3. Welcome
How To
we this
went
from
this
In only 43 years
4. Overview
Module Learning Objectives
Chapter 1 - History of Rockets
• Identify historical facts about the Greeks,
Chinese and British, and their roles in the
development of rockets
• Describe America’s early contributions to the
development of rockets
• List the early artificial and manned rocket
launches ad their missions
6. Overview
Module Learning Objectives
Chapter 3 - Rocket Systems and Controls
• Identify the four major systems of a rocket
• Describe the purpose of each of the four major
systems of a rocket
• Define Payload
7. Chapter 1
History of Rockets
Greece: First Rocket Engine
• Hero designs steam-powered
engine that embodies basic
rocket engine principles
• Probably a toy if built at all,
never put to useful work
8. Chapter 1
History of Rockets
China: Gunpowder
• 1st century AD, Chinese invent gunpowder
• 1232, Chinese
& Mongols
use rockets as
“arrows of flying
fire”
• Sticks kept
rockets pointed
in one direction
9. Chapter 1
History of Rockets
England & France: Improvements
• Roger Bacon improves gunpowder
• Jean Froissart develops tube launcher
• Sir Isaac Newton develops laws of motion
• COL William Congreve increases range
• William Hale develops spin stabilization
Rockets red glare
10. Chapter 1
History of Rockets
Tsiolkovsky: Father of Modern Astronautics
• Proposed the idea of space exploration by rocket
• Proposed the first
liquid-propelled rocket
• Stated that only the
exhaust velocity of
escaping gases
limited the speed
and range of a rocket
11. Chapter 1
History of Rockets
Goddard: Father of Modern
Rocketry
• First successful flight of liquid
fuelled rocket in 1926 (fuelled
by liquid oxygen & gasoline)
• Developed multi-stage rockets
for higher altitudes
• Invented parachute recovery
system
• Developed first gyroscopic
guidance system
12. Chapter 1
History of Rockets
Germany: The first missile
• Oberth’s writes on space exploration
• Develop V-2 missile under Werner Von Braun
• V-2s captured after war split up between U.S. and
U.S.S.R spur both rocket programs
• Von Braun travels to U.S. to lead American program
13. Chapter 1
History of Rockets
The Space Race
• U.S.S.R and U.S. both pursue military and scientific
applications of rocketry
• Soviets firsts: ICBM, satellite,
and man in orbit
• Kennedy pledges America will
put a man on the moon and
bring him back again only
20 days after Alan Shepard
becomes the first American
in space.
14. Early American
Rockets
Redstone
First live atomic
missile test
Lifts Alan
Shepard’s
Mercury
spacecraft,
Friendship 7, on
15-min suborbital
flight - first
American in space
15. Early American
Rockets
Atlas
First American
ICBM
Lifts John Glenn’s
Mercury
spacecraft,
Freedom 7 - first
American in orbit
16. Early American
Rockets
Titan
First two-stage
American ICBM
Also lifts all twelve
Gemini spacecraft
17. Chapter 1
History of Rockets
The Apollo Program: 1961-1975
• Goal of achieving first manned moon landing
accomplished on 20 JUL 1969 by Neil Armstrong
• Only manned flights beyond low Earth orbit (LEO)
• First loss of astronauts: Apollo 1 fire
• Landed six flights, 12 humans, on the moon
• Last moon landing: Apollo 17, 11-14 DEC 1972
• Required largest launch vehicle in history,
before or since
18. Early American
Rockets
Saturn
Purpose-built for
Apollo
Largest rocket in
history
Saturn IB lifts
Apollo to LEO
Saturn V lifts
Apollo to moon,
Skylab to LEO
19. Chapter 1
History of Rockets
The Space Transportation System: 1972-2010?
• Goal of reusable space plane to lower cost of
spaceflight, the “Space Shuttle” was only supposed
to be the first step
• Due to budget cuts and technology limitations, it
costs billions to fly the shuttle, and a newer
“expendable” launch vehicle program is scheduled to
replace it
• First U.S. loss of astronauts during mission:
Challenger
• First U.S. loss of astronauts on reentry: Columbia
20. American
Rockets
STS
Orbiter spacecraft
and main engines
External tank
supplies fuel to
main engines at
launch
Solid Rocket
Boosters (SRBs)
complete launch
system
21. Chapter 1
History of Rockets
The Constellation Launch System: 2015 to ?
• Aries family of launch vehicles built around the
space shuttle’s SRB
• Aires I will launch Orion spacecraft to LEO
• Ares V will be history’s new biggest rocket,
launching Altair lunar lander and “Earth Departure
Vehicle” for docking with Orion
• Adapted Ares V could launch Orion to asteroid belt
• Return to Lunar Landing mission: Altair 2 / Orion 15
scheduled for June 2019
22. American
Rockets
Aries
Part of Constellation
Program
Ares I
1st stage based on 5.5
segment SRB
w/new 2nd stage
Ares V
Two 5.5 segment SRBs,
four new engines on
ET-based 1st stage
w/new 2nd stage
23. Chapter 2
Rocket Principles
Basics
• In its simplest form, a rocket is a chamber of
pressurized gas, with an opening through which gas
is allowed to escape
• Thrust is the force needed to get a rocket traveling
upward, overcoming weight and drag
• Velocity is the speed something travels in distance
per unit (miles per hour, kilometers per second)
• Acceleration is the rate in change of velocity over
time (miles per hour per hour, meters per second
per second)
24. Chapter 2
Rocket Principles
Newton’s Laws
• A body at rest will stay at rest, and a body in motion will remain
in motion, unless acted upon by an outside force (inertia)
• The net force on an object is equal to the mass of the object
multiplied by its acceleration ( f = ma )
• Every action has an equal and opposite reaction
ACTION REACTION
25. Chapter 2
Rocket Principles
Aerodynamic Forces
• On an airplane, lift overcomes weight
• On a rocket, thrust is used in
opposition to weight
26. Chapter 2
Rocket Principles
Aerodynamic Forces
• On an airplane, most aerodynamic
force are generated by the wings and
the tail surfaces
• On a rocket, aerodynamic forces are
generated by the fins, nose cone,
and body tube (airframe)
27. Chapter 2
Rocket Principles
Aerodynamic Forces
• For both airplane and rocket, the
weight acts through the
center of gravity
while aerodynamic forces act through
the center of pressure
28. Chapter 2
Rocket Principles
Aerodynamic Forces
• While the magnitude and direction of
the forces remain fairly constant for
an airplane, the magnitude and
direction of the forces acting on a
rocket change dramatically during a
typical flight
29. Chapter 3
Rocket Systems and Controls
Rocket Stability
30. Chapter 3
Rocket Systems and Controls
Rocket Systems
• Airframe
31. Chapter 3
Rocket Systems and Controls
Rocket Systems
• Airframe
• Guidance
32. Chapter 3
Rocket Systems and Controls
Rocket Systems
• Airframe
• Guidance
• Control
33. Chapter 3
Rocket Systems and Controls
Rocket Systems
• Airframe
• Guidance
• Control
• Propulsion
34. Chapter 3
Rocket Systems and Controls
Rocket Systems
• Airframe Payload
• Guidance
• Control
• Propulsion
35. Chapter 3
Rocket Systems and Controls
Rocket Controls
36. Chapter 3
Rocket Systems and Controls
Rocket
Propulsion
Systems
37. Chapter 3
Rocket Systems and Controls
Rocket
Propulsion
Systems:
Solid Fuel
“Grain”
38. Chapter 3
Rocket Systems and Controls
Rocket Propulsion Systems: The Nozzle
COMBUSTION THROAT EXPANDING GAS
CHAMBER Transonic Low Pressure
High Pressure Flow HIGH Velocity
Low Velocity
39. Chapter 3
Rocket Systems and Controls
Rocket Propulsion
Systems: The Nozzle
