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Causes, types and treatment of pain in dairy cattle prof.dr hamed attia
- 1. Pain in dairy cattle Causes , Diagnosis &Treatment Esophagus Rumen Omasum Reticulum Abomasum Pancreas Liver Gall bladder Cecum Small intestine Large intestine Rectum
- 2. Dr/ Hamed Attia Prof. Of Vet. Med. Zagazig University Egypt
- 3. Pain • Def: • It is a sensation arising from stimulation of specific end organs and perceived in the thalamus and cerebral cortex
- 5. 11--Cutaneous PainCutaneous Pain • Causes: • Burning • Cutting • Crushing Examples • Masititis • Laminitis • Surgical wounds • Conjunctivitis
- 6. 22--Visceral PainVisceral Pain • 1-Inflammation of serous surfaces • Ex: • Pleursy- Peritonitis- pericarditis • 2-Distention of viscera • Ex: • Stomach-intestine-bladder • 3- Inflammation of organs Ex :Enteritis- Nephritis-meningitis- Neuritis
- 7. 33--Somatic(MusculoSomatic(Musculo--skeletal)Painskeletal)Pain • Examles: • Myositits • Osteomyelitis • Fructure • Arthritis • Sprain in ligament & tendons
- 8. Pathogenesis of painPathogenesis of pain • Pain receptors are distributed at end organs in all body systems & organs. • They are connected to the CNS by sensory nerves in spinal & cranial nerves. • Intra-cord neurons connect the peripheral neurons to the thalamus where pain is perceived. Pain receptors CNS Organs
- 9. Clinical Signs of PainClinical Signs of Pain • Such as: • Tachycardia • Polypnea • Hyperthermia • Sweating 11--Physiological responsePhysiological response
- 10. 22--Behavioral responseBehavioral response • Abnormal posture. • Rolling, pawing (Visceral pain). • Pain during urination, defecation, & coughing)
- 11. • Palpation • Pressure by compression • Movement of the animal. • Pain reflexes • Grunting in cattle Method of detection of painMethod of detection of pain
- 12. Function of digestive systemFunction of digestive system • Prehension • Digestion • Absorption of food and water
- 13. Digestive function depend onDigestive function depend on • Motor function • Secretory function
- 14. Motor function depend onMotor function depend on • Peristaltic movement which moves the ingesta from the esophagus to the rectum • Stimulation of sympathetic & parasympathetic N.S.
- 15. Abnormal Motor function result inAbnormal Motor function result in 1-Hypermotility 2-Hypomotility
- 16. 11-- HyperHyper--motilitymotility • It results in: • Diarrhea • Vagal indigestion • Colic
- 17. 2-Hypomotility result Bloat Abomasal Dis. &Tortion Cecal dilatation
- 19. Calf Pathology/SignsCalf Pathology/Signs Intestinal Mucosa Damage: Irritation, necrosis, toxins Diarrhea Dehydration Malabsorption Hyper-secretion Colon fermentation, fluid retention
- 20. Line of treatment of InfectiousLine of treatment of Infectious DiarrheaDiarrhea • 1-systemic anti-acid. • 2-Fluid therapy. • 3-Antibiotic • 4-Analgesic & Muscle relaxant
- 21. 22-- Causes of diarrhea in adultCauses of diarrhea in adult • Paramhostomum (40%) • Chronic Fascioliasis (5%) • Chronic Salmonellas (20) • Johne,s D. (10) • TB (Intestinal TB) (10) • Leukosis ???????? (15%)
- 25. ChronicChronic SalmonllosisSalmonllosis • • After parturation • Normal temperature
- 26. 22--HypoHypo--motilitymotility • Causes of hypomotility • 1-Abomasal displacement & torsion. • 2-Rumen tympany (bloat). • 4-Traumatic Reticulo-peritonitis • 5-Cecal dilatation. • 6-Urogenital disorders.
- 27. Displaced AbomasumsDisplaced Abomasums • Left displaced abomasum (LDA) is most common in early lactation • Right displaced abomasum (RDA) occurs throughout lactation • Right torsion of the abomasum (RTA)
- 29. Clinical Signs of DA’sClinical Signs of DA’s • Normal TPR (most cases) • Partial anorexia (“off feed”) • Hypogalactia (“down in milk” ~ 5-10 lb/day) • Depression • Secondary ketosis – mild to moderate • Scant stool – firm/loose – undigested particles
- 30. Clinical Signs (continued)Clinical Signs (continued) • Paralumbar fossa: – “Slab-sided” abdomen – Rectal palpation (can’t) • Mild colic • Mild hypocalcemia – Hypotonic rumen – Cold ears, widely dilated pupils
- 31. Area of ping sound in a cow with an LDA
- 32. Clinical PathologyClinical Pathology • Metabolic alkalosis(slight) • Hypo – Ca – K – Cl • Ketosis (mild) • Dehydration • Hypoglycemia (maybe)
- 33. Differential DiagnosisDifferential Diagnosis • LDA –Ketosis (non-pinging LDA) –Rumen ping
- 34. Line of treatmentLine of treatment • Return abomasum to proper position • Create a permanent attachment • Correct electrolyte, acid-base, • Correct hydration . • Treat other concurrent diseases
- 35. 11--Rolling TechniqueRolling Technique • Advantages –Quick & easy technique –No invasive surgery • Disadvantages –>50% relapcce –If RDA or RTA are present, can cause problems
- 36. RollingRolling • The cow is cast and laid on her back, then rolled vigorously to the right and the roll stopped abruptly in the hope that the abomasum will free itself. • Bring the cow to sternal position & allow to stand • Auscultate the left thorax to ensure LDA is relieved • Starvation and water restriction for 2 days before rolling may be advisable.
- 37. 22--SurgicalSurgical correctioncorrection Left abomasal displacementLeft abomasal displacement
- 38. Left flank approach. Left abomasal displacementLeft abomasal displacement
- 39. Percutaneous fixationPercutaneous fixation (toggle or bar suture)(toggle or bar suture)
- 43. 22--RumenRumen tympanytympany (bloat)(bloat) • Gas production is a normal occurrence during rumen fermentation • Bloat occurs if eructation is prevented for any reason
- 44. Clinical findingsClinical findings • Distended left paralumbar fossa • Discomfort (grunting, colic) • Open-mouth breathing • Anorexia • Salivation • Anxious • Depressed terminally • Sudden death
- 45. DiagnosisDiagnosis • History • Clinical findings
- 46. Fixation ofFixation of trocartrocar cannulacannula
- 47. 33--TraumaticTraumatic ReticuloReticulo--peritonitisperitonitis • Sudden decrease in appetite & milk production • Anterior abdominal pain • Low grade fever (39°)
- 49. TreatmentTreatment • Medical treatment –Antibiotics –Magnet • Surgical treatment –Rumenotomy to approach reticulum
- 50. 44--Cecal dilatationCecal dilatation • Pathogenesis similar to development of ab. displacement
- 51. • Increased VFAs • high concentrate diet • Hypo-calcemia Causes
- 52. • most common in adults cows soon after parturition • May be able to palpate cecum rectally in cases of volvulus Occurrence
- 54. 22-- Diseases of urethraDiseases of urethra •Urolethiasis
- 55. Clinical features of urinary tractClinical features of urinary tract diseasesdiseases • 1-Pain and difficult urination • 2-Abnormal constituents of urine • 3- Variation of daily urine flow
- 56. • 1) Deficiency of vitamin A . • (2) water deprivation. • (3) Heavy fluid loss. • (4) Excessive mineral intake (high phosphate) • (5) Early castration before maturity.
- 57. Diagnosis ofDiagnosis of urolithiasisurolithiasis • (1) Clinical examination and history. • (2) Urine analysis • (3) Elevation of SUN and creatinine . • 4- Reduction of serum sodium and potassium.
- 58. • (4) Abdominocentesis to detect uroperitonium after rupture of the bladder. • (5) Ultrasonography • (6) Necropsy findings • dilatation of the ureter • hydronephrosis.
- 59. 11--Medical TreatmentMedical Treatment • 1- Analgesic • 2) Smooth muscle relaxants .
- 60. 22--Surgical TreatmentSurgical Treatment 1- Amputation of the urethral process . 2-Urethrotomy
- 61. 1) Amputation of the urethral process in ram.
- 62. 22)) UrethrotomyUrethrotomy To remove the calculi. • At the perineum 8-10 cm. distal to ischial arch
- 63. SequelaeSequelae ofof urolithiasisurolithiasis:: • (1) Urethral rupture
- 64. CC-- Rupture of the urinary bladderRupture of the urinary bladder Signs: 1- Enlarged abdomen 2- Abdominal thrilling 3- Urineferous odour. 4-subnormal temp.