD. This has occurred through close contact
with patients when infection control precautions are not strictly practiced.
65. Signs and symptoms
EVD is a severe acute viral illness often characterized by the sudden onset
of fever, intense weakness, muscle pain, headache and sore throat. This is
followed by vomiting, diarrhoea, rash, impaired kidney and liver function, and
in some cases, both internal and external bleeding. Laboratory findings
include low white blood cell and platelet counts and elevated liver enzymes.
People are infectious as long as their blood and secretions contain the virus.
Ebola virus was isolated from semen 61 days after onset of illness in a man
who was infected in a laboratory.
The incubation period, that is, the time interval from infection with the virus
to onset of symptoms, is 2 to 21 days.
66.
67. Diagnosis
Other diseases that should be ruled out before a diagnosis of EVD can be
made include: malaria, typhoid fever, shigellosis, cholera, leptospirosis,
plague, rickettsiosis, relapsing fever, meningitis, hepatitis and other viral
haemorrhagic fevers.
Ebola virus infections can be diagnosed definitively in a laboratory
through several types of tests:
•antibody-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
•antigen detection tests
•serum neutralization test
•reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay
•electron microscopy
•virus isolation by cell culture.
•Samples from patients are an extreme biohazard risk; testing should be
conducted under maximum biological containment conditions.
68. Vaccine and treatment
No licensed vaccine for EVD is available. Several vaccines are being
tested, but none are available for clinical use.
Severely ill patients require intensive supportive care. Patients are
frequently dehydrated and require oral rehydration with solutions
containing electrolytes or intravenous fluids.
No specific treatment is available. New drug therapies are being
evaluated.
69. Natural host of Ebola virus
In Africa, fruit bats, particularly species of the genera Hypsignathus
monstrosus, Epomops franqueti and Myonycteris torquata, are considered
possible natural hosts for Ebola virus. As a result, the geographic
distribution of Ebolaviruses may overlap with the range of the fruit bats.
Ebola virus in animals
Although non-human primates have been a source of infection for humans,
they are not thought to be the reservoir but rather an accidental host like
human beings. Since 1994, Ebola outbreaks from the EBOV and TAFV
species have been observed in chimpanzees and gorillas.
RESTV has caused severe EVD outbreaks in macaque monkeys (Macaca
fascicularis) farmed in Philippines and detected in monkeys imported into
the USA in 1989, 1990 and 1996, and in monkeys imported to Italy from
Philippines in 1992.
Since 2008, RESTV viruses have been detected during several outbreaks
of a deadly disease in pigs in People’s Republic of China and Philippines.
Asymptomatic infection in pigs has been reported and experimental
inoculations have shown that RESTV cannot cause disease in pigs.
70. Prevention and control
Controlling Reston ebolavirus in domestic animals
No animal vaccine against RESTV is available. Routine cleaning and
disinfection of pig or monkey farms (with sodium hypochlorite or other
detergents) should be effective in inactivating the virus.
If an outbreak is suspected, the premises should be quarantined
immediately. Culling of infected animals, with close supervision of burial
or incineration of carcasses, may be necessary to reduce the risk of
animal-to-human transmission. Restricting or banning the movement of
animals from infected farms to other areas can reduce the spread of the
disease.
As RESTV outbreaks in pigs and monkeys have preceded human
infections, the establishment of an active animal health surveillance
system to detect new cases is essential in providing early warning for
veterinary and human public health authorities.
71. Reducing the risk of Ebola infection in people
In the absence of effective treatment and a human vaccine, raising awareness
of the risk factors for Ebola infection and the protective measures individuals
can take is the only way to reduce human infection and death.
Pig farms in Africa can play a role in the amplification of infection because of
the presence of fruit bats on these farms. Appropriate biosecurity measures
should be in place to limit transmission. For RESTV, educational public health
messages should focus on reducing the risk of pig-to-human transmission as a
result of unsafe animal husbandry and slaughtering practices, and unsafe
consumption of fresh blood, raw milk or animal tissue. Gloves and other
appropriate protective clothing should be worn when handling sick animals or
their tissues and when slaughtering animals. In regions where RESTV has
been reported in pigs, all animal products (blood, meat and milk) should be
thoroughly cooked before eating.
72. Controlling infection in health-care settings
Human-to-human transmission of the Ebola virus is primarily associated with direct or
indirect contact with blood and body fluids. Transmission to health-care workers has
been reported when appropriate infection control measures have not been observed.
It is not always possible to identify patients with EBV early because initial symptoms
may be non-specific. For this reason, it is important that health-care workers apply
standard precautions consistently with all patients – regardless of their diagnosis – in
all work practices at all times. These include basic hand hygiene, respiratory hygiene,
the use of personal protective equipment (according to the risk of splashes or other
contact with infected materials), safe injection practices and safe burial practices.
Health-care workers caring for patients with suspected or confirmed Ebola virus
should apply, in addition to standard precautions, other infection control measures to
avoid any exposure to the patient’s blood and body fluids and direct unprotected
contact with the possibly contaminated environment. When in close contact (within 1
metre) of patients with EBV, health-care workers should wear face protection (a face
shield or a medical mask and goggles), a clean, non-sterile long-sleeved gown, and
gloves (sterile gloves for some procedures).
Laboratory workers are also at risk. Samples taken from suspected human and animal
Ebola cases for diagnosis should be handled by trained staff and processed in
suitably equipped laboratories.
73. The Ebola virus and it’s close relative the Marburg virus are members of the
Filoviridae family. These viruses are the causative agents of severe
hemorrhagic fever, a disease with a fatality rate of up to 90%. The Ebola virus
infects mainly the capillary endothelium and several types of immune cells. The
symptoms of Ebola infection include maculopapular rash, petechiae, purpura,
ecchymoses, dehydration and hematomas.
Since Ebola was first described in 1976, there have been several epidemics of
this disease. Hundreds of people have died because of Ebola infections, mainly
in Zaire, Sudan, Congo and Uganda. In addition, several fatalities have
occurred because of accidents in laboratories working with the virus. Currently,
a number of scientists claim that terrorists may use Ebola as a biological
weapon.
In the 3D model presented in this study, Ebola-encoded structures are shown in
maroon, and structures from human cells are shown in grey. The Ebola model is
based on X-ray analysis, NMR spectroscopy, and general virology data
published in the last two decades.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80. end
cast Ebola virus disease
images credit www.
Music Lorena McKennitt
created olga.e.
thanks for watching