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The Study Sr. Secondary School Badi, Udaipur Project to be submitted for the partial fulfillment of CBSE, Class XII, Practical Examination 2006-07 Recipe Of A Superconductor Submitted by:  Kartik Gupta Submitted to:  Mrs. Geetha Nair
Curriculum Vitae  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Certificate This is to certify that Mr.  Kartik Gupta  of Class XII has satisfactorily completed the course of experiments and the project report in practical Chemistry prescribed by the Central Board of Secondary Education in the laboratory of  The   Study Senior Secondary School, Udaipur   in the year  2006-07 .   Date :  Signature of the Teacher-in-charge  Signature of the Principal
Acknowledgement ,[object Object]
Preface ,[object Object],[object Object]
Recipe Of A Superconductor Above:  Crystal structure of YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7  - the so-called "1-2-3" superconductor
Contents ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
What is Superconductivity? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
A Brief History of Superconductivity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The Discovery of Superconduction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Graph Showing sudden drop in resistivity when the temperature of mercury is lowered to 4.5 K.
The Meissner Effect ,[object Object],[object Object]
Above:   The Meissner effect  - a superconducting sphere in a constant applied magnetic field excludes the magnetic flux.                                                                    
Theory of Superconduction ,[object Object],[object Object]
High Temperature Superconduction ,[object Object],[object Object]
Superconductivity Theory - Background
Electron Conduction Transport ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Above :  The Drude model : approximates the metal to a lattice of cations through which delocalised electrons flow.
For our purposes, it is necessary to adopt a modified instance of the Drude model, whereby the electrons are assumed to have zero electrical potential between the cations, but near the cations the potential is negative - that is, the free electron approximation outlined above is not adopted.  Above:  Abandoning the free electron approximation: the potential is negative near the cations and zero in the region between ions.
Electron-Phonon Interaction ,[object Object]
Above:   Lattice distortion:  around an electron causes an increase in positive charge density that will propagate along the lattice with the cation vibrations.
Recipe Of A Superconductor Making your own Superconductors
Making your own Superconductors ,[object Object]
Contents of the Recipe ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Equipment ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Method ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
1. Mixing the chemicals ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
2. Calcination ,[object Object],[object Object]
3. Intermediate firing(s) ,[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
4. The final oxygen annealing ,[object Object],[object Object]
Testing the superconductor ,[object Object],[object Object]
Applications of Superconductors ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Efficient Electricity Transportation ,[object Object],[object Object]
Magnetic Levitation ,[object Object]
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) ,[object Object]
Synchrotrons and Cyclotrons (Particle Colliders) ,[object Object]
Fast Electronic Switches ,[object Object]
Conclusion ,[object Object]
Bibliography And References ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The Study Sr. Secondary School Badi, Udaipur

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Making a Superconductor at Home or School!!

  • 1. The Study Sr. Secondary School Badi, Udaipur Project to be submitted for the partial fulfillment of CBSE, Class XII, Practical Examination 2006-07 Recipe Of A Superconductor Submitted by: Kartik Gupta Submitted to: Mrs. Geetha Nair
  • 2.
  • 3. Certificate This is to certify that Mr. Kartik Gupta of Class XII has satisfactorily completed the course of experiments and the project report in practical Chemistry prescribed by the Central Board of Secondary Education in the laboratory of The Study Senior Secondary School, Udaipur in the year 2006-07 . Date : Signature of the Teacher-in-charge Signature of the Principal
  • 4.
  • 5.
  • 6. Recipe Of A Superconductor Above: Crystal structure of YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 - the so-called "1-2-3" superconductor
  • 7.
  • 8.
  • 9.
  • 10.
  • 11.
  • 12. Graph Showing sudden drop in resistivity when the temperature of mercury is lowered to 4.5 K.
  • 13.
  • 14. Above: The Meissner effect - a superconducting sphere in a constant applied magnetic field excludes the magnetic flux.                                                                    
  • 15.
  • 16.
  • 18.
  • 19. Above : The Drude model : approximates the metal to a lattice of cations through which delocalised electrons flow.
  • 20. For our purposes, it is necessary to adopt a modified instance of the Drude model, whereby the electrons are assumed to have zero electrical potential between the cations, but near the cations the potential is negative - that is, the free electron approximation outlined above is not adopted. Above: Abandoning the free electron approximation: the potential is negative near the cations and zero in the region between ions.
  • 21.
  • 22. Above: Lattice distortion: around an electron causes an increase in positive charge density that will propagate along the lattice with the cation vibrations.
  • 23. Recipe Of A Superconductor Making your own Superconductors
  • 24.
  • 25.
  • 26.
  • 27.
  • 28.
  • 29.
  • 30.
  • 31.
  • 32.
  • 33.
  • 34.
  • 35.
  • 36.
  • 37.
  • 38.
  • 39.
  • 40.
  • 41.
  • 42. The Study Sr. Secondary School Badi, Udaipur