10. How do we Define Biodiversity?
Biodiversity includes all organisms, species, and
populations; the genetic variation among these;
and all their complex assemblages of communities
and ecosystems.
It also refers to the inter-relatedness of
genes, species, & ecosystems
and
their interactions with the environment.
16. Ecosystem diversity
This refers to
the variety
of habitats
which
includes
climate,
vegetation
and
geography of
a region.
Forests
Deserts
Wetlands
Oceanic
18. Genetic diversity is all the different genes
contained in all individual plants, animals,
fungi, and microorganisms.
Species diversity is all the differences within
and between populations of species, as well
as between different species.
Ecosystem diversity is all the different habitats,
biological communities, and ecological processes,
as well as variation within individual ecosystems.
22. Evolution & Biodiversity?
Natural Processes can put species at risk from Extinction
Logically the species evolve, and are ultimately destined to
die out to extinction. Species with small populations and
with limited ranges are more vulnerable.
Extinction of widespread species is caused following
Environmental first strike and favored by stresses
outside normal ranges.
But the current rate of extinction of species is much
higher than that existed in the past.
23. NATURAL CAUSES
FOR LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Floods
Earthquakes
Landslides
Natural competition between species
Lack of pollination
Diseases
Meteorite strike
24. What are the Threats to Biodiversity?
The loss of biodiversity is a significant
issue for scientists and policy-makers and
the topic is finding its way into living
rooms and classrooms.
Species are becoming extinct at the fastest
rate known in geological history and
most of these extinctions have been tied
to human activity
25. MAN-MADE CAUSES
FOR LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY
•
•
•
•
•
Destruction of Habitat
Pollution
Hunting
Indiscriminate use of Toxic chemicals
Genetic Erosion
26. Threats to Biodiversity
1
Habitat loss and destruction : Deforestation
Usually as a direct result of
human activity and population
growth, is a major force in the
loss of species, populations, and
ecosystems.
31. NAFTA : Corn : Maize Conflict
United States
Mexico <200
332 Production in Mill. MT 20. 2
(80% GM) Varieties >50,000
Varieties contributing 80% of Net Crop
08
35 (10 with>5%)
110 $/MT Cost of Production 210 $/MT
$262/ha Crop Subsidy $90/ha
+80% Post NAFTA subsidy -28%
Post NAFTA Maxican imports 323 %
Post NAFTA Maxican Sale Price - 48%
Loss of Jobs & Food security in Mexico
32. NAFTA : Corn - Maize Conflict
United States
:
Mexico
#1 Global Position #4
50% Live stock feed 15%
40 % Bio Ethanol 10 %
10%
Exports
05%
03 % Human Consumption 68 %
09% Starch, Corn Oil, Sweetener 03%
Transmigration of young people
Rise on Crimes & Narcotics
Collapse of Economy & Agriculture
33. Threats to Biodiversity
Alterations in ecosystem composition
such as the loss or decline of a
species, can lead to a loss of
biodiversity.
Elimination of coyotes in the
canyons of southern California are
linked to decreases in song bird
populations.
34. Threats to Biodiversity
The introduction of exotic (non-native)
species can disrupt entire ecosystems and
impact populations of native plants or
animals. These invaders can adversely
affect native species by eating them,
infecting them, competing with them, or
mating with them.
35. Threats to Biodiversity
The over-exploitation
(over-hunting,
over-fishing, or
over-collecting)
of a species or
population can
lead to its demise.
36. Threats to Biodiversity
Trade in wild life
Timber - 100,000 Billion $
Fisheries - 50,000 Billion $
Mammal Furs - 750 Million $
Ornamental Plants-250 Mil. $
Edible snails - 460 Million $
Illegal Trade
5 to 8,000 Billion $/Y
37. Threats to Biodiversity
7
Global Warming induced
Climate change can alter
environmental conditions.
Species and populations
may be lost if they are
unable to adapt to new
conditions or relocate.
41. Biogeographic region that is both a
significant reservoir of Biodiversity
and is threatened with destruction
42. MEGADIVERSE NATIONS
Biodiversity is not evenly distributed among
the world’s countries. Only 12 countries lying
partly or entirely in the tropics account for
60% to 70% of the world’s biodiversity.
These include Australia, Brazil, China,
Columbia, Ecuador, India, Indonesia,
Madagascar, Malaysia, Mexico, Peru, and
Zaire.
43. MEGADIVERSE NATIONS
Countries
No of Mammals
No of birds
No of reptiles
No of amphibians
Australia
255
-
686
197
Brazil
428
622
467
516
China
394
1195
270
265
Columbia
359
1721
383
407
Ecuador
280
1447
345
358
India
350
1200
353
197
Indonesia
515
1519
600
270
-
250
269
144
Malaysia
293
1200
294
171
Mexico
449
1010
717
282
Peru
361
1703
297
251
Zaire
409
1 086
280
216
Madagascar
44. HOTSPOTS OF BIODIVERSITY
Hotspots are regions that harbor a great
diversity of endemic species (species
limited to a specific geographical area)
and at the same time have been
significantly impacted and altered by
human activities.
To qualify as a Hotspot, a region must
support 1500 endemic plant species or
0.5% of the global total and it must have
lost more than 70% of it’s original habitat.
45.
46.
47. One of the 12 Mega biodiversity country
Has 02 World’s Biodiversity Hot Spots
8% of World’s Biodiversity
81,000 Animal Species
45,000 Plant Species (6000 endemic)
50% of World’s Tigers
100% Asiatic Lions
48. Rate of Extinction of Species
• 90 vertebrate species have become extinct in
every century.
• 1 species of higher plants has become extinct
in every 27 years.
• 75% of birds & mammals have become
extinct in recent years were island dwelling
species.
• It is estimated that ¼ th world’s biodiversity
is under risk of extinction in next 20-30
years.
• In last 40 yrs, 120 species of mammals & 225
of birds have become extinct in the world.
49. Some Endangered Birds & Animals
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Lesser florican
Great Indian bustard
Nilgiri tahr
One horned rhino
Lion-tailed macaque
Asiatic lion
Tiger
57. Environmental Ethos & Concerns are inherent
to Indian Psyche
Our religious scriptures , our customs &
traditions, and code of conduct [Dharma]
are richly entwined with love, concern &
compassion to all the fellow living beings
with whom we share this beautiful Planet
58. BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION
After studying the need for biodiversity and
the loss of biodiversity it becomes evident
that ultimately the survival of the Human
race itself is threatened.
Therefore the conservation of biological
diversity is of paramount importance to the
survival of man and only he can initiate and
sustain a strategy for the same.
59. CULTURE & BIODIVERSITY
Traditional beliefs and practices have helped to
preserve flora and fauna in certain areas- in their
glory. Nature worship is a tribal belief based on the
premise that all creations of nature have to be
protected.
The Mundas and the Santhals of Bihar worship Mahua
ad Kadamba trees and the tribals of Orissa worship
the Tamarind and Mango trees during weddings.
Banyan tree is considered sacred in India.
60. Biodiversity conservation Treaties
Ramsar Convention, 1971 [Wetlands] -146 countries
World Heritage Convention (WHC), 1972
[Cultural & Natural Heritage] -180 countries
Convention on international Trade in endangered
species of Wild flora & Fauna (CITES), 1973
[endangered species ] -166 countries
Convention on conservation of Migratory
species of wild animals (CCMS), 1979 & 2005
[Migratory species ] -90 countries
Convention on Law of the Seas (UNCLOS),1971
[Marine Life] -146 countries
61. BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION
• Ex- situ conservation- conserving biodiversity
outside the areas where they naturally occur is
known as ex-situ conservation. Here animals
and plants are reared or cultivated in areas like
Zoological or Botanical parks.
• In-situ conservation- conserving the animals
and plants in their natural habitats is known as
in-situ conservation. E.g. Sanctuaries, national
parks, reserved forests, biosphere reserves etc.
62. Projects to save Threatened species
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Project Tiger- initiated in 1973 with 9 tiger reserves
Crocodile Breeding Proj-started in 1975 with UNDP
Lesser Cats Project – launched in 1976 with WWF
Manipur Brow-antlered deer Proj- launched in 1981
Project Elephant- launched in 1991
Project Rhino- launched in 1987 in Kaziranga.
Himalayan musk deer project- launched in 1981
Project Hangul - launched in 1970 in Kashmir valley
63. Conservation
Protecting the environment is everyone’s responsibility.
There is an increased awareness among the people towards
conservation of ecology.
Greenpeace movement has resulted in ban on whaling.
Chipko movement by Sunderlal Bahuguna and later by
Chandiprasad Bhatt stopped felling trees in parts of Himalayas.
In our own small way each of us can contribute to
conserving biodiversity in one form or other.
64. Conservation – Every body's Concern
People’s movement
Some of the activities in environment conservation include :
• Holding rallies for mass awareness on deforestation, construction
of Dams or factories in sensitive areas.
• Spreading awareness through mass media like TV radio and
publications.
• Creating awareness through environmental training programme,
folk art media like street plays etc.
• Introducing Environmental legislation to tackle the sensitive
environmental issues.
• Mass movement like Chipko, Appiko,Beej Bachao Andolan etc.
68. What can we do to save biodiversity ?
• Reject products made of animal parts like skin, fur,
ivory, bones, nails etc.
• Adopt vegetarianism to reduce animal slaughtering and
more plants to be grown for food.
• Plant trees wherever possible as they are beneficial.
• Avoid insecticides, pesticides & chemical fertilizers.
• Recycle the waste like paper, glass and plastic.
• Follow environment friendly agricultural practices.
• Make use of sustainable technologies [improved chulhas,
wind energy, solar power, ground water recharging etc. ]
69. When will We Realize?
Till when last river is polluted
Till when last lake is dried-up
Till when last game is hunted down
Till when last tree is chopped off
We will not realize that
The money can’t be eaten
