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معمارية-1-29.en.ar.pdf

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كتاب معماري عن نصائح في الهندسة المعمارية و اسمه 101 نصيحة في الهندسة مثل طرح الحلول و التصميم

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101 ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺷﻴﺉ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻠﻤﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺭﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺛﻴﻮ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻳﺪﺭﻳﻚ‬ @ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺹ‬ ‫ﺹ‬ ‫ﺝ‬ ‫ﺝ‬ ‫ﺇﻝ‬ ‫ﺇﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺎء‬ ‫ﺑﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬ - www.onlinedoctranslator.com
101 ‫ﺃﺷﻴﺎء‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻠﻤﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺭﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬ @ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺹ‬ ‫ﺹ‬ ‫ﺝ‬ ‫ﺝ‬ ‫ﺇﻝ‬ ‫ﺇﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺎء‬ ‫ﺑﺎء‬
‫ﻣﺎﺳﺎﺗﺸﻮﺳﺘﺲ‬ ، ‫ﻟﻨﺪﻥ‬ ، ‫ﺇﻧﺠﻠﺘﺮﺍ‬ CAMBRIDGE Press MIT The @ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺹ‬ ‫ﺹ‬ ‫ﺝ‬ ‫ﺝ‬ ‫ﺇﻝ‬ ‫ﺇﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺎء‬ ‫ﺑﺎء‬
‫ﻣﺎﺛﻴﻮ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻳﺪﺭﻳﻚ‬ 101 ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺷﻴﺉ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻠﻤﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺭﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬ @ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺹ‬ ‫ﺹ‬ ‫ﺝ‬ ‫ﺝ‬ ‫ﺇﻝ‬ ‫ﺇﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺎء‬ ‫ﺑﺎء‬
© 2007 ‫ﻣﺎﺛﻴﻮ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻳﺪﺭﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ‬ .‫ﻣﺤﻔﻮﻇﺔ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻳﺠﻮﺯ‬ ‫ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﺟﺰء‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻱ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻱ‬ ‫ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬ ) ‫ﺑﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺮﺟﺎﻋﻬﺎ‬ ( ‫ﺩﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﺍء‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺒﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻬﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺳﺎﺗﺸﻮﺳﺘﺲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺼﻮﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻭﻳﺞ‬ .‫ﻟﻠﻤﺒﻴﻌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ، ‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﺟﻰ‬ ‫ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ > special_sales@mitpress.mit.edu < ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ 02142 MA ، Cambridge ، Street Hayward ، 55 Press MIT The ، Department Sales Special . ‫ﺗﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ Neue Helvetica ‫ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺒﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻬﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺳﺎﺗﺸﻮﺳﺘﺲ‬ .‫ﻟﻠﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺠﻠﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻧﻐﺮﺱ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻬﺮﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‬ ، ‫ﻓﺮﻳﺪﺭﻳﻚ‬ .‫ﻣﺎﺛﻴﻮ‬ 101 ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺷﻴﺉ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻠﻤﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺭﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬ / ‫ﻣﺎﺛﻴﻮ‬ .‫ﻓﺮﻳﺪﺭﻳﻚ‬ .‫ﺹ‬ .‫ﺳﻢ‬ hc: alk. paper( ) 978-0-262-06266-4 -13: ISBN .1 ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ‬ - ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬ .‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺲ‬ .2 ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ - ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬ .‫ﻭﺗﺪﺭﻳﺲ‬ ‫ﺃﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎء‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻠﻤﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺭﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬ .‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ‬ :‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺉﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺷﻲء‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻠﻤﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺭﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻻ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬ .ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴ‬ :‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺉﺔ‬ 2007 NA2000.F74 dc22 720- 2006037130 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 @ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺹ‬ ‫ﺹ‬ ‫ﺝ‬ ‫ﺝ‬ ‫ﺇﻝ‬ ‫ﺇﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺎء‬ ‫ﺑﺎء‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ، ‫ﺳﻮﺭﺗﺶ‬ ‫ﻟﺠﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﻤﻜﻨ‬ @ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺹ‬ ‫ﺹ‬ ‫ﺝ‬ ‫ﺝ‬ ‫ﺇﻝ‬ ‫ﺇﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺎء‬ ‫ﺑﺎء‬
‫ﻣﻔﻜﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﻘﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻄﻼﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬ .‫ﻗﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻭﺣﺸ‬ ً‫ﺍ‬‫ﻣﺤﻴﺮ‬ ، ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻭﻋﻨﻴﻔ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻭﻧﺼﻮﺻ‬ ‫ﻛﺜﻴﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺜﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ .‫ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻭﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺉﻌﺔ‬ ) ‫ﻭﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬ ( ، ‫ﻓﻬﻲ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺃﻳﻀ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺤﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎءﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺫﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻄﻼﺏ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺴﺎءﻟﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﺷﻲء‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻤﻮﺱ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻠﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ .‫ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ‬ ‫ﺿﺒﺎﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺣﺪ‬ .‫ﻛﺒﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ‬ ، ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ، ‫ﺷﻲء‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺎﻝ‬ ، ‫ﺇﺑﺪﺍﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺭﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻭﺱ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻤﻮﺱ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺧﻮﻓ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ .‫ﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻓﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻄﻼﺏ‬ ‫ﺭﺣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﺓ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺉﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻦ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺷﻌﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺭﻣﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬ ً ‫ﺑﺪﻻ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﺭﺽ‬ .‫ﺻﻠﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻬﺪﻑ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺳﻴﺦ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻮﺩﻳﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺰﺩﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺟﺎءﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻭﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﺩ‬ @ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺹ‬ ‫ﺹ‬ ‫ﺝ‬ ‫ﺝ‬ ‫ﺇﻝ‬ ‫ﺇﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺎء‬ ‫ﺑﺎء‬
‫ﺑﺼﻴﺺ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺿﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﺿﺒﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﻀﻴﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺬ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻤﺎﺭﺱ‬ ، ‫ﻭﻣﻌﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﺃﺻﺒﺤﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺇﺷﺮﺍﻗ‬ .ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻭﻭﺿﻮﺣ‬ ‫ﻭﻇﻠﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﺉﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻄﺮﺣﻮﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﺉﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ‬ :‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺿﺢ‬ ‫ﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻃﻼﺑﻲ‬ ً‫ﺍ‬‫ﻣﺮﺍﺭ‬ ً‫ﺍ‬‫ﻭﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﺉﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻠﻂ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺭﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ .ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴ‬ ‫ﺃﺩﻋﻮﻙ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻙ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺐ‬ ‫ﺃﺛﻨﺎء‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻮﺩﻳﻮ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎﻅ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻄﻔﻚ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺮﺍءﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺳﺎﺉﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻼﻃﻼﻉ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﺸﻮﺍﺉﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻗﻔﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻠﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺭﻭﺱ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻜﻦ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﻤﺘﻨ‬ ‫ﻟﺴﺖ‬ ً‫ﺍ‬‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻟﻺﺷﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎءﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺫﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺣﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻞ‬ .‫ﻣﻨﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺛﻴﻮ‬ ، ‫ﻓﺮﻳﺪﺭﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ‬ 2007 @ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺹ‬ ‫ﺹ‬ ‫ﺝ‬ ‫ﺝ‬ ‫ﺇﻝ‬ ‫ﺇﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺎء‬ ‫ﺑﺎء‬
‫ﺷﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺟﺰﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﺪﻳﺒﻮﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺘﻮﺭ‬ ‫؛‬ ‫ﺁﺩﺍﻣﺰ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﻟﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺎﻧﻎ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺟﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﻧﻮﻓﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﺮﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﺭﺝ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﺳﻮﻳﻮ‬ ‫ﺇﻳﻐﻮﺗﺸﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻻﻣﻮﺭﻭ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻻﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺯﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻮﻳﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺭﻙ‬ ‫ﻟﻮﻳﻨﺜﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺭﻛﺲ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻟﺉﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺗﺬﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﺪﺭﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‬ ‫؛‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﻼﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺣﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺟﺎﺑﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﺉﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﺩﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫؛‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ، ‫ﻛﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻳﻜﻲ‬ ، ‫ﻭﻭﻛﻴﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﺗﺶ‬ .‫ﻓﻴﺮﺑﺎﻧﻚ‬ @ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺹ‬ ‫ﺹ‬ ‫ﺝ‬ ‫ﺝ‬ ‫ﺇﻝ‬ ‫ﺇﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺎء‬ ‫ﺑﺎء‬
101 ‫ﺃﺷﻴﺎء‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻠﻤﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺭﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬ @ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺹ‬ ‫ﺹ‬ ‫ﺝ‬ ‫ﺝ‬ ‫ﺇﻝ‬ ‫ﺇﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺎء‬ ‫ﺑﺎء‬
‫ﻧﻌﻢ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ @ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺹ‬ ‫ﺹ‬ ‫ﺝ‬ ‫ﺝ‬ ‫ﺇﻝ‬ ‫ﺇﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺎء‬ ‫ﺑﺎء‬
1 ‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﺧﻂ‬ 1 ‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪﺳﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﻮﻥ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺧﻄﻮﻃ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ‬ ، ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ‬ ً‫ﺍ‬‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ‬ .‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻌﻄﻲ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺍﻗﺘﻨﺎﻋ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺳﻢ‬ .‫ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻜﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﻮﻃﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺄﺭﺟﺢ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﺴﺘﺒﺪﻭ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﻮﻣﺎﺗﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻫﺘﺔ‬ .‫ﻭﻏﺎﻣﻀﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺐ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﻮﻁ‬ ، ‫ﻗﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﺭﺏ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺭﺷﻮﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ .‫ﺗﻤﺮﻳﺮﺓ‬ 2 ‫ﺗﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﻁ‬ ً ‫ﻗﻠﻴﻼ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ .‫ﺗﻠﺘﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﻑ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺉﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ .‫ﻻﺉﻖ‬ 3 ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ " ‫ﺗﺸﻮﺵ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻔﺘﺶ‬ " ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﻚ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ - ‫ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺇﻧﺸﺎء‬ ‫ﺧﻂ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻣﺾ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻈﻬﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻃﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﺮﺓ‬ .‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﺪﺍﺧﻠﺔ‬ ً‫ﻻ‬‫ﺑﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ، ‫ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻙ‬ ‫ﻗﻠﻤﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺻﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﺔ‬ .‫ﻣﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺪ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﺧﻂ‬ ‫ﺇﺭﺷﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺧﻔﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﻚ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺉﻲ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺴﺢ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﻮﻁ‬ ‫ﺇﺭﺷﺎﺩﻙ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻛﺘﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ‬ - ‫ﻓﻬﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﻀﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻃﺎﺑﻌ‬ ً.‫ﻭﺣﻴﺎﺓ‬ @ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺹ‬ ‫ﺹ‬ ‫ﺝ‬ ‫ﺝ‬ ‫ﺇﻝ‬ ‫ﺇﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺎء‬ ‫ﺑﺎء‬
‫ﺃﺭﺿﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ‬ @ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺹ‬ ‫ﺹ‬ ‫ﺝ‬ ‫ﺝ‬ ‫ﺇﻝ‬ ‫ﺇﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺎء‬ ‫ﺑﺎء‬
2 ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﺿﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻟﻮﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻤﺎﺷﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺔ‬ .‫ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﺃﺭﺿﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺃﻳﻀ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻛﺎﺉﻨ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ً‫ﻼ‬‫ﺷﻜ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ً‫ﺍ‬‫ﻋﻨﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ً‫ﻼ‬‫ﺷﻜ‬ .ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨﺎﻭﺏ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺒﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻀﺎء‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ .‫ﺣﻘﻞ‬ @ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺹ‬ ‫ﺹ‬ ‫ﺝ‬ ‫ﺝ‬ ‫ﺇﻝ‬ ‫ﺇﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺎء‬ ‫ﺑﺎء‬
4 ‫ﺃﺭﻗﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﺸﻮﺍﺉﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎء‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ‬ ‫ﺭﺗﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻺﻧﺸﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ‬ ) ‫ﻣﺜﻠﺚ‬ ( ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ 4 ‫ﺃﺭﻗﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺨﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ) ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﺃ‬ ( @ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺹ‬ ‫ﺹ‬ ‫ﺝ‬ ‫ﺝ‬ ‫ﺇﻝ‬ ‫ﺇﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺎء‬ ‫ﺑﺎء‬
3 ‫ﺗﻨﺺ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ُﻈﺮ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ‬ .‫ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﺿﻊ‬ .‫ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺇﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ .‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ @ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺹ‬ ‫ﺹ‬ ‫ﺝ‬ ‫ﺝ‬ ‫ﺇﻝ‬ ‫ﺇﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺎء‬ ‫ﺑﺎء‬
@ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺹ‬ ‫ﺹ‬ ‫ﺝ‬ ‫ﺝ‬ ‫ﺇﻝ‬ ‫ﺇﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺎء‬ ‫ﺑﺎء‬
4 ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ‬ - ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺅﻳﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺃﺭﺍﻫﻢ‬ - ‫ﻳﻘﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻨﻲ‬ . @ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺹ‬ ‫ﺹ‬ ‫ﺝ‬ ‫ﺝ‬ ‫ﺇﻝ‬ ‫ﺇﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺎء‬ ‫ﺑﺎء‬
@ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺹ‬ ‫ﺹ‬ ‫ﺝ‬ ‫ﺝ‬ ‫ﺇﻝ‬ ‫ﺇﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺎء‬ ‫ﺑﺎء‬
5 ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺛﻼﺛﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ .‫ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺺ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻏﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺿﻤﻨﻴ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﻭﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎء‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎء‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ‬ .‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎء‬ ‫ﺛﻼﺛﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﺣﺴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺪ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺘﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻞ‬ .‫ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺣﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﻁ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺣﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺷﺠﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺣﻮﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺪﺭﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﺪﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺣﺼﺮ‬ .‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ @ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺹ‬ ‫ﺹ‬ ‫ﺝ‬ ‫ﺝ‬ ‫ﺇﻝ‬ ‫ﺇﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺎء‬ ‫ﺑﺎء‬
‫ﺳﻠﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻀﺎء‬ ) ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬ ( ‫ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻀﺎء‬ ) ‫ﻣﺴﻜﻦ‬ ( ً ‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ‬ " ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ " ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻀﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ a ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺃ‬ .‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﻜﻊ‬ @ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺹ‬ ‫ﺹ‬ ‫ﺝ‬ ‫ﺝ‬ ‫ﺇﻝ‬ ‫ﺇﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺎء‬ ‫ﺑﺎء‬
6 ‫ﻧﺘﺤﺮﻙ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻧﻌﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺎﺕ‬ .‫ﺍﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺆﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻭﺧﺼﺎﺉﺺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻓﻨﺤﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻌﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻀﺎءﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺉﺘﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺪﺭﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺳﻘﻒ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ .‫ﺗﺸﻜﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻔﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺩﺍﺉﻤ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ‬ .‫ﺍﻷﻣﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬ ً ‫ﺑﺪﻻ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ .‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻬﺎ‬ @ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺹ‬ ‫ﺹ‬ ‫ﺝ‬ ‫ﺝ‬ ‫ﺇﻝ‬ ‫ﺇﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺎء‬ ‫ﺑﺎء‬
‫ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺿﺎﺣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﺻﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺔ‬ @ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺹ‬ ‫ﺹ‬ ‫ﺝ‬ ‫ﺝ‬ ‫ﺇﻝ‬ ‫ﺇﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺎء‬ ‫ﺑﺎء‬
7 ‫ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﺷﻴﺎء‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺉﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺬﺍﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ .‫ﻓﻀﺎء‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ّﺔ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ .‫ﻓﻀﺎء‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺈﻧﺸﺎء‬ ٍ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﻥ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ‬ ً‫ﺍ‬‫ﻛﺜﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﻮﺩﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ، ‫ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻙ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻘﺎﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺮﺿﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺣﺪ‬ .‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺎﺕ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻷﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻹﺿﻔﺎء‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﺔ‬ .‫ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻊ‬ ، ‫ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺮﻳﺔ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻭﻓﻘ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﻓﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎﺕ‬ :‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻛﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺮﻳﺔ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒ‬ " ‫ﻣﺸﻮﻫﺔ‬ " ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺧﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺇﻋﻄﺎء‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ .‫ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ‬ @ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺹ‬ ‫ﺹ‬ ‫ﺝ‬ ‫ﺝ‬ ‫ﺇﻝ‬ ‫ﺇﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺎء‬ ‫ﺑﺎء‬
@ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺹ‬ ‫ﺹ‬ ‫ﺝ‬ ‫ﺝ‬ ‫ﺇﻝ‬ ‫ﺇﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺎء‬ ‫ﺑﺎء‬
8 " ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎء‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺭﻭﺱ‬ ". - ‫ﻟﻮﻳﺲ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻥ‬ @ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺹ‬ ‫ﺹ‬ ‫ﺝ‬ ‫ﺝ‬ ‫ﺇﻝ‬ ‫ﺇﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺎء‬ ‫ﺑﺎء‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺬﻛﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺮﺏ‬ ، ‫ﻓﻴﺘﻨﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺷﻨﻄﻦ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺻﻤﺔ‬ 1982 ‫ﻣﺎﻳﺎ‬ ، ‫ﻟﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺇﻳﻪ‬ @ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺹ‬ ‫ﺹ‬ ‫ﺝ‬ ‫ﺝ‬ ‫ﺇﻝ‬ ‫ﺇﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺎء‬ ‫ﺑﺎء‬
9 ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﻘﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻓﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﻘﺮﻳﺔ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻮﺻﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ُﺴﻰ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻤﻖ‬ ‫ﻟﺼﻔﺎﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬ .‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ‬ @ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺹ‬ ‫ﺹ‬ ‫ﺝ‬ ‫ﺝ‬ ‫ﺇﻝ‬ ‫ﺇﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺎء‬ ‫ﺑﺎء‬
@ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺹ‬ ‫ﺹ‬ ‫ﺝ‬ ‫ﺝ‬ ‫ﺇﻝ‬ ‫ﺇﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺎء‬ ‫ﺑﺎء‬
10 ‫ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺘﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎء‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺻﻮﻟﻨﺎ‬ .‫ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﺸﻌﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺸﺮﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻃﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺇﺷﺮﺍﻗ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺑﻠﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻒ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻀﺎءﺓ‬ .‫ﺑﻬﺪﻭء‬ ‫ﺳﺘﺸﻌﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﺨﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻫﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﺿﻌﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺎﺕ‬ .‫ﺍﻷﺻﻐﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﻓﺬ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺠﻨﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﺧﺒﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮء‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ‬ .‫ﻟﻠﺸﻤﺎﻝ‬ @ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺹ‬ ‫ﺹ‬ ‫ﺝ‬ ‫ﺝ‬ ‫ﺇﻝ‬ ‫ﺇﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺎء‬ ‫ﺑﺎء‬

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معمارية-1-29.en.ar.pdf