This document discusses stainless steel and its applications in orthodontics. It provides an overview of the history, composition, properties, and grades of stainless steel. Key points include that stainless steel is an alloy of iron and carbon with 12-13% chromium, which gives it corrosion resistance. The document discusses the different types of stainless steel (ferritic, austenitic, martensitic), their crystal structures, and properties. It also summarizes the general properties, applications for orthodontic wires, and advantages and disadvantages of using stainless steel in orthodontics.

1. STAINLESS STEEL AND IT’S
APPLICATION IN
ORTHODONTICS.
INDIAN DENTAL ACADEMY
Leader in continuing dental education
www.indiandentalacademy.com
www.indiandentalacademy.com

2. SYNOPSIS





Introduction.
History of stainless steel.
Composition and functions of each
ingredient.
Types and grade of stainless steel.
Metallurgy.

Nature of metallic bonding.
www.indiandentalacademy.com

3. SYNOPSIS




Physical properties.



Structure on solidification and grain structure.
Types of crystal lattice.
Crystal imperfections.
Tensile strength
Proportional limit and Hooke’s law.
Mechanical properties.




Elasticity and Elastic limit.
Modulus of elasticity .
Ductility and malleability.
Yeild strength and ultimate strength
www.indiandentalacademy.com

4. SYNOPSIS

General properties of stainless steel.







Sensitisation.
Stabilisation.
Ductility and malleability.
Soldering and welding.
Strain hardening.
Cold working.
Heat treatment.


Annealing.
Hardening heat treatment
www.indiandentalacademy.com

5. SYNOPSIS

Characteristics of Clinical relevance.






Spring back.
Modulus of resilience.
Stiffness.
Load deflection rate.
Working range and flexibility.
Formability.
www.indiandentalacademy.com

6. SYNOPSIS




Stress relaxation.
Strength.
Biohostability.
Application in Orthodontic wires.

Ideal requirements of Orthodontic wires.


Wire characteristics and clinical relevance.
Variation in diameter and length it’s relation
with strength stiffness and range.
www.indiandentalacademy.com

7. SYNOPSIS

Australian orthodontic arch wire.





Unique characteristics.
Manufacture, grading and color coding.
Advantages of stainless steel.
Disadvantages of stainless steel.
Conclusion.
www.indiandentalacademy.com

8. INTRODUCTION



Steel is an alloy of Iron and Carbon.
Carbon content should not exceed
0.2% max.
When it contains 12 to 13% chromium
it is called stainless steel.
Steel exists in three Ferritic, austenitic
and martensitic forms.
www.indiandentalacademy.com

9. HISTORY





First developed by accident by Harry Brearley in
Sheffield, England.
Stainless steel entered dentistry in 1919, introduced
at Krupp’s dental poly clinic in Germany by F. Haupt
Meyer.
In 1930 Angle used it to make ligature wires.
By 1937 the value of stainless steel as an orthodontic
wire had been confirmed.
Stainless steel today is used to make arch
wires,ligature wires, band material, brackets and
buccal tubes.
www.indiandentalacademy.com

10. COMPOSITION
TYPES
CHROMIUM
NICKEL
CARBON
FERRITIC
11.5-27%
0
0.2% MAX
AUSTENITIC
16-26%
7-22%
0.25%
MARTENSITIC
11.5-27%
0-2.5%
0.15-1.2%
BALANCE COMPOSED OF IRON
Minor quantities of Silicon, phosphurous, sulphur, Manganese,
Tantalum.
www.indiandentalacademy.com

11. FUNCTIONS

Chromium:



Nickel:



Increases strength.
Increases tarnish and corrosion resistance.
Cobalt:


Increases tarnish and corrosion resistance. A thin transparent,
tough, impervious oxide layer of Chromium oxide forms on the
surface of the alloy when subjected to room air.- “passivating film
effect”.
Increases hardness, tensile strength and proportional limit.
Decreases hardness.
Manganese:


Scavenger for sulphur.
Increases hardness during quenching.
www.indiandentalacademy.com

12. FUNCTIONS

Silicon:


Deoxidiser and scavenger.
Titanium:

Inhibits the precipitation of Chromium
carbide.
www.indiandentalacademy.com

13. GRADES OF STAINLESS
STEEL



SOFT.
HALF HARD OR SPRING HARD.
HARD.
www.indiandentalacademy.com

14. METTALURGY
www.indiandentalacademy.com

15. Types of crystal lattice – (FCC)
Austenitic *





Most corrosion resistant of all types of stainless steel.
Formed between 912 – 1394C
AISI 302,304 – 18% Chromium, 8% Nickel and 0.15%(302) 0r
0.08%(304) Carbon – 18-8 stainless steel.
Austenite is pefered to Ferritic because of greater ductility,
ability to undergo more cold work without fracture. Increased
strength during cold working, ease of welding, readily
overcomes sensitisation, less critical grain growth and ease of
forming.
When austenite is allowed to cool slowly to room temperature
it forms Fe3C and ferrite. The iron carbide compound is called
cementite and the solid solution of ferrite along with cementite
is called pearlite.
www.indiandentalacademy.com

16. Types of crystal lattice – (BCC)
Ferritic









Stable between room temperature and 912 C.
Carbon has low solubility in this structure.
Interstices in BCC are very small.
ASI 400
Good corrosion resistance at low cost provided
increased strength is not required.
Temperature change does not nduce phase change
in solid state.
The alloy is not hardenable by heat treatment.
Not readily work hardenable.
Little application in Dentistry.
www.indiandentalacademy.com

17. Types of crystal lattice – (BCT)
Martensitic.





If austenite is cooled rapidly (Quenched) it will
undergo spontaneous diffisionless transformation to a
Body Centered Tetragonal.
The lattice is highly distorted, strained resulting in a
hard strong brittle alloy.
Martensite decomposes into ferrite and carbide.
Decomposition is accelerated by appropriate heat
treatment to reduce hardness but this is counter
balanced by increased toughness – “Tempering”
AISI 400
www.indiandentalacademy.com

18. Types of crystal lattice – (BCT)
Martensitic.






Increased strength and hardness – used for
surgical and cutting instruments.
Yeild strength of 492 MPa (annealed).
Hardened – 1898 MPa
Brinell’s hardness range- 230 – 600.
Elongation – less than 2%.
Reduced ductility.
Corrosion rsistance is the least. Reduced
further with Hardening heat treatment.
www.indiandentalacademy.com

19. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES.

stress:



Strain:




The greatest stress to which a material can be subjected so that it will return to it’s
original dimension when the forces are released.
Hookes law:


Ability of the stressed material to return to it’s original form.
Elastic limit:


Proportion of change in dimension to the applied stress.
Elastic strain: Original shape is regained.
Plastic strain: Original shape is not regained.
Elasticity:


Force per unit area.
Tensile, compressive or shear stress.
Stress is proportional to strain within the proportional limit.
Proportional limit:

Greatest possible stress that can be induced in a material such that stress is directly
proportional to strain.
www.indiandentalacademy.com

20. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES.
• Modulus of Elasticity: This is a measure of stiffness of the material. Gives the
flexibility of the wire component. 179 GPa
• Strength: Capacity of a material to resist a deforming load without exceeding
the limits of plastic deformation. Strength is proportional to the resiliency of the
material.
• Yield strength: The stress at which increase in strain is disproportionate to
stress. 1579 MPa 0.2% plastic deformation.
•Ultimate strength: The strength at which the material fractures. 2117 MPa
•Tensile strength – 200 MPa
•Resilience: Total energy storage capacity. The amount of energy absorbed by a
structure when it is stressed within it’s proportional limit.
•Knoop hardness: 600
• Stiffness: Force/ distance. It is www.indiandentalacademy.com to deformation.
the measure of resistance

21. GENERAL PROPERTIES

SENSITISATION:



When heated between 400 and 900 C 18-8
stainless steel loses it’s resistance to tarnish and
corrosion.
Carbon atoms migrate to grain boundaries and
combine with chromium to form chromium carbide
where the energy is the highest.
If the stainless steel is severely cold worked the
carbide precipitate along slip planes, as a result
the areas deficient in chromium are less localized
and carbides are more uniformly distributed.
www.indiandentalacademy.com

22. GENERAL PROPERTIES

Stabilization:


Introduction of any element which
precipitates as carbide instead of
chromium.
Titanium approximately six times the
carbon content.
www.indiandentalacademy.com

23. GENERAL PROPERTIES

Ductility:



Ability of a material to be drawn into wires.
Ability of a material to withstand permanent
deformation under tensile load without
fracture.
Malleability:

Ability of a metal to withstand permanent
deformation under compressive forces
without fracturing.
www.indiandentalacademy.com

24. SOLDERING




It is a process of joining two metals by the use of a intermediate alloy
which has a lower melting point.
Soldering temperature – 620 – 665 C.
Ideally silver solders are used- alloy of silver, copper, zinc to which tin
and indium are added to lower the fusion temperature and improve
solderability.
Technical considerations:





Needle like non luminous gas air flame is used.
Thinner the diameter of the flame, less the metal surrounding the joint is
annealed.
The work is held 3mm beyond the tip of the blue cone in the reducing zone
of the flame.
Soldering should be observed in shadow against a black background so the
temperature can be judged by the color of the work. The color should not
exceed dull red.
If possible the parts should be tag welded to hold the parts together.
www.indiandentalacademy.com

25. SOLDERING



The flux is applied and the heavier gauge
is heated first.
Flux should cover all the area and the
metal should be allowed to flow around the
joint. The work should be immediately
quenched in water.
Other methods of soldering:


Electric resistance heating.
Indirect heating using brass wire intermediary.
www.indiandentalacademy.com

26. SOLDERING

Flux:




Aids in removing the oxide coating so as to increase the
flow.
Dissolves any surface impurities.
Reduces the melting point of the solder.
Composition:





Borax glass – 55%
Boric acid – 35%
Silica – 10%
Potassium flouride is added to dissolve the passivating effect of
Chromium.
Potassium flouride and Boric acid should be in 1:1
concentration
www.indiandentalacademy.com

27. Welding






Joining of two or more metal pieces directly under
pressure without introduction of an intermediary or a
filler material.
Spot welding is used to join various components in
orthodontics. A large current is allowed to pass
through a limited area on the overlapping metals to
be welded.
The resistance of the material to the flow of current
produces intense localized heating and fusion of
metals.
The welded area becomes susceptible to corrosion
due Chromium carbide precipitation and loss of
passivation.
The grain structure is not affected.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Increased weld area increases the strength.

28. Factors to be taken into account
during soldering and welding


As the annealing temperature of stainless
steel falls within the soldering and welding
temperature ranges, these procedure can
lead to loss of working range and elasticity of
the metal.
Precautions:



By using low fusing solders.
Using low diameter needle like flame.
Reducing the number of welding procedures and
duration.
www.indiandentalacademy.com

29. Cold Working


The process of plastically deforming a
metal at a temperature below that at
which it recrystallises new grains, which
is usually one-third to one half times is
absolute melting point temperature.
The deformation of space lattices of
stainless steel by mechanical
manipulation at room temperature.
www.indiandentalacademy.com

30. Strain Hardening or Work
Hardening.




If a metal is continuously stressed it becomes stiffer and harder.
Hardening of a metal by cold working is called strain hardening of work
hardening.
During strain hardening dislocations tend to build up at grain boundaries. The
barrier effect of grain boundaries will cause further slip to occur at intersecting
slip planes. Point defects increase resulting in a distorted grain structure.
Consequences:







Increased surface hardness.
Greater yield and ultimate strength.
Less ductility.
Proportional limit is increased.
Reduced resistance to corrosion.
No change in elastic modulus.
Majority of these properties id due to a phase change from FCC to BCC lattice
structure.
www.indiandentalacademy.com

31. Heat treatment

General process using thermal energy
to change the characteristics of metallic
alloys as in tempering, precipitation
hardening or annealing. – Robert P
Kusy 1997.


Annealing
Hardening
www.indiandentalacademy.com

32. Annealing



The effect associated with cold working such
as strain hardening, low ductility and distorted
grains can be reversed by simply heating the
metal.
The greater the amount of cold working the
more rapidly the effects can be reserved by
annealing.
Stages of annealing:



Recovery.
Recrystallisation.
Grain growth.
www.indiandentalacademy.com

33. Annealing

Recovery:




Recrystallisation:




Cold work properties begin to disappear.
Slight decrease in tensile strength and no change in ductility.
All the residual stress is relaxed.
Old grains disappear totally and are replaced with strain free grains.
Occurs mostly in regions where defects have accumulated.
It attains it’s soft and ductile condition at the end of this stage.
Grain Growth


The Grain size and number of the recrystallised structure depends
on the amount of prior cold working.
On repeated annealing larger grains consume smaller grains. At the
end of annealing the number of grains decrease and size
increases.
www.indiandentalacademy.com

34. Hardening heat treatment


There is no hardening heat treatment
for austenitic steel due to it’s stability.
It can only be hardened by cold
working.
www.indiandentalacademy.com

35. Characteristics of Clinical
relevance

Spring back (maximum elastic deflection):




The extent to which the range recovers upon
deactivation of an activated arch wire.
A measure of how far a wire can be deformed
without causing permanent deformation or
exceeding the limits of the material.
Higher the spring back, grater the working range
and lesser are the requirements of frequent
activations.
Stainless steel has a spring back lesser than
Nickel-titanium or beta titanium.
www.indiandentalacademy.com

36. Characteristics of Clinical
relevance

Resilience:


The capacity of a material to absorb
energy when the material is elastically
deformed.
It is measured by the area under the stress
strain curve.
www.indiandentalacademy.com

37. Characteristics of Clinical
relevance

Stiffness:


Amount of force required to produce a
specific amount of deformation.
Stiffness d4
www.indiandentalacademy.com

38. Characteristics of Clinical
relevance

Load deflection rate:



For a given load the deflection observed within
the elastic limit.
The force magnitude delivered by an appliance
and is proportional to the modulus of elasticity.
Low load deflection rate provides ability to apply
low forces, a more constant force over time while
deactivation, greater ease and accuracy in
applying a given force.
www.indiandentalacademy.com

39. Working range and flexibilty



The distance a wire will bend elastically
before permanent deformation occurs.
Measured in millimeter or other length
units.
Flexibility is the measure of the amount
at which the wire can be strained
without undergoing plastic deformation.
www.indiandentalacademy.com

40. Formability

The ability to bend wires into desired
configurations as loops, coils and stops
without fracturing the wire.
www.indiandentalacademy.com

41. Stress relaxation

When a wire has been deformed and
held in a fixed position the stress may
diminish with time even though the total
strain may remain constant.
www.indiandentalacademy.com

42. Biohostability

The ease with which a material will
culture bacteria, spores or viruses.
www.indiandentalacademy.com

43. Ideal requirements of
Orthodontic arch wires












Esthetic
Good range
Tough
Poor biohost
Good springback
Low friction
Weldable
Springy
Formable
Biocompatible
Resilient
Strong
www.indiandentalacademy.com

44. Variation in diameter and
length of orthodontic wires
STIFFNESS
STRENGTH
RANGE
x MODULUS OF
ELASTICITY
x 1/L3
X resiliency
X elastic limit
X 1/length
X L2
x d4
X d3
X 1/ d
X no of coils
x1/ No of coils
X 1/coil dia3
X 1/ coil dia
www.indiandentalacademy.com
X coil dia 2

45. Australian Orthodontic arch
wires






Claude Arthur J Wilcock developed an orthodontic
arch wire for use in the Beg technique.
Unique characteristics different from usual
orthodontic arch wires.
They are ultra high tensile austenitic stainless steel
arch wires.
The wires are highly resilient.
When arch wire bends are incorporated and pinned
to the teeth the stress generated within the wire
which generate a light force which is continuous in
nature.
Wire is resistant to permanent deformation and
maintains it’s activation for maximum control of
anchorage.
www.indiandentalacademy.com

46. Australian Orthodontic arch
wires

Manufacture:



Spinner straightening and pulse
straightening.
Spinner straightening: The wire is passed
through bronze rollers.
Pulse straightening: The wire is pulsed in a
special machine which permits high tensile
wires to be straightened.
www.indiandentalacademy.com

47. Australian Orthodontic arch
wires

Types:







Regular
Regular plus
Special
Special plus
Extra special plus
Supreme
Premium plus
www.indiandentalacademy.com

48. Thank you
For more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
www.indiandentalacademy.com