Wlingua b1 lecciones30-45

Lección 30.0
Preposiciones: Behind, Below, Beyond
Behind
Your bag is behind that chair.
Tu bolsa está atrás de esa silla.
The doctor was behind schedule all day and my appointment was delayed.
El doctor estuvo atrasado todo el día y mi cita se demoró.
Ruth is behind you in math.
Ruth va atrás de ti en matemáticas.
There is a very beautiful painting behind the sofa in the living room.
Hay una pintura muy bonita atrás del sofá en el salón.
My brother is behind the curtains because we are playing Hide and Seek.
Mi hermano está atrás de las cortinas porque estamos jugando a Las Escondidillas.
Below
The temperature in New York is below zero during the winter time.
La temperatura en Nueva York es debajo de los cero grados durante el invierno.
There is a river below the bridge.
Hay un río debajo del puente.
The water level of the river is below normal because we had a drought this year.
El nivel del agua del río está por debajo de lo normal porque tuvimos una sequía este año.
Under versus Below
Ambas significan debajo de, pero:
Usamos below para referirnos a un nivel inferior.
Joan lives in the apartment below.
Joan vive en el departamento de abajo.
Usamos under para referirnos a un mismo nivel.
Beyond
The price of that car is beyond what I can afford.
El precio de ese carro está más allá de lo que puedo pagar.
The drugstore is located beyond the bridge on the right hand
side.
La farmacia se localiza más allá del puente, en tu lado
derecho.
Don't stay out beyond midnight tonight.
No te quedes fuera más allá de la media noche.
Beyond the mountain is a large forest.
Más allá de la montaña hay un extenso bosque.
Lección 30.1
Phrasal Verbs: Hold Up, Try On, Wait On, Pass Out
Hold up - delay
I don't want to hold up the family dinner, so please start eating before I arrive.
No quiero retrasar la cena familiar, así es que por favor comiencen a comer antes de que yo llegue.
The meeting was held up because the manager was late.
Lugar Tiempo Circunstancia
behind detrás de despúes de detrás de
below debajo de - debajo de
beyond más allá de más tarde de más allá de
Your shoes are under the bed.
Tus zapatos están debajo de la cama.

La junta se demoró porque el gerente llegó tarde.
The traffic was held up because of a car accident.
El tráfico se retrasó por el accidente automovilístico.
Try on - put clothes on to see how they look on someone
I tried several dresses on, but I didn't like any of them.
Me probé varios vestidos, pero no me gustó ninguno.
Come on! It's a lovely skirt. Try it on!
¡Vamos! Es una falda bonita. ¡Pruébatela!
You can try on some of my clothes. You may like something for the party.
Puedes probarte algo de mi ropa. Puede que te guste algo para la fiesta.
Wait on - serve
The waiter was waiting on tables very kindly.
El mesero servía las mesas muy amablemente.
I don't want to wait on tables anymore. I need to find a new job.
Ya no quiero servir mesas. Necesito encontrar un nuevo trabajo.
She is waiting on tables temporarily. She will go back to university next month.
Ella está sirviendo mesas temporalmente. Ella volverá a la universidad el próximo mes.
Pass out - faint
The girl passed out during the test because she hadn't eaten anything.
La muchacha se desmayó en el examen porque no había comido nada.
Her father passes out from time to time, so they must always go to the hospital.
Su padre se desmaya de vez en cuando, así es que siempre tienen que ir al hospital.
Ruth started sweating and suddenly she passed out. Now she is in bed resting.
Ruth empezó a sudar y de repente se desmayó. Está en la cama descansando.
Vocabulary
aerobics
aeróbic
canoeing
canotaje
dive
salto de trampolín
scuba-diver
submarinista
rugby
rugby
rowing
remo
karate
kárate
hunting
caza
race car
carro de carreras
tennis court
pista de tenis
tennis racket
raqueta de tenis
tennis player
tenista
weight lifting
halterofilia
weight training
musculación
wrestling
lucha libre
Lección 30.2
Word Formation XIII
-ing
train
entrenar
training
entrenamiento
read
leer
reading
lectura
write
escribir
writing
escritura
meet
reunirse
meeting
reunión

-ary
document
documento
documentary
documental
revolution
revolución
revolutionary
revolucionario
imagine
imaginar
imaginary
imaginario
-ling
spark
chispa
sparkling
espumoso
duck
pato
duckling
patito
-ian
optic
óptico
optician
oculista
physics
física
physician
médico
library
biblioteca
librarian
bibliotecario
electricity
electricidad
electrician
electricista
-or
donate
donar
donor
donante
direct
dirigir
director
director
Examples:
The director did great work.
El director hizo un trabajo fantástico.
A tailor made this custom-made suit for me.
Un sastre me hizo este traje a la medida.
I would like some sparkling water, please.
Me gustaría un poco de agua con gas, por favor.
We need to call an electrician today.
Necesitamos llamar a un electricista hoy.
I saw some ducklings in the lake.
Vi algunos patitos en el lago.
It was quite a revolutionary movie.
Fue una película bastante revolucionaria.
The Elegant Universe is a very interesting documentary.
El Universo Elegante es un documental muy interesante.
The librarian recommended some very interesting books to me.
El bibliotecario me recomendó algunos libros muy interesantes.
She says he has an imaginary friend.
Ella dice que él tiene un amigo imaginario.
Lección 30.3
Modal Verbs: Have To and Need To
Need to - tener que
It expresses an obligation. We can use this verb instead of have to as it has the same meaning.
This verb works as a modal verb. We use this verb as follows:
I need to leave. Tengo que irme.
The optician told me I need to wear glasses.
El oculista me dijo que necesito usar lentes.
My cousin is a physician.
Mi primo es doctor.

I needn't leave.
No tengo que irme.
Negative
We DON'T use to in the negative.
We will keep studying its use in future lessons.
Notice
When we use this verb as a regular verb, it's a different meaning. It means necesitar.
I need scissors.
Necesito unas tijeras.
Do I need scissors?
¿Necesito tijeras?
So be careful about the difference:
You need to be at work on time every day.
Tienes que llegar al trabajo puntual todos los días.
I need to finish my thesis by next Monday.
Tengo que terminar mi tesis para el próximo lunes.
My friends need to find a house in California, they are moving there next week.
Mis amigos tienen que encontrar una casa en California, se mudarán allí la próxima semana.
I need some bread, where can I buy it?
Necesito algo de pan, ¿dónde puedo comprarlo?
She needs a knife to peel the fruit, can you give her one?
Ella necesita un cuchillo para pelar la fruta, ¿puedes darle uno?
My friends need a car. Do you think they could rent one in town?
Mis amigos necesitan un carro. ¿Crees que pueden rentar uno en la ciudad?
It's important to know the verb need with the meaning necesitar can also follow the following structure:
subject verb infinitive complement
I need to have something to eat Necesito tener algo para comer
I didn't need to study Yo no necesitaba estudiar.
She needs to have a shower Ella tiene que darse un baño
subject verb I.O. infinitive complement
She doesn't need you to help her Ella no necesita que tú le ayudes
Mum needs me to go shopping Mamá necesita que vaya de compras
My friends need you to teach them Mis amigos necesitan que les enseñes.
Notice
The difference depends on the way you use the verb:
- When you use it as a regular verb, supported by an auxiliary verb (do, does, didn't, etc.), it means necesitar.
She doesn't need you to help her.
Ella no necesita que tú le ayudes.
- When you use the verb as a modal verb without an auxiliary verb, it means tener que.
She needs to take a shower.
Ella tiene que darse un baño.

Lección 30.4
Must Versus Can
Affirmative Negative
Logical Deduction must cannot
Must
We use must as a logical deduction. In other words, you think something happens in a certain way because it is logical
according to the information you have.
Example:
You know your father works from 8:30 am till 2:00pm and it's 10:00am. So, based on the information you have, you can say:
My father must be at work.
Mi padre debe estar en el trabajo.
You can also make a negative logical deduction:
When you do a negative logical deduction, you use cannot.
Example:
It's 15:00 and you know, according to your logical deduction, that he shouldn't be there anymore, so you say:
My father cannot be at work.
Mi padre no puede estar en el trabajo.
Examples:
Michael is travelling by plane today at 4:30pm and it's 3:30pm so:
He must be at the airport.
Él debe estar en el aeropuerto.
He cannot be in the plane.
Él no puede estar en el avión.
My friend is having a test at 10:00am and it's 9:30am so:
She must be at school.
Ella debe estar en el colegio.
She cannot make it to the test because her class starts in an hour.
Ella no puede llegar a su examen porque su clase comienza en una hora.
My father is meeting my grandma at 6:00pm and it's 5:45pm so:
He must be on the way.
Él debe estar de camino.
He cannot be with her.
Él no puede estar con ella.
Sheila will have a piano lesson at 2:00pm and after that she will have a tea with Mike. It's 4:00pm so:
She must be with Mike.
Ella debe estar con Mike.
She cannot be at her piano lesson.
Ella no puede estar en su clase de piano.
Angela is coming into town in the afternoon, but before she is cleaning her home. It's noon so:
She must be at home.
Ella debe estar en casa.
She cannot be in town.
Ella no puede estar en la ciudad.
Mary is having a picnic with Ruth at 12:00pm. It's 12:30pm so:
They must be together.
Ellas deben estar juntas.
Mary cannot be at home.
Mary no puede estar en casa.
Jonathan is playing a football match at 6:00pm and it's 6:30pm so:
He must be at the match.
Él debe estar en el partido.
He cannot be at school.
Él no puede estar en el colegio.

My friends are having a party at 10:30pm and it's 11:00pm so:
They must be at the party.
Ellos deben estar en la fiesta.
They cannot be in the movie theater.
Ellos no pueden estar en el cine.
Lección 30.5
Idioms and Proverbs XIII
Idioms
A wolf in sheep's clothing - somebody is not as pleasant as he/she appears to be
The thief looked nice, but he was a wolf in sheep's clothing.
El ladrón parecía agradable, pero era un lobo con piel de oveja.
I never thought Tom was so evil, but he is a wolf in sheep's clothing.
Nunca habría pensado que Tom fuese tan malo, es un lobo con piel de oveja.
To take someone under one's wing - to give somebody protection
He learned so much because the teacher took him under his wing.
Él aprendió tanto porque era el protegido del profesor.
John took the boy under his wing because he was in trouble.
John protegió al muchacho porque estaba en problemas.
To separate the wheat from the chaff - to separate good things from bad
You need to make your choice about staying abroad and separate the wheat from the chaff.
Tienes que elegir sobre quedarte en el extranjero y separar la paja del grano.
I have to make up my mind about my next step and separate the wheat from the chaff.
Tengo que decidir mi próximo paso y separar la paja del grano.
Dog days - the hottest days in summer
The weather was terrible when we went to Africa in June. We were in the dog days of summer.
El clima estuvo horrible cuando fuimos a África en junio. Estuvimos en los días más calurosos del verano.
It's a dog day today. I cannot believe we are at 40 degrees.
Es un día caluroso hoy. No puedo creer que estemos a 40 grados.
To have one's back to the wall - to be in a hard situation
Finally, his wife found out everything and he had his back to the wall.
Finalmente, su esposa lo averiguó todo y lo puso entre la espalda y la pared.
When his mother knew about the matter, she had her back to the wall.
Cuando su mamá se enteró del asunto, la puso entre la espalda y la pared.
Vocabulary
envy
envidiar
depress
deprimir
get depressed
deprimirse
astonishment
asombro
astonish
asombrar
astonished
asombrado
be satisfied
contentarse
dissatisfied with
descontento con
be surprised
sorprenderse
Lección 30.6
New In Many Ways
When something is new, it can actually mean several things:
Recently discovered or created:

advanced
The scientists are testing their most advanced invention.
Los científicos están probando su invento más avanzado.
current
This magazine always shows many current fashion trends.
Esta revista siempre muestra muchas tendencias de moda actuales.
fresh
The company hired me because they said my ideas were very fresh.
La compañía me contrató porque dijeron que mis ideas eran muy frescas.
ground-breaking
The M theory is actually a ground-breaking discovery.
La teoría M es realmente un descubrimiento rompedor.
latest
Let's go to the movie theater. I want to watch Hugh Jackman's latest movie.
Vamos al cine. Quiero ver una de la última película de Huge Jackman.
modern
She always wears quite modern clothes.
Ella siempre viste ropa bastante moderna.
recent
Jorge Bucay's most recent book is brilliant.
El libro más reciente de Jorge Bucay es fantástico.
ultra-modern
The place is an ultra-modern restaurant, it's interesting.
El lugar es un restaurante ultramoderno, es interesante.
up-to-date
They sell the most up-to-date computers on High Street.
Ellos venden las computadoras más modernas en la calle principal.
up-to-the-minute
You find the most up-to-the-minute information in the net.
Encuentras la información más actualizada en Internet.
Not used before:
brand new
I cannot afford a brand new car.
No me puedo permitir un carro de primera mano.
fresh
She wrote some notes on a fresh page in her diary.
Ella escribió algunas notas en una página nueva de su diario.
unused
You can wear this suit at the wedding, I bought it, but it's unused.
Puedes ponerte este traje en la boda, lo compré, pero está sin usar.
Unfamiliar:
different
They tried a completely different idea to attract tourists.
Ellos intentaron una idea completamente diferente para atraer a los turistas.
novel
Edgar Allan Poe's novels are his best work.
Las historias novelas de Edgar Allan Poe son lo mejor de su trabajo.
original

She is a creative and original girl, so she works as a designer.
Ella es una muchacha creativa y original, así que trabaja como diseñadora.
strange
I was alone in a strange country. I missed my family so much!
Estaba solo en un país extraño. ¡Extrañaba tanto a mi familia!
unaccustomed
The girl was unaccustomed to going shopping without her parents.
La muchacha no tenía la costumbre de ir de compras sin sus padres.
unfamiliar
He heard unfamiliar sounds and so he got up and checked the house.
Él escuchó sonidos poco familiares así que se levantó a revisar la casa.
unknown
That unknown boy was her cousin.
Aquel muchacho desconocido era su primo.
Lección 30.7
Semantic Field: To Say III
Natter - talking casually for a long time about unimportant things
I met Peter at the King's Inn last night, we were nattering for hours.
Me encontré con Peter en el King's Inn anoche, estuvimos charlando horas.
My older sister thinks nattering is a waste of time.
Mi hermana mayor piensa que charlar es una pérdida de tiempo.
Explain - make something clear
The teacher explained it to me again and again, but I haven't understood it yet.
El profesor me lo explicó una y otra vez, pero todavía no lo he entendido.
My friend explained the lesson to me yesterday.
Mi amigo me explicó el tema ayer.
Babble - talking in a confused or excited way
My sister was so nervous about her last test that she was babbling all day long.
Mi hermana estaba muy nerviosa por su último examen que estaba parloteando todo el día.
I couldn't stop babbling on about how much I loved my wedding dress.
No podía dejar de parlotear acerca de cuanto me encantó mi vestido de novia.
Mutter - speaking very quietly because you are complaining
I wish I looked like her - Greta muttered to herself.
Desearía verme como ella - Greta se murmuró a ella misma.
Can you be quiet, please? - the man muttered to the group.
¿Pueden guardar silencio, por favor? - murmuró el hombre al grupo.
Remark - saying something more about the topic of conversation
I am not going anywhere tonight - John remarked.
No voy a ningún lado esta noche - remarcó John.
You are not going to Daisy's, you're doing your homework - dad remarked.
Tú no vas a casa de Daisy, vas a hacer tu tarea - remarcó papá.
Note - bringing people's attention to something
Tom noted that his visa was only valid for two months.
Tom notó que su visado solo era válido para dos meses.

John noted that Sheila's tent is too small for four people.
John notó que la casa de campaña de Sheila es muy pequeña para cuatro personas.
Announce - saying something nobody knows
I am pregnant, but I am not getting married - my sister announced.
Estoy embarazada, pero no me voy a casar - anunció mi hermana.
I am going to study at Cambridge University next year - I announced.
Voy a estudiar en la Universidad de Cambridge el próximo año - anuncié.
Assert - saying something is true
She was really worried about you - my friend asserted.
Ella estaba realmente preocupada por ti - afirmó mi amigo.
We are at war - the Prime Minister asserted.
Estamos en guerra - afirmó el Primer Ministro.
Lección 30.8
Mustn't versus Don't Have to
Prohibition Lack of Obligation
mustn't don't have to
Mustn't
We translate it as está prohibido. It should not be translated as no deber. This verb means something is forbidden. It's
frequent to find it with the subject You. It implies a general view when in Spanish we usually use a sentence with no
subject.
You must not smoke.
Está prohibido fumar.
At a psycological level
Tú no debes fumar implies it's a moral level, but you can do it without an important consequence. It's just your choice.
Está prohibido fumar implies the law doesn't allow you to do it or it's a rule in the place you are, so the consequence
is an important one. It's a prohibition and not a moral choice.
Examples:
You mustn't go into this room.
Está prohibido entrar en este cuarto.
You mustn't use the telephone.
Está prohibido usar el teléfono.
You mustn't line up here.
Está prohibido hacer fila aquí.
You mustn't advertise on this wall.
Está prohibido pegar publicidad en esta pared.
You mustn't wait in this area, go to the waiting room.
Está prohibido esperar en esta zona, vaya a la sala de espera.
You mustn't play soccer in the park.
Está prohibido jugar fútbol en el parque.
Don't Have to
We translate the verb don't have to as No tener que + infinitivo. It means you don't have an obligation or there is a lack
of obligation.
You don't have to help me today at home, darling, you can play with your friends.
Tú no tienes que ayudarme hoy en casa, cariño, puedes jugar con tus amigos.
I don't have to work tomorrow; we can go to the swimming pool.
No tengo que trabajar mañana; podemos ir a la piscina.

At a psycological level
There's a lack of obligation, but it doesn't mean you cannot do it. You are free to do it.
At home:
- Mum: You don't have to clean anything, dear, it's fine.
- Child: I'll do it in anyway, Mum, I don't want you to work that much.
- Mum: As you like.
With friends:
- Henry: We are having a party at home next Saturday, are you coming?
- Oscar: Yes, brilliant. Shall I bring anything?
- Henry: No, don't worry. You don't have to. It's fine.
Note: Oscar could take some beers, chips, etc. It's not a prohibition; it's just a lack of obligation.
Vocabulary
herbalist
hierbería
foodstuffs
productos
alimenticios
flavour with
aromatizar con
simmer
cocer a fuego lento
sliced
en rebanadas
sour
ácido
sweet and sour
agridulce
sweeten
endulzar
vegetarian
vegetariano
ingredients
ingredientes
portion
pedazo
food mixer
batidora
mixture
mezcla
tinned food
comida en lata
bottled food
comida envasada
Lección 30.9
Must in the negative form
As you learnt before, the verb must has got different uses. There are different ways to make its negative form. Let's
learn them.
 Must Not or Mustn't
We use it when it involves a moral duty. As you already know, it means está prohibido.
 Don't have to
It is used when we want to say no tener que.
I don't have to buy any food for tomorrow's trip.
No tengo que comprar comida para el viaje de mañana.
I must buy some food for tomorrow's trip.
Debo comprar algo de comida para el viaje de mañana.
 Cannot
We use it when it involves a logical deduction. As you already know, it means es imposible, no puede ser.
This university cannot be hard.
Esta universidad no puede ser difícil.
This university must be really hard.
Esta universidad debe ser realmente difícil.
You mustn't take a shower before 8:00.
Está prohibido bañarse antes de las 8:00.
You must take a shower before 8:00.
Debes bañarte antes de las 8:00.

Examples:
I must work hard if I want to get that promotion.
Debo trabajar duro si quiero obtener ese ascenso.
I don't have to work hard tomorrow.
No tengo que trabajar duro mañana.
You must be in your room early at night.
Debes estar en tu cuarto temprano por la noche.
You mustn't be out late at night.
Está prohibido que estés fuera hasta tarde por la noche.
It must be an old car.
Debe ser un carro viejo.
It cannot be an old car.
No puede ser un carro viejo.
He has passed his test, he must be happy.
Él ha aprobado su examen, debe estar contento.
He has passed his test, he cannot be disappointed.
Él ha aprobado su examen, no puede estar decepcionado.
You must get up before 8:00 in the morning.
Debes levantarte antes de las 8:00 de la mañana.
You mustn't get up after 8:00 in the morning.
Está prohibido levantarse después de las 8:00 de la
mañana.
You must tidy your room every day.
Debes ordenar tu cuarto todos los días.
You don't have to tidy your room every day.
No tienes que ordenar tu cuarto todos los días.
Lección 31.0
Prepositional Verbs and Adjectives XII
Translate into - traducir a
I cannot translate this sentence into French. Can you help me?
No puedo traducir esta frase al francés. ¿Puedes ayudarme?
I am translating a very interesting book from Spanish into English.
Estoy traduciendo un libro muy interesante de español a inglés.
Worry about - preocuparse de
Stop worrying about me. I know what I am doing.
Deja de preocuparte por mí. Yo sé lo que hago.
I am not worrying about it. It makes no sense.
No me estoy preocupando de ello. No tiene sentido.
Pay for - pagar algo
I paid for the meal because I wanted to invite you.
Pagué la comida porque quería invitarte.
Liza is very responsible. She pays her rent every month.
Liza es muy responsable. Ella paga su alquiler cada mes.
Remind of - recordarte a algo/alguien
He reminded me of my brother. He speaks very similar to him.
Él me recordó a mi hermano. Habla muy parecido a él.
My mother reminded me of my duties. She is very strict.
Mi mamá me recordó mis obligaciones. Ella es muy estricta.
Happen to - ocurrir que, suceder que
My friend happened to be there when they were gossiping about me.
Pasó que mi amigo estaba allí cuando ellos estaban chismorreando sobre mí.
It happened to be true. I couldn't believe it.
Pasó que era verdad. Yo no podía creerlo.

Lección 31.1
British versus American English III: What Are You Wearing?
UK USA DEFINITION
anorak parka It protects you against rain and has got a hood
mackintosh raincoat It protects you against rain
windcheater windbreaker It protects you against wind
briefs, underpants (jockey) shorts It protects your genitals
nappy diaper Babies need this because they don't go to the toilet
vest undershirt You wear this shirt under your clothes when it's cold
shoelace shoestring You tie your shoes with it
gym shoes,
plimsolls, slippers
sneakers They are light and you use them in gymnastics
blue jeans dungerees People associate them with cowboys
plus-fours knickers golfers' trousers
tights panty hose Women use them for their legs when they are wearing a dress or a skirt
trousers pants, slacks You wear them on your legs
turn-ups cuffs Some trousers have one near your feet
zip zipper You close your trousers with it
dressing-gown bathrobe You wear it over your pyjamas when you are at home
dungaerees overalls It's a trouser with a part for your chest as well
jumper slipover It's an informal jacket
pyjamas pajamas You wear it to go to bed
lounge suit business suit You wear it in formal situations
waistcoat vest It's similar to a jacket, but sleeveless
braces suspenders You use them to hold your trousers instead of a belt
hair grip, kirby grip bobby pin Women use it in their hair
hair slide barrette Women use it to decorate their clothes or hair
handbag purse, pocket book Women always carry one, they have their make-up, tissues, wallet,… in it
suspender belt garter belt Women use it to hold their tights
suspenders garters Women use this type of tights with a garter belt
make-to-measure custom made A tailor makes clothes for you
clothes peg clothes pin You use it to hang your clothes after washing them
haberdashery notions You buy zips, ribbons, buttons,… here
label tag You see the size, price,… here
Lección 31.2
Take + Noun + Preposition
Take advantage of - tomar ventaja de algo
She took advantage of her beauty and got the job.
Ella sacó ventaja de su belleza y consiguió el trabajo.
She took advantage of her brother and got the car.
Ella se aprovechó de su hermano y consiguió el carro.
He took advantage of his co-worker and got the promotion.
Él sacó ventaja de su compañero de trabajo y consiguió el ascenso.
Take/ make profit of - sacar beneficios
When he made the business deal, he took a profit.
Cuando hizo ese trato, él obtuvo ganancias.
The world crisis didn't affect the company. They made a profit last year.
La crisis mundial no afectó la compañía. Ellos tuvieron ganancias el año pasado.

My friend took a profit when he sold his car.
Mi amigo tuvo ganancias cuando vendió su carro.
He had to close the firm because it didn't make any profits.
Él tuvo que cerrar la empresa porque no obtenía ganancias.
Take offence at - ofenderse
I had to apologize to Joan. She took offense at my comment last night.
Me tuve que disculpar con Joan. Ella se ofendió anoche con mi comentario.
I didn't take offense with you. I just wasn't happy that night.
Yo no me ofendí contigo. Simplemente no estaba feliz esa noche.
Mike took offense with you because you were rude to him.
Mike se ofendió contigo porque fuiste grosero con él.
Take part in - tomar parte en algo
Take place - transcurrir, ocurrir
The demonstration took place in front of the World Trade Center.
La manifestación ocurrió adelante del World Trade Center.
I didn't go with you because I didn't want to take part in the parade.
No fui contigo porque no quería tomar parte del desfile.
Terry didn't take part in the fight because he is a very peaceful person.
Terry no tomó parte en la pelea porque él es una persona muy pacífica.
Take care of - tener cuidado de, cuidar
She took care of me when I was sick.
Ella me cuidó cuando estaba enferma.
I'm taking care of my sister tonight.
Cuidaré a mi hermana esta noche.
You don't need anybody to take care of you. You are a grownup.
No necesitas que alguien cuide de ti. Tú eres un adulto.
Vocabulary
baggage allowance
equipaje permitido
baggage reclaim
recoger equipaje
holiday resort
centro turístico
package holiday
viaje organizado
ambassador
embajador
embassy
embajada
consulate
consulado
street map
callejero
ecotourism
ecoturismo
tourist information office
oficina de turismo
tour operator
operador turístico
tour around
visitar
tourism
turismo
tourist
turístico
Lección 31.3
Sentence Structure
Sentence Structure
We can find different sentence structures in English. You already know this structure:
Subject verb complements Traducción
I drink water Yo bebo agua
Mum cleans the house Mamá limpia la casa
Peter cooks every day Peter cocina todos los días

We can find more structures in English:
Subject intransitive verb Traducción
He has died El ha muerto
The box blew up La caja estalló
The man came in El hombre entró
Subject transitive verb direct object (D.O.) Traducción
I have bought some clothes He comprado algo de ropa
He is reading the newspaper El está leyendo el periódico
I am waiting for my friend Estoy esperando a mi amigo
Subject verb direct object complement of the D.O. Traducción
He made me cry El me hizo llorar
They painted the house green Ellos pintaron la casa de verde
They named the boy Oscar Ellos llamaron al niño Oscar
Subject verb I.O. D.O. traducción
I told him to phone you Le dije que te llamara
Mum asked me a lot of questions Mi mamá me preguntó muchas preguntas
Grace gave him a book Grace le dio un libro
Most of the verbs can also follow this structure:
Subject verb D.O. to I.O.
They showed the flat to me Ellos me mostraron el piso
Mike brought some presents to Jenny Mike le trajo algunos regalos a Jenny
Notice
These are the six basic sentence structures in English. We can add other elements after them as Time Complement,
Place Complement or other adverbs, but they always follow one of these structures.
Lección 31.4
Inversión del Sujeto
You know the normal sentence order in English is Subject + Verb + Complement. However, there are some
expressions that we can place at the beginning of the sentence. When we place these expressions at the beginning of the
sentence, we change the normal order (Subject + Verb) into Verb + Subject.
Hardly - apenas
Hardly had you phoned when she came in.
Apenas habías llamado cuando entró ella.
Hardly was he leaving when I arrived.
Apenas se estaba yendo él cuando yo llegué.
Hardly is he trying when you shout to him.
Apenas lo está intentando cuando le gritas.
No sooner ___ than - tan pronto como, no más que
No sooner had I finished work than you phoned me.
No había hecho más que terminar el trabajo cuando llamaste.
No sooner had he gone than we needed his help.
Tan pronto como se hubo ido, necesitamos su ayuda.

No sooner had he started working than his sister was bothering him.
Tan pronto como él estaba trabajando su hermana lo estaba molestando.
Simple Present or Simple Past
When the verbal tense is a Simple Present or Simple Past, we place the auxiliary verb before the subject:
No sooner had he called than you asked me for him.
Tan pronto como llamó, me preguntaste por él.
Hardly do you ask for the menu when the waiter is here.
Apenas preguntas por el menú cuando el mesero está aquí.
In vain - en vano
In vain do I try again and again.
En vano lo intento una y otra vez.
In vain did we study so much.
En vano estudiamos tanto.
In vain has he come today.
En vano ha venido él hoy.
In vain is Miriam helping that girl.
En vano está Miriam ayudando a esa muchacha.
Only – solamente
Only with some advice will he be able to do this task.
Solamente con algo de consejo será capaz él de hacer esta tarea.
Only with your effort can you improve your skills.
Solamente con esfuerzo puedes mejorar tus habilidades.
Only with my friends will I go to that party.
Solamente con mis amigos iré a esa fiesta.
Only working hard will he get good results.
Solamente trabajando duro conseguirá buenos resultados.
Under – bajo
Under no circumstances will I try that.
Bajo ninguna circunstancia probaré eso.
Under no pressure does he stop.
Bajo ninguna presión él para.
Under no excuse can you stay in today.
No puedes quedarte en casa hoy bajo ningún pretexto.
Under no problem must you worry.
Bajo ningún problema debes preocuparte.
Vocabulary
knuckle : nudillo
nipple : pezón
flesh : carne
calf : pantorrilla
breast : seno
thigh :muslo
gums :encías
lap :regazo
abdomen :abdomen
belly :vientre
groin : ingle
Lección 31.5
Suggestions : Let's, Why Don't?, What About?, Could?, Couldn't?
When we want to suggest something, we can use different forms:
 Let's
It's the contraction of the verb let + the pronoun us. The verb let means permitir. When we use it this way, we can
translate it as vamos. We use the structure: let's + infinitive (without to).
Let's watch a movie.
Vamos a ver una película.
Let's go to the beach tomorrow.
Vamos a la playa mañana.
Let's take a walk later.
Vamos a dar un paseo más tarde.
Let's make dinner, it's getting late.
Vamos a hacer la cena, se está haciendo tarde.

 Why don't...?
We translate it as ¿Por qué no...? As you can see, it's a negative question.
Why don't you try this?
¿Por qué no pruebas esto?
Why doesn't he buy a car?
¿Por qué no se compra él un carro?
 What about + verb -ing? / how about + verb -ing?
We translate it as ¿Qué tal si? We always add a verb + -ing after about.
What about having dinner out?
¿Qué tal si cenamos fuera?
How about going to a concert?
¿Qué tal si vamos a un concierto?
I need a plumber. What about the guy we used last year?
Necesito un plomero. ¿Qué tal si llamamos al tipo del año pasado?
How about helping Jane tonight?
¿Qué tal si ayudamos a Jane esta noche?
 Could?
We translate it as ¿Podría?, ¿Podrías?, ¿Podríamos?, etc. We can also use this verb to give suggestions.
We could have something to eat.
Podríamos tomarnos algo de comer.
She could go with her friend.
Ella podría ir con su amiga.
They could sleep at home.
Ellos podrían dormir en casa.
We could eat out tomorrow.
Podríamos comer fuera mañana.
 Couldn't?
We can also use it in a negative interrogative sentence.
Couldn't you go by bus?
¿No podrías ir en bus?
Couldn't she help you?
¿No podría ayudarte ella?
Couldn't you come home later?
¿No podrías venir a casa más tarde?
Couldn't we go to the movie theater?
¿No podríamos ir al cine?
Lección 31.6
False Friends III
Billion - mil millones
Trillion – billon
Last year McDonalds sold a billion hamburgers.
El año pasado McDonalds vendió mil millones de hamburguesas.
That old man is very wealthy. His company earns over a billion euros per year.
Ese hombre mayor es muy rico. Su compañía gana más de mil millones de euros al año.
Camp - campamento
Countryside – campo
The kids are spending one month in a camp next summer.
Los niños van a pasar un mes en un campamento el próximo verano.
I love walking in the field when I'm in the countryside.
Me encanta andar por el campo cuando estoy en el campo.
Why don't we go to the beach?
¿Por qué no vamos a la playa?
Why don't we look for a nicer apartment?
¿Por qué no buscamos un piso más bonito?

College - facultad
School - colegio
High School – instituto
My college is famous worldwide. There are many foreign students.
Mi facultad es famosa por todo el mundo. Hay muchos estudiantes extranjeros.
My younger sister is at school. She is eleven years old.
Mi hermana pequeña está en el colegio. Tiene 11 años.
I will be teaching in a high school when I finish university.
Estaré enseñando en un instituto cuando termine la universidad.
Content - satisfecho
Happy - contento
The coach was really content with the result of the match.
El entrenador estaba realmente satisfecho con el resultado del partido.
I'm always happy on weekends.
Siempre estoy contento los fines de semana.
Exigency - necesidad
Demand – exigencia
Having enough food was an exigency difficult to fulfill at the beginning of the twentieth century.
Tener suficiente comida era una necesidad difícil de cubrir a principios del siglo veinte.
I'm not going to pay attention to his demands.
No voy a prestarle atención a sus exigencias.
Familiar - familiar adj.
Relative - relativo noun
Do I know you? Your face is very familiar to me.
¿Te conozco? Tú cara me es muy familiar.
This is Francis. She's my relative. She's my cousin's daughter.
Esta es Francis. Es familiar mía. Es la hija de mi primo.
Notice - anuncio
News - noticia
Advertisement/ad – anuncio
Have you watched the news on TV? Something is happening in Italy.
¿Has visto las noticias en la tele? Algo está ocurriendo en Italia.
Don't you see the notice? You can read: Non-smoking Area.
¿No ves el anuncio? Puedes leer: Zona de No fumadores.
We should talk it over before making a decision.
Deberíamos discutirlo antes de tomar una decisión.
Have you seen this ad? You can get a new cell for free.
¿Has visto este anuncio? Puedes conseguir un nuevo teléfono gratis.
Fabric - tejido

Factory – fábrica
I love your sweater. It's very soft. Which fabric is it made of?
Me encanta tu suéter. Es muy suave. ¿De qué tejido está hecho?
My mom worked in a shoe factory, but she isn't working now.
Mi mamá trabajaba en una fábrica de zapatos, pero ella no está trabajando ahora.
Marmalade - mermelada de cítricos
Jam – mermelada
I don't really like orange marmalade. It tastes weird.
Realmente no me gusta la mermelada de naranja. Sabe raro.
I like having a toast with jam and butter in the morning.
Me gusta tomarme una tostada con mermelada y mantequilla por la mañana.
Lección 31.7
Collocations I
To be to – planear / tener que / haber de
He is to get married next week.
Él se va a casar la próxima semana.
They are to get up early.
Ellos se tienen que levantar temprano.
Mike was to live in that city.
Mike había de vivir en esa ciudad.
To get one's own back – vengarse
He made me cry, but I got my own back.
Él me hizo llorar, pero me vengué.
I don't want to get my own back because it's nonsense.
No quiero vengarme porque no tiene sentido.
Kate got her own back when she slept with that guy.
Kate se vengó cuando durmió con ese tipo.
To be about to – estar a punto de
Don't leave, please. Mr. Johnson is about to arrive.
No se vaya, por favor. El señor Johnson está a punto de llegar.
I'm waiting because I know Charles is about to call.
Estoy esperando porque sé que Charles está a punto de llamar.
I was about to leave when you phoned.
Estaba a punto de irme cuando llamaste.
Keep one's word – cumplir la palabra
You can trust him. He always keeps his word.
Puedes confiar en él. Siempre cumple su palabra.
I kept my word and took the children to the zoo.
Cumplí mi palabra y llevé a los niños al zoo.
You said you were helping me. Now you keep your
word.
Dijiste que ibas a ayudarme. Ahora cumples tu palabra.
To be in charge of – ser responsable de algo / estar a cargo
My father was in charge of the animals in the farm.
Mi padre estaba a cargo de los animales de la granja.
The teacher is in charge of the students in the class.
El profesor está a cargo de los estudiantes de la clase.
I'm in charge of my younger sister when we are alone.
Estoy a cargo de mi hermana menor cuando estamos solas.

Vocabulary
anorak :chamarra
gym shoes : tenis
high heels : tacones
tracksuit : pants
waistcoat : chaleco
outfit : traje
nightdress : camisón
tights: leotardos
sleeve : manga
sleeveless : sin mangas
tasteful : de buen
gusto
well dressed : bien
vestido
raincoat :
impermeable
waterproof :
impermeable
Lección 31.8
Linkers I
Linkers are words that join two sentences together. You have already studied some of them before: but, and,
because... They can join different sentence structures at a syntactic level. They can be independent sentences that
complete their meaning to each other. These are the ones we use in a simple sentence.
However, sometimes, one of the sentences could depend on the other one. They not only complete their meaning to
each other, but one of them fulfills a syntactic function in the main sentence. It can be a Subject or any Complement.
We call these sentences Subordinate Clauses. We are studying the most important ones in this level of the course.
 Place subordinate clauses:
Where - donde
I went where you told me, but nobody was there.
Fui donde me dijiste, pero no había nadie allí.
I don't know where to sleep tonight. I need to book a hotel.
No sé dónde dormir esta noche. Necesito un hotel.
Wherever – dondequiera que
You can go wherever you feel like. It doesn't matter to me.
Puedes ir a donde quieras. No me importa.
I want to go wherever there's something to eat.
Quiero ir a donde quiera que haya algo de comer.
Wherever there's a party, Jane is there.
Donde quiera que hay una fiesta, Jane está allí.
 Time subordinate clauses:
Once – una vez que
Once you arrive at the train station, take a taxi to McLonge Gate.
Una vez que llegues a la estación de tren, toma un taxi a McLonge Gate.
I called once I had finished my duties.
Te llamé una vez que hube terminado mis obligaciones.
Once you left, he didn't talk to me anymore.
Una vez que te fuiste, él no me habló más.
Whilst – mientras
I am cutting the ingredients whilst Michael is making the sauce.
Estoy cortando los ingredientes mientras Michael está haciendo la salsa.
They were listening whilst you were talking about your job.
Ellos estaban escuchando mientras tú estabas hablando sobre tu trabajo.
When - cuando
He made up his mind when you talked to him.
Él tomó su decisión cuando tú hablaste con él.

He was shouting when I saw him.
Estaba gritando cuando lo vi.
Whenever – siempre que
I travel whenever I can do it.
Viajo siempre que puedo.
You can call me whenever you like.
Puedes llamarme siempre que quieras.
She lies whenever she has the chance to do it.
Ella miente siempre que tiene la oportunidad de hacerlo.
Lección 31.9
Sound
Sound - sonido
I heard sounds outside and I opened the window to have a look.
Escuché sonidos fuera y abrí la ventana para echar un vistazo.
I thought it was a strange sound, but it was my brother playing guitar.
Pensé que era un ruido extraño, pero era mi hermano tocando la guitarra.
I sat and listened to the sound of the river all day.
Me senté y escuché el sonido del río todo el día.
I can hear the sound of the sea from my window.
Puedo escuchar el sonido del mar desde mi ventana.
Noise - ruido
I heard some noises downstairs so I got up to see what was happening.
Escuché algunos ruidos en la parte de abajo y me levanté para ver qué pasaba.
The kids are making a lot of noise. Can you tell them to be quiet, please?
Los niños están haciendo mucho ruido. ¿Puedes decirles que se calmen, por favor?
Don't make noise, please. I'm trying to study in my room.
No hagas ruido, por favor. Estoy intentando estudiar en mi cuarto.
Noise - estruendo
Oh, gosh! What an awful noise! I think the violin is not for you.
¡Oh, dios! ¡Qué horrible ruido! Creo que el violín no es para ti.
The cars are making a terrible noise this morning and I have a headache.
Los carros están haciendo un horrible ruido esta mañana y tengo dolor de cabeza.
What's this noise? Sorry, mom, I broke some plates.
¿Qué es este ruido? Lo lamento, mamá, rompí algunos platos.
There was a terrible noise, so I went outside and saw a car had crashed.
Hubo un ruido horrible, así que salí afuera y vi que un carro se había estrellado.
Racket - jaleo
There was an amazing racket yesterday because we had won the match.
Hubo un jaleo sorprendente ayer porque habíamos ganado el partido.
What's this racket? I think the neighbors are having a party.
¿Qué es este jaleo? Creo que los vecinos están haciendo una fiesta.
Your friends are making a terrible racket with their instruments.

Tus amigos están haciendo un horrible jaleo con sus instrumentos.
There is a terrible racket in the street because this pub is playing a concert.
Hay un horrible jaleo en la calle porque este pub está haciendo un concierto.
Bang - estrepito, explosión
We heard a bang because the door had closed in the wind.
Oímos un estrépito porque la puerta se había cerrado con el viento.
I heard some bangs when I finished the experiment.
Escuché algunas explosiones cuando terminé el experimento.
There was a bang when they tested the bomb.
Hubo un estrépito cuando ellos probaron la bomba.
We heard a bang and went outside; there had been an accident.
Oímos un estrépito y fuimos fuera; había habido un accidente.
Rustle - susurro , crujido
I heard the rustle of the leaves while I was walking in the forest.
Escuchaba el crujido de las hojas mientras andaba por el bosque.
We didn't hear the movie because this guy was making a rustle with some bags.
No escuchábamos la película porque este tipo estaba haciendo un crujido con algunas bolsas.
I heard the rustle of some papers while I was taking my test.
Escuché el crujido de algunos papeles mientras hacía mi examen.
Didn't you hear a rustle? Perhaps the window is open.
¿No escuchaste un susurro? A lo mejor la ventana está abierta.
Lección 32.0
Should versus Ought To
Should - debería
Ought to – debería
They are the conditional form of the verb must. They work as every modal verb does:
You should go home.
Deberías irte a casa.
You shouldn't go home.
No deberías irte a casa.
Should you go home?
¿Deberías irte a casa?
He should look for a job.
Él debería buscar un trabajo.
He shouldn't look for a job.
Él no debería buscar un trabajo.
Should he look for a job?
¿Debería él buscar un trabajo?
I ought to find a new house.
Yo debería encontrar una nueva casa.
I oughtn't to find a new house.
Yo no debería encontrar una nueva casa.
Ought I to find a new house?
¿Debería encontrar una nueva casa?
Mike ought to study harder.
Mike debería estudiar más.
Mike oughtn't to study harder.
Mike no debería estudiar más.
Ought Mike to study harder?
¿Debería Mike estudiar más?
Notice
As you can see they both work in the same way and have the same meaning. However, should is more common than
ought to.

Must, Should and Ought To:
Must has the strongest meaning. Should and ought to are weaker. In other words, when you give an advice, if you use
the word should, it won't be as strong as must.
You must study harder.
Debes estudiar más.
You should study harder.
Deberías estudiar más.
Examples:
He should get up earlier.
Él debería levantarse más temprano.
I ought to go to bed.
Yo debería irme a la cama.
My sister should be careful.
Mi hermana debería tener cuidado.
My friend oughtn't to worry.
Mi amigo no debería preocuparse.
Lección 32.1
Will, Would and Shall
You already know will and would. However, we are studying them deeper in this lesson.
Will and Would
Will - we use it to express the future.
Would - we use it as a conditional. Remember that the conditional expresses a theory.
However, these are not their only uses and translations. We can also translate these verbs as querer when we want to
ask something in a formal way or make an invitation:
Will you have a cup of tea?
¿Te apetece un té?
Would you give me an application form, please?
¿Querría darme una solicitud, por favor?
Will you come to the party?
¿Quieres venir a la fiesta?
Would you share our meal?
¿Querrías comer con nosotros?
Will you hand me a paper, please?
¿Quiere pasarme un periódico, por favor?
Would you come to the movie theater?
¿Querrías venir al cine?
Shall
It is an old form for will. Most of its forms disappeared during the language evolution and nowadays it's not very
common to use it. It works exactly as will:
I shall go with you.
Iré contigo.
I shall not go with you.
No iré contigo.
Shall I go with you?
¿Iré contigo?
Notice
The negative form of shall is: shan't.
I shan't help you.
Yo no te ayudaré.
Its most typical use is in the first person. We use it to make suggestions or offerings and to ask for instructions and
permission.
I shall help you.
Te ayudaré. Shall I go with him?
¿Debo ir con él?
I shall try it.
Yo lo intentaría.

Examples:
I shall open the window.
Abriré la ventana.
Will you come to the concert?
¿Te quieres venir al concierto?
Shall I help you with dinner?
¿Te ayudo con la cena?
Would you join the gym?
¿Te querrías apuntar al gimnasio?
Shall I walk her home?
¿La acompaño a casa?
Will you help me with my math test?
¿Quieres ayudarme con mi examen de Matemáticas?
Shall I turn on the heating?
¿Enciendo la calefacción?
Will you have a milkshake?
¿Quieres una malteada?
Lección 32.2
Preposiciones: Beside, Besides, Toward
beside junto a - al lado de
besides - - además
toward(s) hacia hacia hacia
Beside
The church is beside High Park. It's opposite the school.
La iglesia está al lado de High Park. Está frente al colegio.
When he stands beside you, he looks so short.
Cuando él está parado a tu lado, se ve bajo.
She sits beside Frank because she likes him.
Ella se sienta al lado de Frank porque le gusta.
The cat is beside the main door.
El gato está al lado de la puerta principal.
Besides
He is studying languages. Besides, he wants to travel.
Él está estudiando idiomas. Además, él quiere viajar.
Besides Lucy, you are the fastest runner.
Además de Lucy, tú eres la corredora más rápida.
He was a good student. Besides, he liked to teach.
Él era un buen estudiante. Además, le gustaba enseñar.
He works as a waiter. Besides, he is studying at university.
Él trabaja de mesero. Además, está estudiando en la universidad.
Toward(s)
UK vs US
toward - En inglés americano.
towards - En inglés británico.
His interest toward this subject is high.
Su interés hacia esta materia es alto.
He was driving towards the tree because he wasn't paying attention.
Él estaba manejando hacia el árbol porque él no estaba poniendo atención.

I was walking towards the church when I found a little lost dog.
Yo estaba andando hacia la iglesia cuando me encontré un pequeño perro perdido.
His opinion toward the matter is quite different from mine.
Su opinión sobre el asunto es bastante diferente a la mía.
I walked towards the bridge because I thought we were going home.
Andé hacia el puente porque pensé que íbamos a casa.
Vocabulary
blood test
análisis de sangre
blood donor
donante de sangre
blood pressure
tensión arterial
isolate a patient
aislar a un enfermo
outpatients'
servicio de consulta externa
therapist
terapeuta
physiotherapist
fisioterapeuta
psychiatrist
psiquiatra
psychologist
psicólogo
psychiatric hospital
psiquiátrico
mental hospital
hospital psiquiátrico
intensive care
cuidados intensivos
Lección 32.3
Phrasal Verbs: Make Out, Put Off, Use Up, Turn Off
Make out - understand
After his speech, I made out his true feelings.
Después de su discurso, entendí sus verdaderos sentimientos.
I've made out the unit because you have helped me.
He comprendido el tema porque tú me has ayudado.
When he saw her behavior at work, he made out her problem.
Cuando él vio su comportamiento en el trabajo, comprendió su problema.
Put off - postpone
My boss has put the meeting off. He says we aren't ready.
Mi jefe ha pospuesto la reunión. Dice que no estamos preparados.
The theater company has put the show off because the main actress is ill.
La compañía de teatro ha pospuesto el espectáculo porque la actriz principal está enferma.
The teacher has put the test off because he thinks that we need more time to study.
El profesor ha pospuesto el examen porque él cree que necesitamos más tiempo para estudiar.
Use up - completely used
I have bought new pens because I used mine up.
He comprado plumas nuevas porque gasté los míos.
My sister is buying sugar because we used it all up in the cake.
Mi hermana está comprando azúcar porque la gastamos toda en el pastel.
Tom needs some paper because he has used it up.
Tom necesita papel porque lo ha gastado.
Turn off - repulse
I was enjoying my dinner, but the staff's behavior turned me off.
Estaba disfrutando mi cena, pero el comportamiento de la plantilla me echó para atrás.
The guy seemed nice, but his comments on abortion turned me off.
El tipo parecía simpático, pero sus comentarios sobre el aborto me echaron para atrás.
Wendy went back home because your manners turned her off.
Wendy se fue a casa porque tus modales la echaron para atrás.

Lección 32.4
Word Formation XIV
-ant
assist
atender
assistant
ayudante
count
contar
accountant
contador
protest
protestar
protestant
protestante
-ee
employ
emplear
employee
empleado
train
entrenar
trainee
aprendiz
refuge
refugio
refugee
refugiado
interview
entrevista
interviewee
entrevistado
-ive
intense
intenso
intensive
intensivo
talk
platicar, hablar
talkative
platicador
relate
relacionar
relative
familiar
attract
atraer
attractive
atractivo
-ess
tiger
tigre
tigress
tigresa
-age
advance
avanzar
advantage
ventaja
mail
correo
postage
franqueo
cover
cubrir
coverage
cobertura
-al
arrive
llegar
arrival
llegada
nature
naturaleza
natural
natural
survive
sobrevivir
survival
supervivencia
Examples:
He called me at his arrival.
Él me llamó a su llegada.
That insurance doesn't give you much coverage.
Ese seguro no te da mucha cobertura.
Don't eat food that contains a lot of chemicals. It's better to eat natural foods.
No comas comida que contenga muchos sustancias químicos. Es mejor comer comida natural.
host
anfitrión
hostess
anfitriona
god
dios
goddess
diosa

All the interviewees should wait in this room.
Todos los entrevistados deberían esperar en este cuarto.
The sales assistant showed me a lot of scarves, but I didn't like them.
La asistente de ventas me enseñó muchas bufandas, pero no me gustaban.
Lección 32.5
Used To
When we talk about repeated actions in our lives, habits, we usually use the Simple Present tense with adverbs of
frequency:
I usually play chess in the evening.
Yo normalmente juego al ajedrez por la noche.
My sister sometimes makes lunch for the family.
Mi hermana a veces hace el almuerzo para la familia.
Henry doesn't go to the movie theater very often.
Henry no va al cine muy frecuentemente.
Amelie always gets up earlier than me.
Amelie siempre se levanta antes que yo.
When we want to talk about past habits in our lives, we use the modal verb used to + infinitive verb. We translate it
as soler.
Elaine used to ask me a lot of questions.
Elaine solía preguntarme muchas preguntas.
Terry used to come home every weekend.
Terry solía venir a casa cada fin de semana.
My cousin used to call me once a week.
Mi primo solía llamarme una vez a la semana.
I used to go to a concert every Saturday night.
Yo solía ir a un concierto cada sábado por las noches.
This verb works as a normal verb and not as a modal verb, so use it in Simple Past tense:
I used to play with dolls when I was a child.
Solía jugar con muñecas cuando era niña.
I didn't use to play with dolls when I was a child.
No solía jugar con muñecas cuando era niña.
Did you use to play with dolls when you were a child?
¿Solías jugar con muñecas cuando eras niña?
We also express the idea of a repeated action in a past time:
My father used to go fishing when we lived in the countryside.
Mi padre solía ir a pescar cuando vivíamos en el campo.
I didn't use to get up early in summer when I was a student.
No solía levantarme temprano en verano cuando era estudiante.
Did you use to have breakfast at home when you were at university?
¿Solías desayunar en casa cuando estabas en la universidad?
When we use this verb, we imply that we don't do the action anymore:
I used to walk to school with my brothers.

Solía ir caminando al colegio con mis hermanos.
He used to go to the fields every afternoon.
Él solía ir al campo cada tarde.
Examples:
I used to go to school in the mornings.
Solía ir al colegio por las mañanas.
My grandma didn't use to walk properly.
Mi abuela no solía andar correctamente.
He used to have headaches every day.
Él solía tener dolor de cabeza diario.
She used to obey her parents.
Ella solía obedecer a sus padres.
I used to be back home early every weekend.
Yo solía volver temprano a casa cada fin de semana.
Jane didn't use to pay attention in class.
Jane no solía prestar atención en clase.
Did Moira use to tell you everything?
¿Solía Moira contártelo todo?
Vocabulary
crow
cacarear
beak
pico
peacock
pavo real
pigeon
paloma
young pigeon
pichón
swallow
golondrina
sparrow
gorrión
seagull
gaviota
pheasant
faisán
Lección 32.6
Clauses: An Introduction to Relative Clauses - That
We sometimes have two sentences as the following ones:
I saw a woman yesterday. She is your neighbor.
Vi a una mujer ayer. Ella es tu vecina.
We can join these two sentences by using the word that (que) between them. Look:
I saw a woman yesterday that is your neighbor.
Vi a una mujer ayer que es tu vecina.
Notice
We always place the relative pronoun that instead of another person, an animal or a thing.
I saw a woman yesterday that is your neighbor.
Vi a una mujer ayer que es tu vecina.
In our example we substitute the subject (she) of the second sentence for the relative pronoun (that), which is working
as the subject of the second sentence.
We can use this word that after some verbs to introduce a new sentence:
I said that it was a lie.
Dije que era una mentira.
I knew that this would happen.
Sabía que esto ocurriría.
They told me that you were coming.
Ellos me dijeron que tú venías.
Mike understood that it had been a misunderstanding.
Mike comprendió que había sido un malentendido.
My friends believed that they were right.

Mis amigos creían que ellos tenían razón.
It means that you'd rather wait here.
Quiere decir que mejor esperes aquí.
Notice
If there is a person or subject after the word that, it means it is not working as the subject. It is working as an object.
When the word that does not function as the subject, we can take it out:
I said it was a lie.
Dije que era una mentira.
He thinks you are very clever.
Él piensa que tú eres muy lista.
I knew this would happen.
Sabía que esto ocurriría.
They told me you were coming.
Ellos me dijeron que tú venías.
Mike understood it had been a misunderstanding.
Mike comprendió que había sido un malentendido.
My mom decided this was her best choice.
Mi mamá decidió que esa era su mejor opción.
My friends believed they were right.
Mis amigos creían que ellos tenían razón.
It means you'd rather wait here.
Quiere decir que mejor esperes aquí.
Remember this is just an introduction for you to be able to use the relative clauses and get used to them. It may be
difficult for you to understand at the beginning, but we are studying them again in further lessons. Just keep these basic
rules in mind.
Lección 32.7
Idioms and Proverbs XIV
Proverbs
When you look at the teapot, the water never boils - Cuando miras la tetera, el agua nunca hierve. Es decir, no por
querer que algo se cumpla, se hará antes.
I am waiting for Mike to call me, but I can't wait any longer.
Estoy esperando que Mike me llame, pero ya no puedo esperar.
You know, when you look at the teapot, the water never boils.
Ya sabes, cuando miras la tetera, el agua nunca hierve.
I'm looking forward to going on vacation, but my boss doesn't say anything.
Estoy deseando irme de vacaciones, pero mi jefe no dice nada.
Girl, when you look at the teapot, the water never boils.
Nena, cuando miras la tetera, el agua nunca hierve.
To rain cats and dogs - Llover a cántaros
We stayed in last night because it was raining cats and dogs.
Nos quedamos en casa anoche porque estaba lloviendo a cántaros.
I am taking my umbrella because it's raining cats and dogs.
Estoy tomando el paraguas porque está lloviendo a cántaros.
Rome was not built in a day - Roma no se hizo en un día
I want to become a lawyer, but I need to study for many years.
Quiero ser abogada, pero tengo que estudiar muchos años.
Well, Rome wasn't built in a day.
Bueno, Roma no se hizo en un día.
My friend wants his relationship to be perfect from the beginning, but Rome wasn't built in a day.
Mi amigo quiere que su relación sea perfecta desde el principio, pero Roma no se hizo en un día.
Enough is as good as a feast - Lo breve si bueno, dos veces bueno
We really enjoyed the dinner, it was a kind of short, but enough is as good as a feast.

Realmente disfrutamos la cena, fue un poco corta, pero lo bueno si breve dos veces bueno.
It was a brilliant evening with him, I thought about staying longer, but enough is as good as a feast.
Fue una noche fantástica con él, pensé en quedarme más rato, pero lo bueno si breve dos veces bueno.
Better late than never - Mejor tarde que nunca
My father decided to go back to school this year. Better late than never.
Mi papá decidió regresar al colegio este año. Mejor tarde que nunca.
I have never learned English; I want to do it, better late than never.
Nunca he aprendido inglés; quiero hacerlo, mejor tarde que nunca.
As quick as lightning - Rápido como el viento, rápido como un rayo
I told him I wanted tea and he made it as quick as lightning.
Le dije que quería un té y lo hizo rápido como el viento.
I called her and she came as quick as lightning.
La llamé y vino rápida como el viento.
Vocabulary
bark
corteza
branch
rama
bud
brote
twig
ramita
willow
sauce
oak
roble
elm
olmo
ash tree
fresno
moss
musgo
daisy
margarita
carnation
clavel
sunflower
girasol
weed
mala hierba
pollen
polen
petal
pétalo
rose bush
rosal
thorn
espina
stem
tallo
Lección 32.8
Good in Many Ways
We can use the word good in many different ways:
We can say something is good in quality:
 acceptable (aceptable)
The company's standards of quality are acceptable.
Los estándares de la compañía son aceptables.
 awesome (impresionante)
It's an informal word
The movie has some awesome special effects.
La película tiene algunos efectos especiales guays.
 first-class (primera clase)
Kingfisher's is a first-class airline, you'll enjoy it.
Kingfisher's es una aerolínea de primera clase, lo disfrutarás.
 first-rate (de primera)
The hotel offers first-rate accommodation.
El hotel ofrece un alojamiento de primera clase.
 splendid (espléndido)
You have such a splendid view from your apartment's balcony. It's breathtaking.
Tienes una espléndida vista desde el balcón de tu piso. Es impresionante.

 superb (magnífico)
He has a superb selection of wines, you'll see it.
Él tiene una selección de vinos extraordinaria, lo verás.
 brilliant (brillante, fenomenal)
It was a brilliant party, everybody was there.
Fue una fiesta fantástica, todo el mundo estaba allí.
We can say we had a good experience:
 agreeable (agradable)
We had an agreeable evening with our neighbors.
Tuvimos una noche agradable con nuestros vecinos.
 delightful (delicioso, encantador)
We spent a delightful few hours in the waterfall.
Pasamos unas cuantas horas deliciosas en la catarata.
 lovely (encantador, adorable)
It was a lovely summer in the countryside.
Fue un verano encantador en el campo.
 pleasant (simpático, agradable)
I had a very pleasant weekend at that hotel.
Tuve un fin de semana agradable en ese hotel.
 satisfactory (satisfactorio)
The results of my final exam were satisfactory.
El resultado de mi examen final fue satisfactorio.
We can say something has a beneficial effect:
 advantageous (ventajoso)
The agreement will be advantageous to all of us.
El acuerdo será ventajoso para todos nosotros.
 beneficial (beneficioso)
The new law will be beneficial to the poor people.
La nueva ley será beneficiosa para la gente pobre.
 favourable (favorable)
This business opportunity will be favorable for us.
Esta oportunidad de negocio será favorable para nosotros.
 healthy (saludable)
I drink a lot of water because it's very healthy.
Tomo mucha agua porque es muy saludable.
 positive (positivo)
She always has a positive attitude.
Ella siempre tiene una actitud positiva.

We can say something is morally virtuous:
commendable (encomiable)
She shows a commendable attitude towards her life.
Ella muestra una actitud recomendable hacia su vida.
decent (decente)
No decent person would have done that.
Ninguna persona decente habría hecho eso.
ethical (ético)
He prides himself of his ethical attitude.
Él se enorgullece de su actitud ética.
honest (honesto)
John is not being honest with himself if he believes he can get that job.
John no está siendo honesto consigo mismo si cree que puede obtener ese trabajo.
honourable (honorable)
He was awarded as an honorable citizen for his work.
Él fue premiado como un ciudadano honorable por su trabajo.
righteous (honrado, correcto)
He is a very righteous person and is always polite.
Él es una persona honrada y siempre es educado.
upright (recto)
My granddad is a morally upright man.
Mi abuelo es un hombre moralmente correcto.
worthy (digno)
Your idea is worthy of consideration. Thank you!
Tu idea es digna de considerarse. ¡Gracias!
virtuous (virtuoso)
The Monks live a virtuous life that involves a lot of meditation.
Los monjes viven una vida virtuosa que involucra mucha meditación.
Lección 32.9
Semantic Field: To Walk I
Step - when you step, you move your feet to change your location
I stepped carefully over the stones because I didn't want to fall down.
Di pasos cuidadosamente sobre las piedras porque no quería caerme.
He stepped into the house slowly because everybody was sleeping.
Él entró a pasos en la casa despacio porque todo el mundo estaba dormido.
Wander - you walk with no specific direction
I wandered around the park for a while because I wanted to relax.
Paseé un rato por el parque porque quería relajarme.
He wandered around the neighborhood to get used to the places.
Él paseo por la vecindad para acostumbrarse a los sitios.

Tiptoe - you walk without putting your heels on the ground
Sandra tiptoed around the room because she was practicing ballet.
Sandra andaba de puntillas por el cuarto porque estaba practicando ballet.
William tiptoed because he didn't want to wake his parents up.
William anduvo de puntillas porque no quería despertar a sus padres.
Toddle - you walk with quick, short steps. This is a word to describe children
My daughter toddles towards me all the time.
Mi hija camina a tropezones hacia mí todo el tiempo.
My sister can toddle now. She still falls down. It's very cute.
Mi hermana está dando ahora sus primeros pasos. Ella todavía se cae. Es muy tierno.
Pace - you walk up and down a small area when you are usually anxious or impatient
My father paced up and down because he was nervous.
Mi padre daba vueltas de un lado para el otro porque estaba nervioso.
If you stopped pacing, you would feel better.
Si dejaras de dar vueltas de un lado para el otro, te sentirías mejor.
March - you walk quickly and in a determined way. It sometimes means the person is angry
She marched into the office and asked to see the manager.
Ella entró decidida en la oficina y pidió ver al manager.
My brother marched into my room and shouted at me.
Mi hermano entró decidido en mi cuarto y me gritó.
Lección 33.0
To be used to versus To get used to
To be used to - estar acostumbrado
It isn't a modal verb, it works as a regular verb. It works the same way as to be able to.
subject verb to be used to verb -ing complement
I am used to getting up early Estoy acostumbrado a levantarme temprano
She was used to studying at home.
Ella estaba acostumbrada a estudiar en casa.
To get used to – acostumbrarse
It works the same way as to be used to.
subject verb to get used to verb -ing complement
I got used to studying for my exams
I got used to studying for my tests.
Me acostumbré a estudiar para mis exámenes.
She will get used to cooking.
Ella se acostumbrará a cocinar.
I got used to watching a movie every evening before going to bed.
Me he acostumbrado a ver una película cada noche antes de irme a
dormir.
I will never get used to eating English meals.
Nunca me acostumbraré a comer las comidas inglesas.
My parents will be used to surfing the net.
Mis padres estarán acostumbrados a surfear el Internet.
My friends have never been used to chatting.
Mis amigos nunca han estado acostumbrados a charlar.

Notice
The most important difference among these verbs is the verb after them. Pay attention:
Solía
used to infinitive
I used to work very hard
Estar acostumbrado
be used to -ing
I am used to getting up early
Acostumbrarse
get used to -ing
She will get used to cooking
Examples:
I used to work very hard.
Solía trabajar muy duro.
She is used to working hard.
Ella está acostumbrada a trabajar duro.
He is getting used to working hard.
Él se está acostumbrando a trabajar duro.
My sister used to be late.
Mi hermana solía llegar tarde.
Helen is used to being late.
Helen está acostumbrada a llegar tarde.
I'm not getting used to being late.
Yo no me estoy acostumbrando a llegar tarde.
Tony used to drive carefully.
Tonny solía manejar cuidadosamente.
My friend is used to driving carefully.
Mi amigo está acostumbrado a manejar cuidadosamente.
I have gotten used to driving carefully.
Me he acostumbrado a manejar cuidadosamente.
Vocabulary
realtor
agente inmobiliario
real estate agency
inmobiliaria
resident
residente
residents' association
comunidad de vecinos
settle
instalarse
tenant
inquilino
mortgage
hipoteca
owner
propietario
for sale
se vende
Lección 33.1
Modal Verbs in The Past Tense
You already know some modal verbs have a Past Tense:
I had to study harder.
Tuve que estudiar más.
She didn't use to play with her brothers.
Ella no solía jugar con sus hermanos.
Meg didn't have to help me, I did it myself.
Meg no tuvo que ayudarme, lo hice sola.
The modal verbs that don't have a Past Tense can also express a past event. They do it by using a Perfect Infinitive, that
is, they add a form using the Present Perfect after:
I could have done it.
Yo podía haberlo hecho.
She must have worked a lot.
Ella debe haber trabajado mucho.
We always choose a modal verb in the past tense when it's available:
Present ability
I can sing.
Yo puedo cantar.
Past ability
I could sing.
Yo podía cantar.
Past perfect ability
I could have sung.
Yo podía haber cantando.

It expresses something that is already done or undone, a past event that cannot change now.
Moral duty in the present
I must go now.
Debo irme ahora.
Moral duty in the past
I must have gone.
Debí haber ido.
It expresses the same uses the modal verb has, but in a past time.
Notice
You SHOULD NEVER use has in these cases. Remember you can only change the first verb in a verbal tense. The
first verb in this verbal tense is always the modal verb. Modal verbs NEVER add an -s for the third person. You cannot
use it in the second verb:
WRONG: Paul must has phoned you
CORRECT: Paul must HAVE phoned you
Paul must have phoned you.
Paul debió haberte llamado.
WRONG: Laura must has cleaned the house
CORRECT: Laura must HAVE cleaned the house
Laura must have cleaned the house.
Laura debió haber limpiado la casa.
Remember you are using a Perfect Infinitive and not a Present Perfect. You cannot add an -s to a Perfect Infinitive as
you cannot add an -s to an to infinitive.
When the verb doesn't have a Past Tense as it's the case in must, you translate it in the Past:
I must make dinner now.
Debo hacer la cena ahora.
I must have woken you up last night. I apologize.
Debí haberle despertado anoche. Discúlpame.
Examples:
I should have worried less. I knew everything would work out well.
Debería haberme preocupado menos. Yo sabía que todo saldría bien.
You could have washed-up.
Tú podías haber lavado los platos.
He might have hurt himself when he fell down.
Él podía haberse lastimado cuando se cayó.
The girl could have fallen down.
La niña podía haberse caído.
William ought to have paid more attention.
William debería haber prestado más atención.
You must have helped your sister.
Tú debías haber ayudado a tu hermana.
They could have had an accident.
Ellos podían haber tenido un accidente.
Lección 33.2
Preposiciones: Despite, Unlike, But for, Close to
despite - - a pesar de
unlike - - diferente a
but for - - a no ser por, excepto
close to cerca de cerca de cerca de
Despite - a pesar de
They decided to go ahead with the plan despite their requests to stop.
Ellos decidieron seguir adelante con el proyecto a pesar de sus solicitudes de parar.

He is a good cook despite his bad manners.
Él es un buen cocinero a pesar de sus malos modales.
He loves her despite her changing mood.
Él la ama a pesar de su humor cambiante.
I went to work despite my illness.
Fui a trabajar a pesar de mi enfermedad.
Unlike- diferente a, a diferencia de, poco característico
It's unlike him to be late.
Es poco característico de él llegar tarde.
Their worldwide success is unlike any other.
Su éxito por todo el mundo es muy diferente a cualquier otro.
But for - a no ser por, except
We would have arrived on time but for Frank. He got lost trying to find your house.
Nosotros habríamos llegado a tiempo de no ser por Frank. Él se perdió intentando encontrar tu casa.
I wouldn't have passed that test but for Julie. She explained everything to me.
Yo no habría aprobado ese examen a no ser por July. Ella me lo explicó todo.
I wouldn't have known the answers but for my friend. He told me what to write.
Yo no habría sabido las respuestas a no ser por mi amigo. Él me dijo que escribir.
Close to - cerca de
I finish classes around six. We can meet close to half past six if you want.
Termino las clases sobre las seis. Podemos quedar cerca de las seis y media si quieres.
My house is close to the park, so I usually walk there in the afternoon.
Mi casa está cerca del parque, así que normalmente ando allí por la tarde.
I am close to making a decision, but I need to meditate about it a bit longer.
Estoy cerca de tomar una decisión, pero necesito meditarlo un poco más.
Lección 33.3
British versus American English IV: Telephoning
U.K. U.S.A. DEFINITION
ring up call,
phone
To use the phone to talk to a person
give someone a call, a ring, a bell give someone a buzz Make a quick phone call
blower horn A telephone
to call the speaking clock to call time You phone to know the time
directory enquiries information You want to know a phone number
reverse charge call collect You phone a person and this person gets charged
telegram wire A message with just a few words
personal call person-to-person You ask the operator to let you speak
dialling codes area codes International and national codes
to put through to connect A secretary may do this
phone,
call box
pay station A public coin-operated telephone
trunk call long distance To call somebody that is outside your city
answer phone answering machine A machine to record voice messages
Your glasses are close to the dictionary, don't you see them?
Tus lentes están cerca del diccionario, ¿No las ves?

Lección 33.4
Take + Noun + Preposition II
Take an interest in - interesarse por algo
She took an interest in history when she had already taken her test.
Ella se interesó por la historia cuando ya había hecho su examen.
I have taken an interest in tennis because I like sports.
Me he interesado por el tenis porque me gustan los deportes.
My mother has taken an interest in my studies and keeps asking questions about it.
Mi mamá se ha interesado por mis estudios y me hace muchas preguntas.
Take advice on - seguir el consejo de alguien en algo
Mike took my advice on his choice of a career because he trusts me.
Mike siguió mi consejo en su elección de una profesión porque confía en mí.
I have taken John's advice on my travel because he is an experienced traveler.
He seguido el consejo de John en mi viaje porque él es un viajero experto.
I always took my friends' advice because they know me well.
Siempre sigo el consejo de mis amigos porque me conocen bien.
Take responsibility for - responsabilizarse por algo
The firm took responsibility for their illegal actions.
La empresa tomo responsabilidad por sus acciones ilegales.
Ruth didn't want to take responsibility for her rude behavior.
Ruth no quería responsabilizarse de su comportamiento grosero.
Take pity on someone - apiadarse de alguien
I can't take pity on someone who is rude to everyone.
No puedo apiadarme por una persona que siempre es grosera con todos.
Samuel has taken pity on her because she is alone.
A Samuel le ha dado lástima porque ella está sola.
I took pity on the girl because she had no mother.
Me dio lástima la niña porque no tenía mamá.
Take a page out of someone's book - pasar página
I was worrying for nothing when I should have taken a page out of my own book.
Me estaba preocupando por nada cuando debería haber pasado página.
I took a page out of my own book when I did that job.
Pasé de página cuando realicé ese trabajo.
You should take a page out of your own book when it comes to relationships.
Deberías pasar la página en cuanto a relaciones se refiere.
Vocabulary
designer
diseñador
factory worker
obrero
technician
técnico
security guard
vigilante
steward
auxiliar de vuelo
receptionist
recepcionista
salesman
vendedor
laborer
obrero
interpreter
intérprete

Lección 33.5
Modal Verbs: A Revision
Now you know all the modal verbs. Let's see them altogether:
Past deduction
John must have called me but my cell ran out of battery.
John debió haberme llamado pero mi móvil se quedó sin batería.
Present ability
I can speak English fluently because I have lived in Dublin for two years.
Sé hablar inglés fluidamente porque he vivido en Dublín dos años.
Past ability
I could run faster last year because I didn't train this year at all.
Podía correr más rápido el año pasado por que este año no entrené nada.
Past event
I could have gone to the concert, but you didn't invite me.
Podía haber ido al concierto, pero no me invitaste.
Present possibility
I may go to the beach on Sunday, but I'm not sure. It depends on the weather.
Puede que vaya a la playa el domingo, pero no estoy seguro. Depende del clima.
Distant possibility-obligation
I might call Jenny, but I need to finish my work first.
Podría llamar a Jenny, pero tengo que terminar mi trabajo primero.
Obligation
I cannot go to the party because I have to look after my sister.
No puedo ir a la fiesta porque tengo que cuidar a mi hermana.
Challenge
Do you dare to tell your parents?
¿Te atreves a contárselo a tus padres?
Weak advice
You should talk to your boyfriend about your worries.
Deberías hablar con tu novio de tus preocupaciones.
Strong advice/suggestion
He must be telling the truth because he is always honest.
Él debe estar diciendo la verdad porque siempre es honesto.
Habit
Mike got used to listening to Sandra's complaints.
Mike se acostumbró a escuchar las quejas de Sandra.
Negative deduction
Esther cannot be at school, she is sick today.
Esther no puede estar en el colegio, está enferma hoy.
Habit

I am not used to walking without shoes at home.
No estoy acostumbrado a andar descalzo en casa.
Lack of obligation
Terry doesn't have to clean anything, she is a guest.
Terry no tiene que limpiar nada, ella es un huésped.
Past habit
Ruth used to chat with her friend after school while they were having tea.
Ruth solía charlar con su amiga después del colegio mientras se tomaban un té.
Past habit
Inma would get up early when she was in university.
Inma solía levantarse temprano cuando estaba en la universidad.
Offering
Would you like something to eat? I'm making lunch.
¿Quieres algo de comer? Estoy preparando el almuerzo.
Prohibition
You mustn't smoke inside the building.
Está prohibido fumar dentro del edificio.
Permission / informal
Can I sleep at Sheila's tonight?
¿Puedo dormir en casa de Sheila esta noche?
Permission / formal
May I use your pen, madam?
¿Podría usar su pluma, señora?
Lección 33.6
Impersonal Verbs I
You already know there are some verbs with no subject in Spanish, but these verbs need a subject in English. These
verbs always have an impersonal subject (it), they cannot have a personal one.
Some of these verbs are related to the weather:
- snow = it snows
- rain = it rains
- hail = it hails
- lighten = it lightnings
- freeze = it freezes
- thunder = it thunders
- drizzle = it drizzles
- thaw = it thaws
- dawn = it dawns
- get dark = it gets dark
We can also use some of these verbs as nouns with the same form:
- snow = the snow
- rain = the rain
- hail = the hail
- thunder = the thunder
- thunder = a thunderbolt
- thunder = a thunderclap
- drizzle = the drizzle
- thaw = the thaw
- dawn = the dawn
Some of them change their form to become nouns:
- to get dark = the darkness - to freeze = the frost - to lighten = the lightning
Remember these phrases using the word lightning:
- a flash of lightning - the flashes of lightning

There are some other verbs we can use with a personal and an impersonal subject:
look
It looks dangerous.
Parece peligroso.
They look happy.
Parecen felices.
grow
It grows quickly.
Crece rápido.
That child is growing very fast.
Ese niño está creciendo muy rápido.
happen
It happened to me last year.
Me ocurrió el año pasado.
They happen to be near.
Aconteció que estaban cerca.
seem
It seemed funny to me.
Me pareció divertido.
They seem to be right.
Parece que tienen razón.
begin
It began at half past five.
Empezó a las 17:30.
I began a new lesson.
Empecé una nueva clase.
become
It became true.
Se convirtió en realidad.
I became a lawyer.
Me convertí en abogado.
Vocabulary
drought
sequía
haze
neblina
heat wave
ola de calor
breeze
brisa
breezy
ventoso
close
cerrar
dull
apagado
humid
húmedo
icy
glacial
mild
templado
misty
con niebla
overcast
cubierto
sleet
agua nieve
blizzard
ventisca
cyclone
ciclón
gale
vendaval
gust
ráfaga de viento
hurricane
huracán
tornado
tornado
whirlwind
torbellino
Lección 33.7
What Do You Think About...?
When we need to give our opinion, our point of view, we can use several structures. Let's study them:
I think / I believe this is...
I think this is a very important issue to consider regarding the topic.
Creo que este es un asunto muy importante a considerar dado el tema.
I believe this is a good idea because we could go out tonight.
Creo que es una buena idea porque podríamos salir esta noche.
It seems to me...
It seems to me that this tradition does not exist in my country.
Me parece que esta tradición no existe en mi país.

It seems to me that you are studying an interesting subject.
Me parece que estás estudiando una materia interesante.
For me...
It's fine for me to have a drink because I don't have to work tomorrow.
Para mí está bien tomarnos una copa porque no tengo que trabajar mañana.
It's quite strange for me to not be able to smoke in a pub. I am not used to it yet.
Es bastante extraño para mí el no poder fumar en un bar. No estoy acostumbrado todavía.
I (definitely) (don't) think/feel...
I definitively don't think we should go by car.
Yo definitivamente no creo que deberíamos ir en carro.
She didn't feel like going home.
Ella no tenía ganas de irse a casa.
I (completely) disagree with...
I disagree with you about abortion. I don't think it's the only choice.
Yo estoy en desacuerdo contigo sobre el aborto. No creo que sea la única elección.
He completely disagrees with me. He thinks New York is the best place to live.
Él está completamente en desacuerdo conmigo. Él cree que Nueva York es el mejor lugar para vivir.
I (strongly) agree with...
I strongly agree with Sarah about her decision to leave.
Yo estoy completamente de acuerdo con Sarah en su decisión de irse.
My sister agrees with me about getting a new apartment.
Mi hermana está de acuerdo conmigo en conseguir un nuevo piso.
I must say...
I must say I don't think this is a good idea.
Debo decir que no creo que esto sea una buena idea.
I must say I think your point is wrong.
Debo decir que creo que tu punto de vista es erróneo.
In my opinion…
In my opinion, we should go back to the hotel.
En mi opinión, deberíamos volver al hotel.
In my opinion, they are good guys.
En mi opinión, ellos son buenos tipos.
From my point of view...
From my point of view, it doesn't make much sense.
Desde mi punto de vista, eso no tiene mucho sentido.
From my point of view, we should just enjoy it.
Desde mi punto de vista, simplemente deberíamos disfrutarlo.
As I see it...
As I see it, we can do it.
Como yo lo veo, podemos hacerlo.
As I see it, there is no reason for you to get angry.
Como yo lo veo, no hay razón para que te enfades.
I see your point...
I see your point, but that doesn't mean that I agree with it.
Entiendo tu punto de vista, pero eso no significa que esté de acuerdo.
I see your point, but I also see hers.
Entiendo tu punto de vista, pero también el de ella.

Vocabulary
the arts
artes
exhibition
exposición
showroom
sala de exposición
arts centre
centro cultural
fine arts
bellas artes
plastic arts
artes plásticas
contemporary
contemporáneo
modern
moderno
traditional
tradicional
masterpiece
obra maestra
work of art
obra de arte
sculpture
escultura
Lección 33.8
False Friends IV
Actual – real
Present – actual
Her present work implies speaking several languages.
Su trabajo actual implica hablar varios idiomas.
This is her actual name. She is lying.
Este es su nombre real. Ella está mintiendo.
Carbon – carbono
Coal – carbón
We have run out of coal for the fireplace. Can you get some?
Nos hemos quedado sin carbón para la chimenea. ¿Puedes conseguir un poco?
I made a carbon copy of your drawing.
Hice una copia con papel carbón de tu dibujo.
Argument – discusión
Plot – argumento
My friends had an argument last week and now they don't talk to each other.
Mis amigos tuvieron una discusión la semana pasada y ahora no se hablan.
The plot of A Midsummer's Night Dream is very funny. It's a fairy tale.
El argumento de Sueño de una Noche de Verano es muy divertido. Es un cuento de hadas.
Conductor – revisor, cobrador, director de orquesta
Driver - conductor
The conductor is coming. Where is your ticket?
El revisor viene. ¿Dónde está tu boleto?
The bus driver was driving very fast. I was frightened.
El chofer del autobús estaba conduciendo muy rápido. Yo estaba asustada.
Deception – engaño
Disappointment – decepción
I don't like people that use deception to get their aim.
No me gusta la gente que usa el engaño para conseguir su objetivo.
It was a terrible disappointment to him not to get any news from her.
Fue una terrible decepción para él no tener ninguna noticia de ella.
Firm – empresa
Signature – firma
I changed my signature because the other one was very childish.
Cambié mi firma porque la otra era muy infantil.

I'm working for a new firm next month in Berlin.
Voy a trabajar para una empresa nueva el próximo mes en Berlín.
Idiom– modismo
Language– idioma
I love learning new languages. It's very interesting to me.
Me encanta aprender nuevos idiomas. Es muy interesante para mí.
The verb To Make has a lot of idioms.
El verbo Hacer tiene muchos modismos.
Sensible– sensato
Sensitive – sensible
My older brother is very sensible and responsible.
Mi hermano mayor es muy sensato y responsable.
My friend is very sensitive. She always cries in the movies.
Mi amiga es muy sensible. Siempre llora en el cine.
Genial– afable
Ingenious – genial
Mark is a genial and caring boy. He's lovely.
Mark es un muchacho afable y cariñoso. Es encantador.
The principal's speech was really ingenious.
El discurso del director fue genial.
Lección 33.9
Collocations II
Lose one's temper – perder los nervios
I lost my temper when he told me such a big lie.
Perdí los nervios cuando me contó esa mentira tan grande.
She lost her temper because she is nervous.
Ella perdió los nervios porque está nerviosa.
I'm not losing my temper. I'm calm.
No estoy perdiendo los nervios. Estoy tranquila.
Get away with it – escaparse impunemente
The thief broke into the house, and he got away with it.
El ladrón entró en la casa, y se escapó impunemente.
I fought with my brother last night. I'm punished, but he got away with it.
Me peleé con mi hermano anoche. Estoy castigada, pero él se escapó impunemente.
I have failed five subjects; but my father is very busy and I've gotten away with it.
He suspendido cinco materias, pero mi padre está muy ocupado y me he escapado impunemente.
Pay attention (to someone or something) – prestar atención
Pay attention to the man you see on the screen.
Presten atención al hombre que ven en la pantalla.
Pay attention to me, please. I'm talking seriously.
Préstame atención, por favor. Estoy hablando en serio.

You never pay attention to the teacher, so you fail all the time.
Nunca le prestas atención al profesor, así que suspendes todo el tiempo.
Make sure – asegurarse
Make sure you have all your stuff before we leave.
Asegúrate de que tienes todas tus cosas antes de irnos.
I made sure I had my driver's license, but I cannot find it now.
Me aseguré de que tenía mi licencia de conducir, pero no puedo encontrarla ahora.
Have you made sure the door is closed?
¿Te has asegurado de que la puerta esté cerrada?
Get into trouble – meterse en líos
My brother got into trouble with the police because he was too drunk.
Mi hermano se metió en un lío con la policía porque estaba muy borracho.
I fulfill my duties because I don't want to get into trouble.
Cumplo mis obligaciones porque no quiero meterme en líos.
She got into trouble because she was on drugs.
Ella se metió en un lío porque se drogaba.
Vocabulary
apprentice
aprendiz
administrative assistant
administrativo
sales assistant
vendedor
employers' organization
patronal
self-employed
independiente
be self-employed
trabajar por cuenta propia
skilled
cualificado
unskilled
no cualificado
operate
manejar maquinaria
casual labor
trabajo eventual
casual laborer
jornalero
manage
gestionar
assistant manager
subdirector
office worker
oficinista
shoddy worker
chapucero
Lección 34.0
Linkers II
Now that – ahora que
Now that I have finished my course, I can rest a couple of weeks.
Ahora que he terminado mi curso, puedo descansar un par de semanas.
Now that Paul is here, we can leave.
Ahora que Paul está aquí, nos podemos ir.
I'm going to the beach now that it is sunny.
Voy a la playa ahora que está soleado.
Directly / immediately - encuanto que / enseguida
I called him because I was feeling blue and he came immediately.
Lo llamé porque estaba triste y vino inmediatamente.
Immediately after the party, they went home.
En cuanto la fiesta terminó, ellos se fueron a casa.
This road goes directly to Jane's house.
Esta carretera va directamente a la casa de Jane.

As long as – mientras que, todo el tiempo
As long as you are living here, you need to help keep the kitchen clean.
Mientras que vivas aquí, tú necesitas ayudar a mantener la cocina limpia.
I will stay with him as long as he needs to be in the hospital.
Me quedaré con él todo el tiempo que él necesite estar en el hospital.
You can watch television as long as you do your homework later.
Puedes ver la tele siempre y cuando hagas tu tarea después.
As – cuando, al mismo tiempo que
As you were watching the movie, we were playing chess.
Cuando tú estabas viendo la película, nosotros estábamos jugando al ajedrez.
They were chatting as you came into the room.
Ellos estaban conversando cuando entraste en el cuarto.
I'm reading a book as I'm baking an orange cake.
Estoy leyendo al mismo tiempo que horneo un pastel de naranja.
Mode subordinate clauses:
They are usually placed in a final position.
As – como si, del mismo modo
You look as if you have worked a lot today.
Te ves como si hubieses trabajado mucho hoy.
He meant it as an apology but he didn't actually say: I'm sorry.
Él quiso disculparse pero él no dijo literalmente: Lo lamento.
Do it as I'm telling you and you'll get a good result.
Hazlo como te estoy diciendo y conseguirás buenos resultados.
Vocabulary
hammer
martillo
hammer something into
clavar
nail
clavo
fix
reparar
glue
encolar
drill
taladro
electric drill
taladro eléctrico
needle
aguja
pin
alfiler
thumbtack
tachuela
safety pin
alfiler de seguridad
repair
reparación
screw
tornillo
screwdriver
desarmador
unscrew
desenroscar
saw
sierra
sawdust
serrín
tape
cinta adhesiva
tape measure
cinta métrica
spanner
llave de tuercas
Lección 34.1
Time II
To pass – pasar To elapse – transcurrir
To elapse es más formal y se usa normalmente en Presente Perfecto o Pasado Simple y sin adverbios :
Two years have elapsed since I finished my degree.
Dos años han transcurrido desde que terminé mi licenciatura.

Three weeks have elapsed since I left my job.
Tres semanas han transcurrido desde que dejé mi trabajo.
Two weeks have elapsed since I sent them my resume. I'm looking forward to knowing an answer.
Dos semanas han pasado desde que les envié mi CV. Estoy deseando saber una respuesta.
Five days have elapsed since I presented my project, but I don't know anything yet.
Cinco días han pasado desde que presenté mi proyecto, pero no sé nada todavía.
To pass es más informal y se utiliza con todas las formas verbales y adverbios :
Two years have passed since I had a relationship with him.
Dos años han pasado desde que tuve una relación con él.
Four weeks passed before we met again.
Cuatro semanas pasaron antes de que nos encontrásemos de nuevo.
Five days have passed since I talked to her, but she hasn't said anything to me yet.
Cinco días han pasado desde que hablé con ella, pero ella no me ha dicho nada todavía.
To take - tomar, llevar
It takes four hours to go to Galway from Dublin.
Te toma cuatro horas ir a Galway desde Dublín.
Take your time, we aren't in a hurry.
Tómate tu tiempo, no tenemos prisa.
It takes me one hour and a half to get ready for work every morning.
Me toma una hora y media prepararme para el trabajo cada mañana.
We don't have time to take a rest. We need to finish work in half an hour.
No tenemos tiempo para tomarnos un descanso. Necesitamos terminar el trabajo en media hora.
To last - tardar , durar
The batteries in my camera usually last about three months.
Las pilas de mi cámara normalmente duran tres meses.
The washing machine cycle lasts one hour and a half, so we can have coffee.
La lavadora tarda una hora y media, así que podemos tomarnos un café.
I'm waiting for my sister. She always lasts one hour to get ready to go out.
Estoy esperando a mi hermana. Siempre tarda una hora en prepararse para salir.
The oven lasts half an hour to cook chicken, so we are preparing some vegetables.
El horno tarda media hora en cocinar el pollo, así que estamos preparando las verduras.
To run - tardar, durar
That movie runs for three hours, so we are having dinner first.
Esa película dura tres horas, así que estamos tomando la cena primero.
My English lesson runs for two hours, I always get bored in the middle.
Mi clase de inglés dura dos horas, yo siempre me aburro en mitad.
My Saturday meeting runs for two hours, but I really enjoy it.
Mi reunión de los sábados dura dos horas, pero realmente la disfruto.
Her yoga classes run for two and a half hours, but she says she isn't tired of it.
Su clase de yoga dura dos horas y media, pero ella dice que no está cansada de ello.
To go on - durar (normalmente más de lo deseado o esperado)
Our meeting went on for three hours. It was too long for me.
Nuestra reunión duró tres horas. Fue demasiado larga para mí.

The test went on for two and a half hours, I was very tired when I finished.
El examen duró dos horas y media, yo estaba muy cansada cuando terminé.
The birthday party went on for ten hours, I forgot about the meeting.
La fiesta de cumpleaños duró diez horas, me olvidé de la reunión.
My father's talk went on for three hours. He didn't want me to leave.
La charla de mi padre duró tres horas. Él no quería que yo me fuese.
Lección 34.2
Conditional Sentences: An Introduction
A Conditional Sentence is a sentence with a condition. We use two sentences: one sentence establishes the condition
and the other one states the result of this condition.
Notice
- In Spanish we join these two sentences by using the
word si.
EXAMPLE: Si vienes conmigo, lo verás.
- In English we can use several words such as: if and
whether.
EXAMPLE: If you come with me, you will see it.
We can also use all these words:
providing - con tal que
providing that - con tal que
as long as - siempre y cuando
on condition that - a condición
de que
in case - por si
assuming that - asumiendo que
supposing that - suponiendo que
There are four if-type clauses, each of them refers to a moment in time (present, past,...) and each of them uses an
specific verbal tense. We always use a fixed verbal tense after the word if, but we have several choices for the other
sentence:
Examples in Spanish:
- Si vienes conmigo, lo verás - Si vienes conmigo, lo podrás ver - Lo verás si vienes conmigo
Let's start studying these sentences
Type O: True Statements
These sentences establish things that are always true. They don't change. They always happen in the same way.
Structure:
if simple present simple present
If it rains , the floor gets wet Si llueve, el suelo se moja
If you don't water a plant , it dies
If you mix yellow and blue , you get green
Notice
The word unless is used as well. We translate it as a menos que, si no.
It's the opposite of the word if. If we want to change an if-sentence into an unless-sentence, we would need to change
one verb from the affirmative into the negative or the other way round.
We are studying this word deeper in a following lesson.

Lección 34.3
Prepositional Verbs and Adjectives XIII
To be biased against/towards something/somebody - estar predispuesto a favor/en contra de algo
She was biased for Mark because she likes him.
Ella estaba predispuesta para Mark por que le gusta.
Her father is too biased for a fair competition.
Su papá está predispuesto para una competencia justa.
To boast about - alardear de
My brother always boasts about his intelligence.
Mi hermano siempre alardea de su inteligencia.
I don't like boasting about money. It's a foolish thing.
No me gusta alardear del dinero. Es una tontería.
To boss around/about – mangonear
My sister is always bossing me around, so I don't pay attention to her.
Mi hermana siempre me está mangoneando, por lo tanto no le presto atención.
My co-worker bosses everybody about. She thinks she does the best work.
Mi compañera de trabajo mangonea a todo el mundo. Piensa que hace el mejor trabajo.
To nose about/around in – fisgonear
I cannot stand Julie because she is always nosing about in my life.
No puedo aguantar a Julie porque siempre está fisgoneando en mi vida.
My mom was nosing around my room when I arrived home yesterday.
Mi mamá estaba fisgoneando mi cuarto cuando llegué a casa ayer.
To take notice of - hacer caso de
To take no notice of - no hacer caso de
I took no notice of his words because it was only his anger speaking.
No hice caso de sus palabras porque lo que hablaba era solo su enojo.
Take notice of your sister. She needs you to help her.
Hazle caso a tu hermana. Necesita que le ayudes.
To be engaged to someone - estar comprometido con alguien
My friend is engaged to a very handsome guy.
Mi amiga está comprometida con un tipo muy guapo.
Esther is engaged to Ralph. They are getting married next year.
Esther está comprometida con Ralph. Se van a casar el próximo año.
Lección 34.4
The Modal Verbs In The Progressive Tense
We can use some of the modal verbs in the Progressive Tense. We add a Progressive Infinitive after the modal verb. A
Progressive Infinitive is the verb to be without to + a verb in -ing: be drinking - estar bebiendo
Examples:
It may be happening now.
Puede estar ocurriendo ahora.
They must be studying.
Ellos deben estar estudiando.

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