SlideShare une entreprise Scribd logo
1  sur  18
Télécharger pour lire hors ligne
Md. Saifuddin Khalid
Assistant Professor
KANDIDATUDDANNELSEN I INFORMATIONSTEKNOLOGI,
IT OG LÆRING, MED SPECIALISERING I
ORGANISATORISK OMSTILLING
Modulets placering: 8. semester
Modulets omfang: 5 ECTS
Monday, 06 February, 2017
6 February 2017 Aalborg University 1
Interaction Design Course
Session 1: Lecture 2
About PACT Framework
 An essential part of our approach to designing
interactive systems is that it should put people first; it
should be human-centred.
 We use the acronym PACT (People, Activities,
Contexts, Technologies) as a useful framework for
thinking about a design situation.
6 February 2017 Aalborg University 2
(Benyon, 2010, p. 26)
Scoping a problem with PACT
analysis
 A PACT analysis is useful for both analysis and design
activities: understanding the current situation, seeing where
possible improvements can be made or envisioning future
situations.
 To do a PACT analysis the designer simply scopes out the
variety of Ps, As, Cs and Ts that are possible, or likely, in a
domain.
 PACT analysis can be viewed as the “preliminary
requirements analysis”, which is used as part of the first
phase in traditional software engineering process or “product
vision” in Scrum or Lean.
 This can be done by using various methods and tools. E.g.
brainstorming, observations, interviews and workshops.
6 February 2017 Aalborg University 3
Activities and Technologies
Technologies support a
wide range of people to
undertake various activities
in different contexts.
Activities (and the
contexts/‘domain’/‘sphere
of activity’ within which
they take place) establish
requirements for
technologies that in turn
offer opportunities that
change the nature of
activities. And so the cycle
continues as the changed
activity results in new
requirements for
technologies and so on.6 February 2017 4Aalborg University
The changing nature of interaction
design product
6 February 2017 Aalborg University 5
Figure. The changing nature of telephoning activity as technology
advances (Benyon, 2010, p.28)
PEOPLE
 Interaction designers begin with the differences
among the users and their interactions.
 Physical Differences
 Ergonomics
 Mental models
 Psychological differences
 Social differences
Benyon (2010) discussed these in part IV of the book in
details. This lecture will cover these briefly.
6 February 2017 Aalborg University 6
People: Physical differences
 People differ in
 Physical characteristics, e.g. height and weight
 Five senses, i.e. sight, hearing, touch, smell and taste.
Case: International approaches to bicycle and pedestrian
facility design.
URL:
http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/p
edbike/05085/chapt23.cfm
6 February 2017 Aalborg University 7
People: Ergonomics
 The term ‘ergonomics’ was coined in 1948 to describe the
study of the relationships between people and their
environment.
 People: Anthropometrics, the measurement of
man/people. Example
 The environment
 Ambient environment (temperature, humidity,
atmospheric pressure, light levels, noise and so on)
 Working environment (the design of machines, health
and safety issues – e.g. hygiene, toxicology, exposure to
ionizing radiation, microwaves, etc.).
 Ergonomics draws on anatomy and physiology, various
aspects of psychology (e.g. physiological and experimental),
physics, engineering and work studies among others.
6 February 2017 Aalborg University 8
People: Ergonomics (Cont.)
 Ergonomic designs include but not limited to
 office furniture: chairs, desks, lights, footrests and so forth)
 office equipment, for example keyboards, monitor stands
and wrist rests.
 Search “ergonomic devices” in images.google.com for
examples.
 Possibilities are redefined with finding on ergonomics. E.g.
interactions with mobile resulted the use of thumbs to ring
doorbells, push doors and point.
6 February 2017 Aalborg University 9
People: Psychological differences
 Language differences: In the USA a tick is used for
acceptance and a cross for rejection, but in Britain a
tick or a cross can be used to show acceptance (e.g. a
cross on a voting paper).
 Individual differences. E.g. OCEAN: Openness to
Experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion,
Agreeableness, and Neuroticism.
 Attention and memory in relation to individual needs
and abilities.
6 February 2017 Aalborg University 10
People: Mental models
 A person’s ‘mental model’ (e.g. Norman, 1998) of a
device: If something goes wrong they will not know
why and will not be able to recover.
 Designer must design things so that people will form
correct and useful mental models of how they work
and what they do.
6 February 2017 Aalborg University 11
People: Mental models (Cont.)
 Mental models are incomplete. People will
understand some parts of a system better than
others.
 People can ‘run’ (or try out) their models when
required, but often with limited accuracy.
 Mental models are unstable – people forget
details.
 Mental models do not have firm boundaries:
similar devices and operations get confused
with one another.
 Mental models are unscientific, exhibiting
‘superstitious’ behaviour.
 Mental models are parsimonious. People are
willing to undertake additional physical
operations to minimize mental effort, e.g.
people will switch off the device and start again
rather than trying to recover from an error.
6 February 2017 Aalborg University 12
The nature of mental
models of interactive
systems (Norman, 1983)
People: Social differences
 Novice and expert users of a technology will typically
have very different levels of knowledge and hence
requirements for design feature
 Designing for homogeneous groups of people – groups
who are broadly similar and want to do much the same
things – is quite different from designing for
heterogeneous groups.
6 February 2017 Aalborg University 13
Activities
 10 important characteristics of activities that designers
need to consider. First and foremost, the overall
purpose of the activity.
 Temporal aspects, e.g. how regular or infrequent
activities are.
 Cooperation
 Complexity
 Safety-critical
 The nature of the content.
6 February 2017 Aalborg University 14
Context
Activities in contexts can be analyzed by three types of
contexts.
 Physical environment
 Social context
 Organizational context
6 February 2017 Aalborg University 15
Figure. Interactions in different working contexts
Technology
Last, analyzing technology requirements as part of
PACT analysis
 Input (i.e. data and instructions)
 Output (i.e. mainly vision, hearing and touch)
 Storage
 Connectivity
 Content (i.e. data and its forms)
6 February 2017 Aalborg University 16
References
 Benyon, David. (2010). Designing Interactive
Systems: A Comprehensive Guide to HCI and
Interaction Design. 2nd ed. Harlow, England ; N.Y:
Addison-Wesley.
6 February 2017 Aalborg University 17
Discussion
6 February 2017 Aalborg University 18
Source: https://www.cartoonstock.com/directory/d/discussion.asp

Contenu connexe

Tendances

RUP VS RAD Methodology
RUP VS RAD MethodologyRUP VS RAD Methodology
RUP VS RAD Methodologythaleader
 
Lecture 12 requirements modeling - (system analysis)
Lecture 12   requirements modeling - (system analysis)Lecture 12   requirements modeling - (system analysis)
Lecture 12 requirements modeling - (system analysis)IIUI
 
Human computer interaction-Memory, Reasoning and Problem solving
Human computer interaction-Memory, Reasoning and Problem solvingHuman computer interaction-Memory, Reasoning and Problem solving
Human computer interaction-Memory, Reasoning and Problem solvingN.Jagadish Kumar
 
An Introduction to Ben Shneiderman's Eight Golden Rules of Interface Design
An Introduction to Ben Shneiderman's Eight Golden Rules of Interface DesignAn Introduction to Ben Shneiderman's Eight Golden Rules of Interface Design
An Introduction to Ben Shneiderman's Eight Golden Rules of Interface DesignJochen Wolters
 
HCI 3e - Ch 14: Communication and collaboration models
HCI 3e - Ch 14:  Communication and collaboration modelsHCI 3e - Ch 14:  Communication and collaboration models
HCI 3e - Ch 14: Communication and collaboration modelsAlan Dix
 
User Interface Design
User Interface DesignUser Interface Design
User Interface DesignJReifman
 
Furniture Management System
Furniture Management SystemFurniture Management System
Furniture Management SystemWeTheCoders
 
Session ID1 Lecture 1 -What is Interaction Design
Session ID1 Lecture 1 -What is Interaction DesignSession ID1 Lecture 1 -What is Interaction Design
Session ID1 Lecture 1 -What is Interaction DesignKhalid Md Saifuddin
 
HCI 3e - Ch 20: Ubiquitous computing and augmented realities
HCI 3e - Ch 20:  Ubiquitous computing and augmented realitiesHCI 3e - Ch 20:  Ubiquitous computing and augmented realities
HCI 3e - Ch 20: Ubiquitous computing and augmented realitiesAlan Dix
 
Employee Management System UML Diagrams Use Case Diagram, Activity Diagram, S...
Employee Management System UML Diagrams Use Case Diagram, Activity Diagram, S...Employee Management System UML Diagrams Use Case Diagram, Activity Diagram, S...
Employee Management System UML Diagrams Use Case Diagram, Activity Diagram, S...Mohammad Karim Shahbaz
 
Human Computer Interaction - Interaction Design
Human Computer Interaction - Interaction DesignHuman Computer Interaction - Interaction Design
Human Computer Interaction - Interaction DesignVrushali Dhanokar
 
Usability Engineering Presentation Slides
Usability Engineering Presentation SlidesUsability Engineering Presentation Slides
Usability Engineering Presentation Slideswajahat Gul
 
Software engineering a practitioners approach 8th edition pressman solutions ...
Software engineering a practitioners approach 8th edition pressman solutions ...Software engineering a practitioners approach 8th edition pressman solutions ...
Software engineering a practitioners approach 8th edition pressman solutions ...Drusilla918
 
software management, project management,
software management, project management,software management, project management,
software management, project management,Lisa Elisa
 
Introduction to Business Process Analysis and Redesign
Introduction to Business Process Analysis and RedesignIntroduction to Business Process Analysis and Redesign
Introduction to Business Process Analysis and RedesignMarlon Dumas
 
Ch 4 components of the sqa system
Ch 4 components of the sqa systemCh 4 components of the sqa system
Ch 4 components of the sqa systemKittitouch Suteeca
 
Human Computer Interaction Chapter 2 Interaction and Interaction Design Basi...
Human Computer Interaction Chapter 2  Interaction and Interaction Design Basi...Human Computer Interaction Chapter 2  Interaction and Interaction Design Basi...
Human Computer Interaction Chapter 2 Interaction and Interaction Design Basi...VijiPriya Jeyamani
 

Tendances (20)

RUP VS RAD Methodology
RUP VS RAD MethodologyRUP VS RAD Methodology
RUP VS RAD Methodology
 
Lecture 12 requirements modeling - (system analysis)
Lecture 12   requirements modeling - (system analysis)Lecture 12   requirements modeling - (system analysis)
Lecture 12 requirements modeling - (system analysis)
 
Human computer interaction-Memory, Reasoning and Problem solving
Human computer interaction-Memory, Reasoning and Problem solvingHuman computer interaction-Memory, Reasoning and Problem solving
Human computer interaction-Memory, Reasoning and Problem solving
 
Sadchap04
Sadchap04Sadchap04
Sadchap04
 
An Introduction to Ben Shneiderman's Eight Golden Rules of Interface Design
An Introduction to Ben Shneiderman's Eight Golden Rules of Interface DesignAn Introduction to Ben Shneiderman's Eight Golden Rules of Interface Design
An Introduction to Ben Shneiderman's Eight Golden Rules of Interface Design
 
HCI 3e - Ch 14: Communication and collaboration models
HCI 3e - Ch 14:  Communication and collaboration modelsHCI 3e - Ch 14:  Communication and collaboration models
HCI 3e - Ch 14: Communication and collaboration models
 
User Interface Design
User Interface DesignUser Interface Design
User Interface Design
 
Furniture Management System
Furniture Management SystemFurniture Management System
Furniture Management System
 
Session ID1 Lecture 1 -What is Interaction Design
Session ID1 Lecture 1 -What is Interaction DesignSession ID1 Lecture 1 -What is Interaction Design
Session ID1 Lecture 1 -What is Interaction Design
 
HCI 3e - Ch 20: Ubiquitous computing and augmented realities
HCI 3e - Ch 20:  Ubiquitous computing and augmented realitiesHCI 3e - Ch 20:  Ubiquitous computing and augmented realities
HCI 3e - Ch 20: Ubiquitous computing and augmented realities
 
Employee Management System UML Diagrams Use Case Diagram, Activity Diagram, S...
Employee Management System UML Diagrams Use Case Diagram, Activity Diagram, S...Employee Management System UML Diagrams Use Case Diagram, Activity Diagram, S...
Employee Management System UML Diagrams Use Case Diagram, Activity Diagram, S...
 
Ch 2 what is software quality
Ch 2 what is software qualityCh 2 what is software quality
Ch 2 what is software quality
 
Human Computer Interaction - Interaction Design
Human Computer Interaction - Interaction DesignHuman Computer Interaction - Interaction Design
Human Computer Interaction - Interaction Design
 
Usability Engineering Presentation Slides
Usability Engineering Presentation SlidesUsability Engineering Presentation Slides
Usability Engineering Presentation Slides
 
Software engineering a practitioners approach 8th edition pressman solutions ...
Software engineering a practitioners approach 8th edition pressman solutions ...Software engineering a practitioners approach 8th edition pressman solutions ...
Software engineering a practitioners approach 8th edition pressman solutions ...
 
software management, project management,
software management, project management,software management, project management,
software management, project management,
 
Introduction to Business Process Analysis and Redesign
Introduction to Business Process Analysis and RedesignIntroduction to Business Process Analysis and Redesign
Introduction to Business Process Analysis and Redesign
 
Ch 4 components of the sqa system
Ch 4 components of the sqa systemCh 4 components of the sqa system
Ch 4 components of the sqa system
 
Human Computer Interaction Chapter 2 Interaction and Interaction Design Basi...
Human Computer Interaction Chapter 2  Interaction and Interaction Design Basi...Human Computer Interaction Chapter 2  Interaction and Interaction Design Basi...
Human Computer Interaction Chapter 2 Interaction and Interaction Design Basi...
 
Chap3 RE elicitation
Chap3 RE elicitationChap3 RE elicitation
Chap3 RE elicitation
 

Similaire à Session 1 Lecture 2 PACT A Framework for Designing Interactive Systems

Activity Systems Analysis in Design Research
Activity Systems Analysis in Design ResearchActivity Systems Analysis in Design Research
Activity Systems Analysis in Design ResearchLisa Yamagata-Lynch
 
How Cognitive Science Has Influenced the Applied Science of HCI “The evolutio...
How Cognitive Science Has Influenced the Applied Science of HCI “The evolutio...How Cognitive Science Has Influenced the Applied Science of HCI “The evolutio...
How Cognitive Science Has Influenced the Applied Science of HCI “The evolutio...IOSR Journals
 
Don't look at me that way! - Understanding User Attitudes Towards Data Glasse...
Don't look at me that way! - Understanding User Attitudes Towards Data Glasse...Don't look at me that way! - Understanding User Attitudes Towards Data Glasse...
Don't look at me that way! - Understanding User Attitudes Towards Data Glasse...EISLab
 
Musstanser Avanzament 4 (Final No Animation)
Musstanser   Avanzament 4 (Final   No Animation)Musstanser   Avanzament 4 (Final   No Animation)
Musstanser Avanzament 4 (Final No Animation)Musstanser Tinauli
 
Corneli
CorneliCorneli
Cornelianesah
 
Analytical-frameworks - Methods in user-technology studies
Analytical-frameworks - Methods in user-technology studiesAnalytical-frameworks - Methods in user-technology studies
Analytical-frameworks - Methods in user-technology studiesAntti Salovaara
 
Dr Ahmad_Cognitive Sciences Strategies for Futures Studies (Foresight)
Dr Ahmad_Cognitive Sciences Strategies for Futures Studies (Foresight)Dr Ahmad_Cognitive Sciences Strategies for Futures Studies (Foresight)
Dr Ahmad_Cognitive Sciences Strategies for Futures Studies (Foresight)Dr. Ahmad, Futurist.
 
DE1(a) my report
DE1(a) my reportDE1(a) my report
DE1(a) my reportJuhi Shah
 
Report IndividualHCI_MaiBodin_Oct 31 2014
Report IndividualHCI_MaiBodin_Oct 31 2014Report IndividualHCI_MaiBodin_Oct 31 2014
Report IndividualHCI_MaiBodin_Oct 31 2014Mai Bodin
 
Presentatie ecare summerschool Ghent 2014
Presentatie ecare summerschool Ghent 2014 Presentatie ecare summerschool Ghent 2014
Presentatie ecare summerschool Ghent 2014 An Jacobs
 
Comp325 v1 ww-ball-2-1
Comp325 v1 ww-ball-2-1Comp325 v1 ww-ball-2-1
Comp325 v1 ww-ball-2-1Larry Ball
 
yannis@gu_20221027.pptx
yannis@gu_20221027.pptxyannis@gu_20221027.pptx
yannis@gu_20221027.pptxYannis
 
A DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK FOR A CONVERSATIONAL AGENT TO EXPLORE MACHINE LEARNIN...
A DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK FOR A CONVERSATIONAL AGENT TO EXPLORE MACHINE LEARNIN...A DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK FOR A CONVERSATIONAL AGENT TO EXPLORE MACHINE LEARNIN...
A DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK FOR A CONVERSATIONAL AGENT TO EXPLORE MACHINE LEARNIN...mlaij
 
Designing for Future Technology
Designing for Future TechnologyDesigning for Future Technology
Designing for Future TechnologyAdaezeOkwesa
 
Ergonomic Evaluation of the Angle of Abduction in Laptops Environment
Ergonomic Evaluation of the Angle of Abduction in Laptops EnvironmentErgonomic Evaluation of the Angle of Abduction in Laptops Environment
Ergonomic Evaluation of the Angle of Abduction in Laptops EnvironmentIJERA Editor
 
Ergonomic Evaluation of the Angle of Abduction in Laptops Environment
Ergonomic Evaluation of the Angle of Abduction in Laptops EnvironmentErgonomic Evaluation of the Angle of Abduction in Laptops Environment
Ergonomic Evaluation of the Angle of Abduction in Laptops EnvironmentIJERA Editor
 
APPLICATIONS OF HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION IN MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS
APPLICATIONS OF HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION IN MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMSAPPLICATIONS OF HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION IN MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS
APPLICATIONS OF HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION IN MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMSSteven Wallach
 
Chapter 1© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. .docx
Chapter 1© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. .docxChapter 1© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. .docx
Chapter 1© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. .docxwalterl4
 

Similaire à Session 1 Lecture 2 PACT A Framework for Designing Interactive Systems (20)

Activity Systems Analysis in Design Research
Activity Systems Analysis in Design ResearchActivity Systems Analysis in Design Research
Activity Systems Analysis in Design Research
 
How Cognitive Science Has Influenced the Applied Science of HCI “The evolutio...
How Cognitive Science Has Influenced the Applied Science of HCI “The evolutio...How Cognitive Science Has Influenced the Applied Science of HCI “The evolutio...
How Cognitive Science Has Influenced the Applied Science of HCI “The evolutio...
 
Don't look at me that way! - Understanding User Attitudes Towards Data Glasse...
Don't look at me that way! - Understanding User Attitudes Towards Data Glasse...Don't look at me that way! - Understanding User Attitudes Towards Data Glasse...
Don't look at me that way! - Understanding User Attitudes Towards Data Glasse...
 
Musstanser Avanzament 4 (Final No Animation)
Musstanser   Avanzament 4 (Final   No Animation)Musstanser   Avanzament 4 (Final   No Animation)
Musstanser Avanzament 4 (Final No Animation)
 
Corneli
CorneliCorneli
Corneli
 
Analytical-frameworks - Methods in user-technology studies
Analytical-frameworks - Methods in user-technology studiesAnalytical-frameworks - Methods in user-technology studies
Analytical-frameworks - Methods in user-technology studies
 
Dr Ahmad_Cognitive Sciences Strategies for Futures Studies (Foresight)
Dr Ahmad_Cognitive Sciences Strategies for Futures Studies (Foresight)Dr Ahmad_Cognitive Sciences Strategies for Futures Studies (Foresight)
Dr Ahmad_Cognitive Sciences Strategies for Futures Studies (Foresight)
 
DE1(a) my report
DE1(a) my reportDE1(a) my report
DE1(a) my report
 
Report IndividualHCI_MaiBodin_Oct 31 2014
Report IndividualHCI_MaiBodin_Oct 31 2014Report IndividualHCI_MaiBodin_Oct 31 2014
Report IndividualHCI_MaiBodin_Oct 31 2014
 
IFI7159 M4
IFI7159 M4IFI7159 M4
IFI7159 M4
 
Cook invited talk Uni of Bristol
Cook invited talk Uni of BristolCook invited talk Uni of Bristol
Cook invited talk Uni of Bristol
 
Presentatie ecare summerschool Ghent 2014
Presentatie ecare summerschool Ghent 2014 Presentatie ecare summerschool Ghent 2014
Presentatie ecare summerschool Ghent 2014
 
Comp325 v1 ww-ball-2-1
Comp325 v1 ww-ball-2-1Comp325 v1 ww-ball-2-1
Comp325 v1 ww-ball-2-1
 
yannis@gu_20221027.pptx
yannis@gu_20221027.pptxyannis@gu_20221027.pptx
yannis@gu_20221027.pptx
 
A DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK FOR A CONVERSATIONAL AGENT TO EXPLORE MACHINE LEARNIN...
A DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK FOR A CONVERSATIONAL AGENT TO EXPLORE MACHINE LEARNIN...A DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK FOR A CONVERSATIONAL AGENT TO EXPLORE MACHINE LEARNIN...
A DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK FOR A CONVERSATIONAL AGENT TO EXPLORE MACHINE LEARNIN...
 
Designing for Future Technology
Designing for Future TechnologyDesigning for Future Technology
Designing for Future Technology
 
Ergonomic Evaluation of the Angle of Abduction in Laptops Environment
Ergonomic Evaluation of the Angle of Abduction in Laptops EnvironmentErgonomic Evaluation of the Angle of Abduction in Laptops Environment
Ergonomic Evaluation of the Angle of Abduction in Laptops Environment
 
Ergonomic Evaluation of the Angle of Abduction in Laptops Environment
Ergonomic Evaluation of the Angle of Abduction in Laptops EnvironmentErgonomic Evaluation of the Angle of Abduction in Laptops Environment
Ergonomic Evaluation of the Angle of Abduction in Laptops Environment
 
APPLICATIONS OF HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION IN MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS
APPLICATIONS OF HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION IN MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMSAPPLICATIONS OF HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION IN MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS
APPLICATIONS OF HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION IN MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS
 
Chapter 1© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. .docx
Chapter 1© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. .docxChapter 1© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. .docx
Chapter 1© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. .docx
 

Plus de Khalid Md Saifuddin

Learning Technology for Improving Teaching Quality at Scale
Learning Technology for Improving Teaching Quality at ScaleLearning Technology for Improving Teaching Quality at Scale
Learning Technology for Improving Teaching Quality at ScaleKhalid Md Saifuddin
 
Students find it difficult to explain what skills they need and have
Students find it difficult to explain what skills they need and haveStudents find it difficult to explain what skills they need and have
Students find it difficult to explain what skills they need and haveKhalid Md Saifuddin
 
Cross-location and Cross-disciplinary Collaborative Prototyping Using Virtual...
Cross-location and Cross-disciplinary Collaborative Prototyping Using Virtual...Cross-location and Cross-disciplinary Collaborative Prototyping Using Virtual...
Cross-location and Cross-disciplinary Collaborative Prototyping Using Virtual...Khalid Md Saifuddin
 
Problematizing the rapid changes in didactics, material and spatial condition...
Problematizing the rapid changes in didactics, material and spatial condition...Problematizing the rapid changes in didactics, material and spatial condition...
Problematizing the rapid changes in didactics, material and spatial condition...Khalid Md Saifuddin
 
What does mapping controversies mean and why controversies are charted and vi...
What does mapping controversies mean and why controversies are charted and vi...What does mapping controversies mean and why controversies are charted and vi...
What does mapping controversies mean and why controversies are charted and vi...Khalid Md Saifuddin
 
Khalid and Peture E-Learn 2016 2 Washington DC
Khalid and Peture E-Learn 2016 2 Washington DCKhalid and Peture E-Learn 2016 2 Washington DC
Khalid and Peture E-Learn 2016 2 Washington DCKhalid Md Saifuddin
 
Considerations and Methods for Usability Testing with School Children
Considerations and Methods for Usability Testing with School ChildrenConsiderations and Methods for Usability Testing with School Children
Considerations and Methods for Usability Testing with School ChildrenKhalid Md Saifuddin
 
Evaluation of Interactive Systems Design or Prototype or Product
Evaluation of Interactive Systems Design or Prototype or ProductEvaluation of Interactive Systems Design or Prototype or Product
Evaluation of Interactive Systems Design or Prototype or ProductKhalid Md Saifuddin
 
Workshop introduction to web 2.0 technologies and educational application of...
Workshop  introduction to web 2.0 technologies and educational application of...Workshop  introduction to web 2.0 technologies and educational application of...
Workshop introduction to web 2.0 technologies and educational application of...Khalid Md Saifuddin
 
Scrum and ISO 9241:210 Interaction Design Process and User Stories
Scrum and ISO 9241:210 Interaction Design Process and User StoriesScrum and ISO 9241:210 Interaction Design Process and User Stories
Scrum and ISO 9241:210 Interaction Design Process and User StoriesKhalid Md Saifuddin
 
Introduction to Interaction Design Course 2017 (5 ECTS)
Introduction to Interaction Design Course 2017 (5 ECTS)Introduction to Interaction Design Course 2017 (5 ECTS)
Introduction to Interaction Design Course 2017 (5 ECTS)Khalid Md Saifuddin
 
Systematic review and meta-analysis of teachers’ development of digital literacy
Systematic review and meta-analysis of teachers’ development of digital literacySystematic review and meta-analysis of teachers’ development of digital literacy
Systematic review and meta-analysis of teachers’ development of digital literacyKhalid Md Saifuddin
 
CSCL 2015 Tracing Sequential Video Production
CSCL 2015 Tracing Sequential Video ProductionCSCL 2015 Tracing Sequential Video Production
CSCL 2015 Tracing Sequential Video ProductionKhalid Md Saifuddin
 
Competence and education development in the globalization perspective
Competence and education development in the globalization perspectiveCompetence and education development in the globalization perspective
Competence and education development in the globalization perspectiveKhalid Md Saifuddin
 
Software-based Clicker Systems for Classroom Activities of Secondary and Tert...
Software-based Clicker Systems for Classroom Activities of Secondary and Tert...Software-based Clicker Systems for Classroom Activities of Secondary and Tert...
Software-based Clicker Systems for Classroom Activities of Secondary and Tert...Khalid Md Saifuddin
 
Barriers to the Integration and Adoption of iPads in Schools: A Systematic Li...
Barriers to the Integration and Adoption of iPads in Schools: A Systematic Li...Barriers to the Integration and Adoption of iPads in Schools: A Systematic Li...
Barriers to the Integration and Adoption of iPads in Schools: A Systematic Li...Khalid Md Saifuddin
 
Cartography of Controversies about MOOCs
Cartography of Controversies about MOOCsCartography of Controversies about MOOCs
Cartography of Controversies about MOOCsKhalid Md Saifuddin
 
Barriers to the integration and adoption of ICT in Developing Countries
Barriers to the integration and adoption of ICT in Developing CountriesBarriers to the integration and adoption of ICT in Developing Countries
Barriers to the integration and adoption of ICT in Developing CountriesKhalid Md Saifuddin
 
Exploring the use of i pads in danish schools
Exploring the use of i pads in danish schoolsExploring the use of i pads in danish schools
Exploring the use of i pads in danish schoolsKhalid Md Saifuddin
 
A Belief Rule Based (BRB) Decision Support System to Assess Clinical Asthma S...
A Belief Rule Based (BRB) Decision Support System to Assess Clinical Asthma S...A Belief Rule Based (BRB) Decision Support System to Assess Clinical Asthma S...
A Belief Rule Based (BRB) Decision Support System to Assess Clinical Asthma S...Khalid Md Saifuddin
 

Plus de Khalid Md Saifuddin (20)

Learning Technology for Improving Teaching Quality at Scale
Learning Technology for Improving Teaching Quality at ScaleLearning Technology for Improving Teaching Quality at Scale
Learning Technology for Improving Teaching Quality at Scale
 
Students find it difficult to explain what skills they need and have
Students find it difficult to explain what skills they need and haveStudents find it difficult to explain what skills they need and have
Students find it difficult to explain what skills they need and have
 
Cross-location and Cross-disciplinary Collaborative Prototyping Using Virtual...
Cross-location and Cross-disciplinary Collaborative Prototyping Using Virtual...Cross-location and Cross-disciplinary Collaborative Prototyping Using Virtual...
Cross-location and Cross-disciplinary Collaborative Prototyping Using Virtual...
 
Problematizing the rapid changes in didactics, material and spatial condition...
Problematizing the rapid changes in didactics, material and spatial condition...Problematizing the rapid changes in didactics, material and spatial condition...
Problematizing the rapid changes in didactics, material and spatial condition...
 
What does mapping controversies mean and why controversies are charted and vi...
What does mapping controversies mean and why controversies are charted and vi...What does mapping controversies mean and why controversies are charted and vi...
What does mapping controversies mean and why controversies are charted and vi...
 
Khalid and Peture E-Learn 2016 2 Washington DC
Khalid and Peture E-Learn 2016 2 Washington DCKhalid and Peture E-Learn 2016 2 Washington DC
Khalid and Peture E-Learn 2016 2 Washington DC
 
Considerations and Methods for Usability Testing with School Children
Considerations and Methods for Usability Testing with School ChildrenConsiderations and Methods for Usability Testing with School Children
Considerations and Methods for Usability Testing with School Children
 
Evaluation of Interactive Systems Design or Prototype or Product
Evaluation of Interactive Systems Design or Prototype or ProductEvaluation of Interactive Systems Design or Prototype or Product
Evaluation of Interactive Systems Design or Prototype or Product
 
Workshop introduction to web 2.0 technologies and educational application of...
Workshop  introduction to web 2.0 technologies and educational application of...Workshop  introduction to web 2.0 technologies and educational application of...
Workshop introduction to web 2.0 technologies and educational application of...
 
Scrum and ISO 9241:210 Interaction Design Process and User Stories
Scrum and ISO 9241:210 Interaction Design Process and User StoriesScrum and ISO 9241:210 Interaction Design Process and User Stories
Scrum and ISO 9241:210 Interaction Design Process and User Stories
 
Introduction to Interaction Design Course 2017 (5 ECTS)
Introduction to Interaction Design Course 2017 (5 ECTS)Introduction to Interaction Design Course 2017 (5 ECTS)
Introduction to Interaction Design Course 2017 (5 ECTS)
 
Systematic review and meta-analysis of teachers’ development of digital literacy
Systematic review and meta-analysis of teachers’ development of digital literacySystematic review and meta-analysis of teachers’ development of digital literacy
Systematic review and meta-analysis of teachers’ development of digital literacy
 
CSCL 2015 Tracing Sequential Video Production
CSCL 2015 Tracing Sequential Video ProductionCSCL 2015 Tracing Sequential Video Production
CSCL 2015 Tracing Sequential Video Production
 
Competence and education development in the globalization perspective
Competence and education development in the globalization perspectiveCompetence and education development in the globalization perspective
Competence and education development in the globalization perspective
 
Software-based Clicker Systems for Classroom Activities of Secondary and Tert...
Software-based Clicker Systems for Classroom Activities of Secondary and Tert...Software-based Clicker Systems for Classroom Activities of Secondary and Tert...
Software-based Clicker Systems for Classroom Activities of Secondary and Tert...
 
Barriers to the Integration and Adoption of iPads in Schools: A Systematic Li...
Barriers to the Integration and Adoption of iPads in Schools: A Systematic Li...Barriers to the Integration and Adoption of iPads in Schools: A Systematic Li...
Barriers to the Integration and Adoption of iPads in Schools: A Systematic Li...
 
Cartography of Controversies about MOOCs
Cartography of Controversies about MOOCsCartography of Controversies about MOOCs
Cartography of Controversies about MOOCs
 
Barriers to the integration and adoption of ICT in Developing Countries
Barriers to the integration and adoption of ICT in Developing CountriesBarriers to the integration and adoption of ICT in Developing Countries
Barriers to the integration and adoption of ICT in Developing Countries
 
Exploring the use of i pads in danish schools
Exploring the use of i pads in danish schoolsExploring the use of i pads in danish schools
Exploring the use of i pads in danish schools
 
A Belief Rule Based (BRB) Decision Support System to Assess Clinical Asthma S...
A Belief Rule Based (BRB) Decision Support System to Assess Clinical Asthma S...A Belief Rule Based (BRB) Decision Support System to Assess Clinical Asthma S...
A Belief Rule Based (BRB) Decision Support System to Assess Clinical Asthma S...
 

Dernier

Introduction to Matsuo Laboratory (ENG).pptx
Introduction to Matsuo Laboratory (ENG).pptxIntroduction to Matsuo Laboratory (ENG).pptx
Introduction to Matsuo Laboratory (ENG).pptxMatsuo Lab
 
Using IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve Decarbonization
Using IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve DecarbonizationUsing IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve Decarbonization
Using IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve DecarbonizationIES VE
 
VoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBX
VoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBXVoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBX
VoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBXTarek Kalaji
 
Designing A Time bound resource download URL
Designing A Time bound resource download URLDesigning A Time bound resource download URL
Designing A Time bound resource download URLRuncy Oommen
 
Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024
Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024
Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024SkyPlanner
 
IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019
IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019
IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019IES VE
 
Igniting Next Level Productivity with AI-Infused Data Integration Workflows
Igniting Next Level Productivity with AI-Infused Data Integration WorkflowsIgniting Next Level Productivity with AI-Infused Data Integration Workflows
Igniting Next Level Productivity with AI-Infused Data Integration WorkflowsSafe Software
 
Cybersecurity Workshop #1.pptx
Cybersecurity Workshop #1.pptxCybersecurity Workshop #1.pptx
Cybersecurity Workshop #1.pptxGDSC PJATK
 
Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)
Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)
Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)Commit University
 
20230202 - Introduction to tis-py
20230202 - Introduction to tis-py20230202 - Introduction to tis-py
20230202 - Introduction to tis-pyJamie (Taka) Wang
 
Connector Corner: Extending LLM automation use cases with UiPath GenAI connec...
Connector Corner: Extending LLM automation use cases with UiPath GenAI connec...Connector Corner: Extending LLM automation use cases with UiPath GenAI connec...
Connector Corner: Extending LLM automation use cases with UiPath GenAI connec...DianaGray10
 
Bird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystem
Bird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystemBird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystem
Bird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystemAsko Soukka
 
AI Fame Rush Review – Virtual Influencer Creation In Just Minutes
AI Fame Rush Review – Virtual Influencer Creation In Just MinutesAI Fame Rush Review – Virtual Influencer Creation In Just Minutes
AI Fame Rush Review – Virtual Influencer Creation In Just MinutesMd Hossain Ali
 
UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...
UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...
UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...UbiTrack UK
 
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7DianaGray10
 
Videogame localization & technology_ how to enhance the power of translation.pdf
Videogame localization & technology_ how to enhance the power of translation.pdfVideogame localization & technology_ how to enhance the power of translation.pdf
Videogame localization & technology_ how to enhance the power of translation.pdfinfogdgmi
 
Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )
Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )
Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )Brian Pichman
 
UiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation Developers
UiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation DevelopersUiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation Developers
UiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation DevelopersUiPathCommunity
 
Nanopower In Semiconductor Industry.pdf
Nanopower  In Semiconductor Industry.pdfNanopower  In Semiconductor Industry.pdf
Nanopower In Semiconductor Industry.pdfPedro Manuel
 
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 6
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 6UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 6
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 6DianaGray10
 

Dernier (20)

Introduction to Matsuo Laboratory (ENG).pptx
Introduction to Matsuo Laboratory (ENG).pptxIntroduction to Matsuo Laboratory (ENG).pptx
Introduction to Matsuo Laboratory (ENG).pptx
 
Using IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve Decarbonization
Using IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve DecarbonizationUsing IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve Decarbonization
Using IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve Decarbonization
 
VoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBX
VoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBXVoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBX
VoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBX
 
Designing A Time bound resource download URL
Designing A Time bound resource download URLDesigning A Time bound resource download URL
Designing A Time bound resource download URL
 
Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024
Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024
Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024
 
IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019
IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019
IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019
 
Igniting Next Level Productivity with AI-Infused Data Integration Workflows
Igniting Next Level Productivity with AI-Infused Data Integration WorkflowsIgniting Next Level Productivity with AI-Infused Data Integration Workflows
Igniting Next Level Productivity with AI-Infused Data Integration Workflows
 
Cybersecurity Workshop #1.pptx
Cybersecurity Workshop #1.pptxCybersecurity Workshop #1.pptx
Cybersecurity Workshop #1.pptx
 
Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)
Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)
Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)
 
20230202 - Introduction to tis-py
20230202 - Introduction to tis-py20230202 - Introduction to tis-py
20230202 - Introduction to tis-py
 
Connector Corner: Extending LLM automation use cases with UiPath GenAI connec...
Connector Corner: Extending LLM automation use cases with UiPath GenAI connec...Connector Corner: Extending LLM automation use cases with UiPath GenAI connec...
Connector Corner: Extending LLM automation use cases with UiPath GenAI connec...
 
Bird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystem
Bird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystemBird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystem
Bird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystem
 
AI Fame Rush Review – Virtual Influencer Creation In Just Minutes
AI Fame Rush Review – Virtual Influencer Creation In Just MinutesAI Fame Rush Review – Virtual Influencer Creation In Just Minutes
AI Fame Rush Review – Virtual Influencer Creation In Just Minutes
 
UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...
UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...
UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...
 
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7
 
Videogame localization & technology_ how to enhance the power of translation.pdf
Videogame localization & technology_ how to enhance the power of translation.pdfVideogame localization & technology_ how to enhance the power of translation.pdf
Videogame localization & technology_ how to enhance the power of translation.pdf
 
Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )
Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )
Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )
 
UiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation Developers
UiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation DevelopersUiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation Developers
UiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation Developers
 
Nanopower In Semiconductor Industry.pdf
Nanopower  In Semiconductor Industry.pdfNanopower  In Semiconductor Industry.pdf
Nanopower In Semiconductor Industry.pdf
 
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 6
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 6UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 6
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 6
 

Session 1 Lecture 2 PACT A Framework for Designing Interactive Systems

  • 1. Md. Saifuddin Khalid Assistant Professor KANDIDATUDDANNELSEN I INFORMATIONSTEKNOLOGI, IT OG LÆRING, MED SPECIALISERING I ORGANISATORISK OMSTILLING Modulets placering: 8. semester Modulets omfang: 5 ECTS Monday, 06 February, 2017 6 February 2017 Aalborg University 1 Interaction Design Course Session 1: Lecture 2
  • 2. About PACT Framework  An essential part of our approach to designing interactive systems is that it should put people first; it should be human-centred.  We use the acronym PACT (People, Activities, Contexts, Technologies) as a useful framework for thinking about a design situation. 6 February 2017 Aalborg University 2 (Benyon, 2010, p. 26)
  • 3. Scoping a problem with PACT analysis  A PACT analysis is useful for both analysis and design activities: understanding the current situation, seeing where possible improvements can be made or envisioning future situations.  To do a PACT analysis the designer simply scopes out the variety of Ps, As, Cs and Ts that are possible, or likely, in a domain.  PACT analysis can be viewed as the “preliminary requirements analysis”, which is used as part of the first phase in traditional software engineering process or “product vision” in Scrum or Lean.  This can be done by using various methods and tools. E.g. brainstorming, observations, interviews and workshops. 6 February 2017 Aalborg University 3
  • 4. Activities and Technologies Technologies support a wide range of people to undertake various activities in different contexts. Activities (and the contexts/‘domain’/‘sphere of activity’ within which they take place) establish requirements for technologies that in turn offer opportunities that change the nature of activities. And so the cycle continues as the changed activity results in new requirements for technologies and so on.6 February 2017 4Aalborg University
  • 5. The changing nature of interaction design product 6 February 2017 Aalborg University 5 Figure. The changing nature of telephoning activity as technology advances (Benyon, 2010, p.28)
  • 6. PEOPLE  Interaction designers begin with the differences among the users and their interactions.  Physical Differences  Ergonomics  Mental models  Psychological differences  Social differences Benyon (2010) discussed these in part IV of the book in details. This lecture will cover these briefly. 6 February 2017 Aalborg University 6
  • 7. People: Physical differences  People differ in  Physical characteristics, e.g. height and weight  Five senses, i.e. sight, hearing, touch, smell and taste. Case: International approaches to bicycle and pedestrian facility design. URL: http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/p edbike/05085/chapt23.cfm 6 February 2017 Aalborg University 7
  • 8. People: Ergonomics  The term ‘ergonomics’ was coined in 1948 to describe the study of the relationships between people and their environment.  People: Anthropometrics, the measurement of man/people. Example  The environment  Ambient environment (temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, light levels, noise and so on)  Working environment (the design of machines, health and safety issues – e.g. hygiene, toxicology, exposure to ionizing radiation, microwaves, etc.).  Ergonomics draws on anatomy and physiology, various aspects of psychology (e.g. physiological and experimental), physics, engineering and work studies among others. 6 February 2017 Aalborg University 8
  • 9. People: Ergonomics (Cont.)  Ergonomic designs include but not limited to  office furniture: chairs, desks, lights, footrests and so forth)  office equipment, for example keyboards, monitor stands and wrist rests.  Search “ergonomic devices” in images.google.com for examples.  Possibilities are redefined with finding on ergonomics. E.g. interactions with mobile resulted the use of thumbs to ring doorbells, push doors and point. 6 February 2017 Aalborg University 9
  • 10. People: Psychological differences  Language differences: In the USA a tick is used for acceptance and a cross for rejection, but in Britain a tick or a cross can be used to show acceptance (e.g. a cross on a voting paper).  Individual differences. E.g. OCEAN: Openness to Experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism.  Attention and memory in relation to individual needs and abilities. 6 February 2017 Aalborg University 10
  • 11. People: Mental models  A person’s ‘mental model’ (e.g. Norman, 1998) of a device: If something goes wrong they will not know why and will not be able to recover.  Designer must design things so that people will form correct and useful mental models of how they work and what they do. 6 February 2017 Aalborg University 11
  • 12. People: Mental models (Cont.)  Mental models are incomplete. People will understand some parts of a system better than others.  People can ‘run’ (or try out) their models when required, but often with limited accuracy.  Mental models are unstable – people forget details.  Mental models do not have firm boundaries: similar devices and operations get confused with one another.  Mental models are unscientific, exhibiting ‘superstitious’ behaviour.  Mental models are parsimonious. People are willing to undertake additional physical operations to minimize mental effort, e.g. people will switch off the device and start again rather than trying to recover from an error. 6 February 2017 Aalborg University 12 The nature of mental models of interactive systems (Norman, 1983)
  • 13. People: Social differences  Novice and expert users of a technology will typically have very different levels of knowledge and hence requirements for design feature  Designing for homogeneous groups of people – groups who are broadly similar and want to do much the same things – is quite different from designing for heterogeneous groups. 6 February 2017 Aalborg University 13
  • 14. Activities  10 important characteristics of activities that designers need to consider. First and foremost, the overall purpose of the activity.  Temporal aspects, e.g. how regular or infrequent activities are.  Cooperation  Complexity  Safety-critical  The nature of the content. 6 February 2017 Aalborg University 14
  • 15. Context Activities in contexts can be analyzed by three types of contexts.  Physical environment  Social context  Organizational context 6 February 2017 Aalborg University 15 Figure. Interactions in different working contexts
  • 16. Technology Last, analyzing technology requirements as part of PACT analysis  Input (i.e. data and instructions)  Output (i.e. mainly vision, hearing and touch)  Storage  Connectivity  Content (i.e. data and its forms) 6 February 2017 Aalborg University 16
  • 17. References  Benyon, David. (2010). Designing Interactive Systems: A Comprehensive Guide to HCI and Interaction Design. 2nd ed. Harlow, England ; N.Y: Addison-Wesley. 6 February 2017 Aalborg University 17
  • 18. Discussion 6 February 2017 Aalborg University 18 Source: https://www.cartoonstock.com/directory/d/discussion.asp