Functional Connectivity's Impact on Neuroimaging Analysis

Functional Connectivity And Its Effect On Neuroimaging
A human brain comprises of spatially dispersed, but functionally connected areas that shares
information with each other. Functional connectivity is defined as the temporal dependency between
spatially remote neurophysiological events (Aertsen et al., 1989; Friston et al., 1993). Different
brain regions form a complex network wherein information is shared and processed continuously
within structural and functional brain areas. This helps us in determining relation of functional
connectivity to a human behavior and would eventually lead to understanding of neurodegenerative
diseases. The article focuses on the new imaging and analysis technique and their effect on
neuroimaging. Additionally, it also discuss about resting state importance ... Show more content on
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The blood entering the area is oxygen enriched (oxygenated hemoglobin) and results in a decrease
of deoxy–hemoglobin. Now, a BOLD contrast can be defined as the signal generated by suppression
of de–oxy blood over oxy–blood. The low frequency oscillations around 0.01 Hz to 0.1 Hz are
critical in understanding resting–state fMRI time–series (Biswal et al., 1995; Biswal et al., 1997;
Cordes et al., 2001; Lowe et al., 2000; Lowe et al., 1996). A resting–state pattern is observed in the
areas where there is a high possibility of overlap in function and neuroanatomy. For instance, motor,
visual and auditory network . This helps us to infer that these regions form a functional network
during rest. Now, it is important to understand processing of resting–state fMRI data. The methods
through which a rs–fMRI can be obtained are seed based connectivity, principal component
analysis, independent component analysis, singular value decomposition, clustering. A rs–FMRI
analysis can be performed either by model–dependent method or Model free method. A model
dependent method is a simple technique in which brain areas are matched with the time–series
signal against all other areas. This results in generating a functional connectivity map (fcMap) for
the selected area. A seed can be selected from a task dependent activation map acquired, pointing a
specific area of interest. A disadvantage of this technique is the limited functional connectivity of
that area in comparison to
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The Myth And Its Impact On Development And Aging
退鈠Ɦere have been different myths developed with regards to development and aging. The first
myth relates to the brain. The myth that people only utilize 10 percent of their brain is an attractive
spectacle among psychology scholars and academic aspirants. There have been numerous studies
that speculate to the truth concerning the utility of brainpower. Most of the studies have concluded
that 10 percent was the appropriate amount. The majority claim is contrasted by a survey that
indicates people use only 6 percent of their brain. Neuroscientists that performed a similar study of
academic individuals that formed 41 percent of the demand express this claim. The myth has
sustained its relevance due to the media that reminds people of their hopes through unconventional
means. Published content describing the 10 percent ideology as fact have been circulating as method
of uplifting the confidence of the public about their potential. Marketers have played an enormous
role in exploiting their customers through an exaggerated breakthrough that has been elaborated
through dubious achievements.
The self–improvement accusations seem to exploit the myth in order to manipulate the reaction of
the public. Despite the renunciation by the United States National Research Council that a person
can utilize more that 10 percent of their brain, many people still believe that the remedy to their
ambitions has an easier route. There have been many instances of self–proclaimed improvements
from

Privacy And Neuroscience
Summary The article Privacy, Neuroscience, and Neuro–Surveillance by Adam D. Moore covers the
advances of neuroscience with regards to brain scans and how it can lead to the infringement of
privacy rights. Moore argues that there should be a limiting factor when dealing with brain scans.
There has to be justified reasons and legal proceedings (similar to entering a private domain) when
given the chance to look closely into one's consciousness (Moore, 2016). Further, Moore defends
this very argument by stating that privacy correlates with human well–being, along with the
circumstances that privacy served as protection against oppressive totalitarian regimes (Moore,
2016). He also understands that those with the counter–arguments say that ... Show more content on
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Moore highlights examples like showing someone a poem you have written, you allowed them to
see it, but they do not have the moral claims over it (Moore, 2016). Again, he argues the importance
of privacy and shows this as a comparison of someone being granted access to your private thoughts
in a brain scan. Although Moore is a proponent of one's privacy, he also understands that one can
consent to a brain–scan depending on a situation. For instance, your employer may mandate a brain–
scan in order for you to secure a job (Moore, 2016). You are more likely to consent to it, especially
if you need the job offered (Moore, 2016). On top of that, if the current job market shows high
unemployment and the job is needed, then one must agree to certain kinds of surveillance, known as
"thin consent" (Moore, 2016). Though the power of one's consent should protect individual private
rights, Moore states that certain cases may call for the protection of "public interest" to prevent
criminality (Moore, 2016). In this case, consent will be nullified in favor of the greater good
(Moore, 2016). Lastly, Moore calls for the justification of neuro–surveillance through the issuance
of warrants (Moore, 2016). Additionally, he calls for the restriction of these documents through a
third party and those whose information are being accessed should

Essay on Discovering Further Links between Language and Music
Arguably, language is the one thing that sets humans apart from animals. The capacity to share
thoughts and ideas through the spoken word allows humans to function as a group, enabling
humanity to function as an entity greater than the sum of its separate individuals. Music shares
similar properties, as it is also transmitted and perceived through sound. Both have the potential to
connect people and are innate properties of the human being. The aim of this paper is to discover
further links between the two based on empirical evidence. The main sources that will be consulted
are articles produced by Dr. Aniruddh Patel, a pioneer in the field of music psychology, with works
ranging from music cognition to rhythm perception.
The first study ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is widely acknowledged by linguists that British English represents "stress–timed" language,
whereas French represents "syllable–timed" language. To detail the exact difference between the
two, stress–timed languages have "equal duration between stresses," while syllable–timed languages
show "equal duration between syllable onsets" (Patel & Daniele, 2003, p. 36). With this basic piece
of background information, Patel & Daniele hypothesizes that syllable–timed languages have
greater variability in the duration of its vowels as opposed to syllable–timed languages. Intuitively,
this makes sense since the temporal distance between syllables is smaller compared to the distance
between the various points of stresses made in speech, which can span multiple syllables and words.
This logic gave birth to the "normalized Pairwise Variability Index" measure of speech rhythm or
simply, nPVI.
As the term "pairwise" suggests, the nPVI takes the length between each pair of adjacent events in
time, and calculates how much variability there is among the various duration of vowels compared
to the average duration over the entire series of events. The main strength of the nPVI measure lies
in the fact that it is a relative measure of events that take place over time, allowing one to take an
nPVI value for both music and language and selectively measure the variability of speech rhythm
and musical rhythm within the same

A Short Period Of Critical Development
roplasticity?
Abstract
Introduction Traditionally neuroscientists believed that when you were born, after a short period of
critical development just after birth, brain plasticity was fixed. Over 100 years ago Santiago Ramon
y Cajal, the father of modern neuroscience, was the first to famously suggest that the brain could
actually modify its structural and functional organisation post childhood in response to
environmental stimuli saying "Every man can, if he so desires, become the sculptor of his own
brain". However lacking in sufficient evidence, until recently the majority of neuroscientists have
believed in the staticity of cognitive function. It was in the 1970's and 80's that controversial animal
tests on monkeys infamously known as the 'Silver Spring Monkeys', confirmed the notion that the
brain, or more specifically the central nervous system, was able to change its structure and function,
creating new, more advantageous neural pathways for processing without the help of medication or
surgery but as a response to environmental stimuli. The effect has been explained by the Hebbian
theory, in Donald Hebbs 'The Organisation of behaviour ', published in 1949, a theory in
neuroscience that proposes an explanation for the adaptation of neurone in the brain during the
learning process. The theory attempts to explain associative or Hebbian learning, in which
simultaneous activation of cells leads to pronounced increases in synaptic strength between those
cells, and

The Stages and Treatments of Alzheimer’s Disease Essay
The Stages and Treatments of Alzheimer's Disease Alzheimer's disease is a brain disease with many
different stages that slows one's lifestyle and has no real cure. Alzheimer's disease is named after Dr.
Alois Alzheimer. The disease first appears around the age of sixty. Studies have concluded that as
many as 5.1 million Americans have Alzheimer's disease. A person with Alzheimer's loses
connections between neurons in the brain (1). Scientists do not know exactly what causes
Alzheimer's, but scientists say the disease develops a complex series of events that take place in the
brain over a long period of time (3). Alzheimer's is known to cause dementia with older people.
Dementia is the loss of thinking, remembering, and reasoning. ... Show more content on
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The severe case is when plaques and tangles speed through your brain. During this time, the victim's
brain tissue shrinks, causing communication difficulties. When one reaches the final stage of
Alzheimer's, he or she becomes completely dependent on others for care. Eventually a person with
Alzheimer's remains bed bound most of the time and the body slowly shuts down ("Alzheimer's
Disease Fact Sheet" 3).
Receiving an early diagnosis is better for the Alzheimer's patient. An early diagnosis helps families
plan for the future, make arrangements, care of financial matters, and develop support networks.
Developing the disease early provides a greater opportunity to get involved with clinical trials.
Diagnosing the disease early prolongs the time a patient can be managed at home ("A Treatment
Overview of Alzheimer's Disease"). Early diagnosis can help retain function in the victim for
months to years ("Alzheimer's Disease Fact Sheet" 4). With an early diagnosis, scientists can start
finding the best treatment for the victim ("A Treatment Overview of Alzheimer's Disease" 1).
Doctors find the patients tolerance for medicines and therapies with an early diagnosis. Doctors also
ask the patients opinions and preferences when the patients are first diagnosed.
The only way Alzheimer's can be diagnosed is after death. During an autopsy the pathologist links a
clinical course with examination of brain tissue and pathology in an autopsy. Doctors have methods
and tools to

The Theory Of The Mind Becomes Of Critical Importance
As neuroscience research progresses, the concept of the mind becomes of critical importance. The
mind is usually considered to be a separate, nonmaterial entity compared to the physical neurons
within the brain. However, the field of neuroscience is finding many connections between the
physical nature of the brain and the supposed non–physical aspect of the human mind. In a sense,
neuroscience seeks to understand the functioning of the mind in terms of the physical neuronal
firings of the brain. In addition, neuroscience seeks further information concerning the "fixity" and
"plasticity" of the brain. The field of neuropsychology was developed in response to these questions.
The field of neuropsychology was born at the beginning of the 20th century, shortly after the end of
World War II. Early neuropsychology was a combination of 20th century neurologist's views and
experimental psychology's new behavioral techniques. The returning veterans from World War II
sparked the rapid growth of the field. Many veterans developed cases of mental illness from their
exposure to the horrors of war. Thus, the field of neuropsychology was born in response to a medical
need. The rush in neuropsychology did not slow after World War II, but rather transitioned into the
study of cognition. Early neuropsychology studies of cognition generally investigated the topics of
memory and visual perception. For example, neurophysiologists David Hubel and Thorsten Wiesel
studied the vision of cats via

Essay On Neuroimaging
With the advancement in technology, neuroimaging has led to the discovery of male brains
containing a greater amount of white matter, while female brains contain more gray matter (Gur et
al., 1999). Sun et al. (2015) collected imaging data to track the progress of brain network topology
over a five–year period and compared the results between gender differences. Participants in the
study included 43 males ranging from ages 22–53, and 28 females from ages 21–59. Only those
having no brain disorders, mental illnesses, substance abuse, or first–degree family members with
mental illnesses were included in the research. Twenty–eight subjects completed the study and
received scans over 5 years. The results supported findings from previous ... Show more content on
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The article suggests women perform more confidently when working in groups composed of
predominantly women. When women are the minority in a collaborative group, they do not typically
perform as well. Consequently, men may work well in many types of gender group combinations
due to their increased confidence in performance abilities.
Barriga, Morrison, Liau, and Gibbs (2001) conducted a study to determine if there was a significant
difference between genders regarding antisocial behavior. The researchers recruited 88 males and
105 adolescents, ranging from ages 16–19 from a large Midwestern university. The participants
were given numerous test batteries to determine their internalizing and externalizing aggregate
scales. A correlation analysis was then performed to portray the relationship between behavioral and
moral cognitive variables. The study found males are prone to have a higher risk for antisocial
behaviors due to lower mature moral judgement, more self–relevance, and higher self–serving
cognitive distortion, possibly playing a role in their cognitive processes.
Kennedy, Kray, and Ku (2017) conducted five separate studies involving social–cognitive
frameworks to describe differences in gender negotiating ethics, and when females employ smaller
amounts of unethical negotiating behaviors than men do. The study found women had a stronger
moral identity compared to men, which decreases the temptation to rationalize, plot, and participate
in

Social Emotional And Executive Function Defects Essay
Through the decades, researchers have tried to solve the mystery of the enigmatic prefrontal cortex.
Along with the famous case of Phineas Gage (Harlow,1848), many studies have attempted to answer
the burning question of either or not lesions to the prefrontal cortex lead to an antisocial behavior.
The PFC, which is found in the frontal lobe and has an executive function, helps us have an
appropriate response to social situations. Why is it important to study this matter? Because we are
social creatures and knowing how to act in society is one of our basic needs. The studies which will
be presented show that there is an obvious link between dysfunction of the PFC and an antisocial
way of acting.
In the developmental neuropsychology literature, it has been proved that social–emotional and
executive function defects are associated with early damage to the PFC. Piaget (1968) claimed that
children learn from experience and this is the way in which they obtain adaptive characteristics.
Therefore, studying patients such as children can give a lot of information about the effect of brain
maturation and social development.
The study conducted by Eslinger(2004) reveals 10 cases of patients suffering from early prefrontal
cortex damage highlighting "one of the most informative cases available in the literature on human
prefrontal lobe damage", the case of Acherly and Benton(1948). JP, the person who was being
studied, is particularly important because he was observed for a long

Should the Police Be Allowed to Impose Brain Scans on...
Should the police be allowed to impose brain scans on suspects, assuming that brain scans can help
proving mens rea?
The English criminal justice system is based upon a "range of decisions and procedures from the
investigations and questioning of people" which develop the common sense ideas of free will and
responsibility for conduct. Imposing Brain scans on suspects by the police excludes the system from
procedures of investigation and questioning, which is known to be justice. Brain scans can be used
for the element of the criminal law of mens rea, which is required under the criminal justice system
to convict one of crime. However the presumption of innocence and a fair trial would be under
threat as one would have been proven guilty ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is due to the fact that police officers will have evidence taken from the defendant's brain scans,
which produces "70 to 90 per cent of accuracy". Thus, the defendant would have been proven guilty,
before commencing trials. As well as, it is believed here that the use of brain scans by police and
evidence would misdirect the Jury, as Dr Farahany states that jurors often tend to believe that
science is the objective truth, therefore showing that if police officer are given the right to use brain
scans on suspects, evidence taken from the scans in court would be regarded more sufficient than
"witness interviews, testimony by the accused under cross examination, and even the person's body
language". United States v. John W. Hinckley Jr. present the above argument due to Jury not finding
Hinckley not guilty by the reason brain scan image was central to jury's decision. Also, due to the
Brain scans being "70 to 90 per cent" accurate, this producing a defence for a defendant to argue that
the scan in inaccurate, causing the process of scans to be a waste of time. As previously seen In R v
Béland the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that the results of a polygraph examination are not
admissible as evidence. As the test had relied upon ones sweat and heart palpitations which
delivered inaccurate results. This has also been seen to be the reason why polygraph examinations
were excluded as evidence in the English Criminal justice system. Therefore

Summary : ' Sorry, But Your Soul Just Died '
Ricky Vong
10/18/15
PSY 3711
Sorry, But Your Soul Just Died
The article, "Sorry, but Your Soul Just Died" was an enjoyable read. Tom Wolfe article was quite
amusing, and filled with details. Yet, Wolfe was able to connect and draw out the soul, moral code,
and justice within the "neuroscience" discipline. It encapsulated the aggressive materialism of some
new–age scientists. Furthermore, to these self–assured scientific investigators–the concept that the
spirit may occur separately from the body is just absurd. Alternatively, everything is on the
"threshold of a unified theory," and a human's "temperament," "role preferences," "emotional
responses," "levels of aggression," and "moral choices" are genetically determined. And some
established theories about "the mind," "the self," "the soul," and "free will" are nothing but an
illusion. In other words, humans' beings are "wired" this way, and religion was probably a mishap.
The article was difficult to follow at times, however, I think Wolfe anticipated the "neuroscience
revolution" would start a public debate of whether god actually existed (I guess Wolfe understood
these central claims carried in thinking like this).
The idea that our genetic code controls most aspects of our lives is arguable. Nowadays, scientists
(cell biologists, neuroscientists, etc.) are uncovering concrete evidence that are genetic code is only
one of the many complex system of the human body that sways our lives. According to one new
study, ("Do

Brain Culture And Social Formation
neuroscience, that reflects a growing realisation that the brain is not a wholly individual, biological
and chemical product, but also one that incorporates elements of cultural and social formation. This
social shaping and enculturation is explored in the next section of this paper.The effect of culture
and society on the mind has long been widely accepted and has been studied by anthropologists and
social scientists. It is, however, a different prospect entirely to posit that culture and society inform
the make–up of the brain as well as the mind. It may be that this notion has elided academic
consideration due to the incompatibilities of disciplinary focus points, objectives, philosophical
starting–points, language and concepts of formation ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is important to note that Samantha and the many others like her are not forcing enculturation on
their own brains; rather, it is a "drinking culture" that is the causative factor in their brains'
enculturation. It must not be forgotten, however, that both Jemima and Samantha are not wholly the
result of their collective causations, but retain some degree of personal agency (Bloch, 2011: 2–3),
although how the balance between societal causation and personal agency adjusts as brain
enculturation progresses remains an interesting question.These three ethnographic examples that tell
the stories of Shelagh, Jemima and Samantha are but a small sample of how brains can be socially
shaped or encultured and what this means. Other examples that I could include are the effect that
social exclusion has in the partial causation of Alzheimer's disease (Wilson et al., 2007: 234), or the
brain changes that have been observed in young men who have experienced prolonged exposure to
that ultimate twenty–first century cultural phenomenon, internet pornography (Steele et al., 2013: 1).

Marketing : An Integral Part Of Any Business
Neuroscience in Marketing In recent times, Marketing has become an integral part of any business.
Your business may offer the best products or services in the industry, but without continuous
projection of the product to the customers, the chances of your competitors taking over your
products is very high.
Marketing has evolved over the ages to a stage where every aspect of its technology is examined
scientifically and improved techniques are applied to win over the customers and retain them.
But what does the future hold for marketing?
Marketing, then and now
In the early 1950s and 1960s, marketing was production oriented and the quality of the production
was the driving factor of marketing. Also, production was demand oriented and creation of demand
was not the primary focus of the manufacturer.
Later, as new production technologies started to develop, techniques evolved simultaneously to meet
the needs of the customers and efforts were made to maximize customization. Nowadays, a holistic
marketing approach is used that integrates several aspects of marketing.
But the next major advancement in marketing is literally hacking the brain of the customer.
The next big step
Neuroscience is the field of study where the response to products and consumer decision–making is
understood at the level of body and mind. The Neuromarketing concept is based on a model wherein
the major thinking part of human activity, including emotion, takes place in the subconscious area
that is below

The Effects Of Estrogen And Postmenopausal Women
In this article, researchers wanted to assess the effects of estrogen and progesterone treatment on
visual and verbal cognitive function in postmenopausal women. In the abstract, researchers
identified estrogen, progesterone, and synthetic progestin as the hormones in question. However,
researchers did not identify the ultimate reason why these hormones were important to women who
experienced menopause. In fact, the researchers did not define postmenopausal women, the
symptoms they experience, or the need for hormone treatment. This presents a minor flaw; without
detailing the importance of the study, it gives off the perception that the researchers were only
researching a particular topic they were interested in, comparing studies ... Show more content on
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Even with the references that they provided, they did not extract the information and present it in a
way that made it comparable, detail–by–detail, to estrogen and progesterone. They were able to list
why synthetic progestin was a risk, but not as to why it was a benefit, or why synthetic progestin
was being administered in the first place for hormonal treatment. Even on line 6, on page 3, the
researchers stated "despite the significant distinctions between progesterone and synthetic
progestins...", but failed to identify the significant distinctions between them. On page 2, line 15,
they stated that "progesterone is likely to be more beneficial and carry fewer risks than its synthetic
counterpart", but did not include an analysis of the difference, or why cognitively they are
important.
The researchers emphasized the need for a closer investigation of progesterone effects in
postmenopausal women, but continue to exclaim that it is potentially so much better than synthetic
progestin or estrogen. Results from previous studies were not operationalized to be used within
means of this study. Often, throughout the paper, the researchers use terms such as variable, general,
almost uniformly, or mostly, to describe results. However, it is difficult to distinguish the
significance of the references they are using because the claims are generalized. The few studies
they

Functional Neuroimaging Analysis
According to Klein (2010) functional neuroimaging technologies, such as positron emission
tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), have revolutionized
neuroscience, and provided crucial tools that link cognitive psychology and traditional
neuroscientific models in the diagnosis and treatment of brain disorders (Klein, 2010; Sabb &
Bilder, 2006). Neuroimaging refers to a collection of techniques that allow scientists to investigate
the functions of the brain through the detection of metabolic changes caused by the increase in
neural activity during a task (Klein, 2010). Similarly, Moran and Zaki (2013) state that functional
neuroimaging has become a primary tool in the study of human psychology (Moran & Zaki, 2013).

Case Study Of Neuromarketing
IMPORTANCE OF THE PROJECT:
For quite a long time, advertisers utilized demographics as a point of convergence of their battles
and in spite of the fact that that strategy works, there is another type of marketing that is picking up
a ton of consideration.
Marketing is about making a premium and buzz around an item/benefit keeping in mind the end
goal to expand deals, yet now advertisers are utilizing neuroscience as an approach to target
particular gatherings. Customary marketing has constantly centered around the conscious mind by
approaching customers about their purchasing encounters and adverts. This exploration will
dependably be imperative yet there is a farthest point to how much understanding it can offer.
Neuromarketing is a totally ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this manner, Neuromarketing truly provides advertisers with a frame work they need to develop
with the current marketing technics to upgrade and enhance their present marketing strategies,
making it achievable to target people with the information that Neuromarketing can push the limits
farther than expected.
ACADEMIC LITERATURE:
Marketing has generally focused on value and competitive advantage. In any case, a more holistic
way to deal with marketing, including the enthusiastic part of the basic leadership process is
increasing impressive ground in contemporary marketing. This line of research compares extremely
well with Kotler's most recent Notion of marketing, Marketing 3.0 in which he contends for a need
of companies to address shoppers as entire individuals, which he characterizes as comprising of four
parts: physical body, mind, heart, spirit. Kotler now contends for the need of companies to address
the emotions of their customers and intend to comprehend their tensions and their longings, if they
want to prevail in the contemporary marketing

The Self Reference Effect On Mother
The extensibility of the self–reference effect to mother
Organism used the sense of self to distinguish itself from the immediate external environment
(Neisser, 1988). The idea of 'extended self' suggested that the self was not limited to the body but
also incorporate with self–relevant information (Kim & Johnson 2012). The self–object associations
was developed as far back as early childhood, which showed that ownership was important in
cognition (Cunningham, Turk, Macdonald, & Macrae, 2008). Three research have investigated the
association between ownership and cognition. In the study done by Cunningham et al. (2008),
participants took part in a shopping experiment. They were required to move the stimulus items into
a basket owned by self or a basket owned by another participant. The memory for items in both
baskets was assessed. They found that participants were significantly recognized more of the objects
that moved to the self–owned basket than to the other–owned basket. The pattern of the
improvement in recognition memory was similar to the self–reference effect. The self–reference
effect suggested that information encoded with reference to 'self' enjoyed a memory advantage
compared with the information related to another person because of the enrichment in the
representations of the self–relevant objects, and hence the recognition and the memory was
improved (Cunningham et al., 2008).
In the study done by Kim and Johnson (2012), participants participated in the

Fmri Technology Research Papers
Bashkansky 1 fMRI Studies So you've heard of fMRI studies. The thing that makes the brain light
up with neat colors. But what is fMRI technology really? There are many misconceptions and
misunderstandings in regards to fMRI technology and studies. The following are some things to
keep in mind when scrutinizing those pesky fMRI studies.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging, or fMRI, is a technology that measures brain activity by
detecting changes in blood flow to different parts of the brain. When neurons are activated, or "fire",
they use up the oxygen they have and for a couple seconds afterward receive more oxygen through
increased blood flow. fMRI technology measures this change in blood flow, allowing us to indirectly
measure brain activity. A scanner is used to take the resting state image, which is the image when the
subject tries to relax as much as possible. Another scan is taken when the participant is performing a
certain task assigned to him, such as looking at a human face. Then researchers find the difference in
blood flow between the two scans. The final image is a conglomeration of the scans of in the
neighborhood of a dozen people, not just a single person. The colors on the final image represent the
probability that the increased blood flow in a brain region was not due to random chance, ... Show
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If a brain region lights up then there's increased blood flow. However, that doesn't show the nature
of the brain activity. It could be excitatory brain activity, where the neurons are receiving and using
new electrical information. Or it could be inhibitory activity, meaning the neurons fire in order to
stop the flow of electrical information. Inhibitory activity exists in order to regulate our brain
operations. An inhibitory neuron suppresses whatever electrical information it touches. Without
inhibitory activity there would be chaos because an electrical signal would keep

Insomnia Essay
Neuroimaging has made it possible to assess abnormal metabolic functions responsible for
insomnia. fMRI assists in targeting areas of the brain experiencing increased blood flow and
neuronal activity. Studies that have analyzed the effects of insomnia using magnetic imaging
techniques have concluded that there are characteristic deviations in brain structure and
interconnectivity with regard to insomnia. In a recent review, ample evidence concluded that
positive interconnectivity was present in regions of the brain responsible for "...wakefulness,
emotion, worry/rumination, saliency/attention, and sensory motor..." in affected individuals, while
regions of the brain that normally regulated each other (i.e. the salience network and default ... Show
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Furthermore, areas of the brain with less positive interconnectivity included temporal coupling
between the left pallidum and right thalamus, and also between the default mode network and
affective network (Li et al., 2017). Normally, the pallidum acts by inhibiting pyramidal cells to help
promote sleep. This evidence has been supported in mouse models after discoveries showing that
lesions inflicted on the external pallidum resulted in significant increases in wakefulness, as well as
significant "...fragmentation of non–REM sleep and wakefulness." (Li et al., 2017). The thalamus,
which is also a part of the ascending reticular activating system, also functions to help promote
wakefulness (Li et al., 2017). Because of this, the observed decrease in positive connections
between the two regions (the thalamus and the pallidum of the subcortical region) could indicate
that there may be diminished "...mutual inhibitory effects..." between them (Li et al., 2017). Such
mutual effects could increasingly suppress the thalamus during sleep, leading to insomnia–like
symptoms (Li et al., 2017).
As mentioned before, decreased positive connections were shown to exist between the default mode
network and the salience network. One of the major functions of the salience network observed
among these studies was that it

Brain Correlates Of Music-Evoked Emotions Analysis
In his article, "Brain correlates of music–evoked emotions", Stefan Koelsch talks about the human
society's universal feature which is known as "music". Koelsch covers research of how there is some
that music can trigger neural patterns and can be used in a way to shape the way some people are.
There are music–evoked emotions and emotions that are evoked from everyday life. These two
forms of evoked emotion overlap and can show how emotion plays a role in our lives. So the
author's claim is that music–evoked emotion overlaps with emotion evoked from everyday life and
could help with fixing mental issues or certain forms of brain damage. There isn't direct evidence
from the author himself, but there is a significant amount of data that when ... Show more content on
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Overall, the article covers the correlation between brain disorders and musical processing. The
authors, Camilla Clark and Laura Downey and Jason Warren, have a claim that recent findings in
research allow us as a society to further understand the biological role of music. The evidence
provided is quite useful for the authors and researchers themselves, as it assists in forming a more
concrete answer as to what the role of music really is in our human society. Similar to the first
article, there is a significant amount of data. But, in this article there is more data concerning the
different responses that result from different types of music on different types of brain disorders.
There are even full brain scans with highlighted parts that show which parts of the brain are
responding to music. As for counterarguments, it would be quite difficult in this case to provide a
counterargument because of how plausible the claim really is. Answers are forming from the
extensive research, but the answer to what the true biological role of music hasn't come up yet. As
stated before, this article is almost entirely information and is certainly a scholarly form of text.
There are no biases from what has been read so far. There isn't much of a gap in the argument
because the data that has been formed from the extensive research does show that we are learning
more about the effects of

The First Type Of A Person Essay
An individual can be one of three types of people when he is trying to remember someone. The first
type is someone who would off the bat recognize the other person as being familiar, but just cannot
recall that person's name in that exact moment. The second type would be someone who recognizes
the person by name, but would not recognize him when he sees him in person. The third type is the
person would be the star individual who could correctly recognize the person and confidently greet
the person by name. The majority of my friends, as well as myself, often lean towards the first type
of person. The feeling that the word, such as the name of a person, is within grasp, but for some
reason, you are incapable of verbalizing the word is known as the tip–of–the–tongue phenomenon. It
is also frequently referred to as its abbreviated name: TOT. More often than not, we are used to
hearing about your parents or someone older who you know experiencing episodes of forgetting
where they placed items, such as their car keys, are. As troublesome as it may be, it is merely a
symptom of growing older.
As we age, our memory will start to deteriorate along with our youthful appearance, causing us to
have a harder time to recall information, such as names. Information lasting more than 30 seconds in
your mind gets moved from your working memory to your long–term memory where it is stored for
the rest of your life. Psychologists believe long–term memory is unlimited whereas short–term or

Parkinson's Disease Essay
Diagnosis of Parkinson's Disease is extremely important in terms of treating the symptoms before
the disease gets worse. It is common for patients with PD to have motor symptoms such as gait
disorder, which comes from muscle stiffness/rigidity, bradykinesia, postural imbalance, etc. Gait
disorders can generally help determine how far the neurological disorder has affected the motor
function and control of the individual. Many physicians in general clinics determine if a patient has
PD or if it has progressed through evaluating the patients gait pattern, focused on a direct path
walking. The problem with this way of diagnosis is that direct paths would generally require the
clinic to have a space of 100–meter length for the patient to walk; ... Show more content on
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Simply because the imaging methods used such as CCT or an MRI are structural neuroimaging
methods that cannot provide characteristics that are generally featured in PD, both which are
commonly tools used by physicians. However, it is possible for the physician to use functional
neuroimaging methods such as PET and SPECT, which are definitive and more accurate in
diagnosing patient's first sign of parkinsonism. This form of early diagnosis does come with a hefty
price that many cannot afford along with the fact that it is not broadly available in many clinics or
imaging centers. With that said a new method, the TCS is more reliable in effectively diagnosing
early symptoms of PD. It was concluded that with the use of the TCS "up to 90%" of patients have
shown an enlarged echogenic size (hyperechogenicity) of the substantia nigra (SN). An enlarged
echogenic of the SN leads to a diminishment of the nerves in the SN, that is seen in PD. The nerve
cells in SN are responsible for control of movements and coordination by sending out signals to
tissues on both sides of the brain. A 37–month study led by multiple researchers have determined
that an enlarged SN was correlated with a higher risk for PD. TCS has also been known to precisely
diagnosis the severity and differentiation of PD patients, distinguishing how sensitive and the
specificity of individual patients. The last new method of early diagnosis is testing biological
biomarkers

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Analysis
Functional magnetic resonance imaging, or fMRI, is a technique used to measure brain activity.
fMRI works by detecting changes in blood oxygenation and blood flow that occurs in response to
neural activity. An area in the brain generally consumes more oxygen when its nerve cells are more
active, and to meet this increased oxygen demand, blood flow increases to the active area. For
example, reading would cause the left cerebral hemisphere to be more active and thus the fMRI
would detect blood oxygenation and blood flow rise in that area. It can be used to produce a map
that activates when parts of the brain are involved in a particular mental process. For example, the
hippocampus and related medial temporal lobe structures are mapped out, being ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The fMRI can be used to assess racism. Research has revealed the complexity of what goes through
people's minds when they are exposed to photos of people of different races. In their study, they
scanned the brains of white people while flashing images of white and African American faces at
them. Even though all of the participants said they weren't prejudiced, their brains told a different
story. The images of African Americans prompted a lot of activity in the amygdala, a region of the
brain associated with emotion. (Lieberman et al. 2005) fMRI's are now being used as a more
effective form of lie detector. The fMRI scans revealed that the brain's frontal lobe has to work a lot
harder when one is telling a lie than when one is being honest. Thanks to that insight, the researchers
were able to identify lies correctly up to 85% of the

Personal Knowing Essay: Personal Ethics And Knowinging
Personal Ethics and Knowing Paper
Jessica Vernon
University of Saint Joseph
We encounter new experiences everyday that mold us into who we are and how we respond to new
experiences. Nurses who have overcome many difficult obstacles may be better equipped for the
clinical setting than those who have not encountered as many obstacles. For instance, a nurse who
has lost her father to a heart attack may respond differently than a nurse who has not. How we deal
with encountering new situations not only makes us human, but cultivates us into the different
individuals that we become over our lifetime. Who we are in the present will be changed in the
future. When comparing our lives to a sculpture, we are never complete. We will always continue to
be sculpted and molded as we grow. My parents began shaping my life by introducing me to new
people every day. Whether I was going to play group or visiting my mom at work in a local nursing
home, I always loved to help people and be around people. It made me feel good to make people
smile. As I began to get older, I realized that helping people not always meant doing physical labor
such as sorting through boxes if an office was being moved. ... Show more content on
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Human dignity states that the patient's privacy will be protected, and the confidentiality of the
patient and healthcare providers will be preserved (Taylor et al., 2011). I see this as extremely
important with nurses as they are providing care first handedly. Because they see some gruesome
and embarrassing things that should not get reported around the hospital, they should respect the
privacy and desire for these patients to not get spoken about to other healthcare providers except on
a need–to–know basis. Providing the privacy to these patients shows them that you respect them as
an individual and that they feel they are being cared for uniquely (Taylor et al.

Psychological Disadvantages
Psychologically Paige experienced many disadvantages. Because of the abuse he endured over the
course of his life he exhibited many mental health issues that hindered his from brain functionality.
Psychological factors are hindrances that occur in the brain. Paige showed several psychological
factors that possibly contributed to his criminal activities. Paige had under developed brain
functionality, impulsiveness, poor decision making, low empathy, stress, and abandonment issues. I
will attempt to explain below how Paige exemplified each of these traits.
Paige underwent several different forms of abuse over the year. His mother shook him as a child to
stop him from crying along with beatings that occurred daily with various objects. Shaking a child
alone can lead to sever head injuries and sometimes death. Paige suffered from being raped by a
male neighbor at the age of ten and his mother abandoning him at a young age. These physical and
emotional abuses coupled with the environment that he was engaged in fostered his mental health
issues. Paige never received mental health treatment although it was recommended.
While on trial for the murder of Tuthill, and University of Pennsylvania neuroscientist Adrian Raine,
author of "The Anatomy of Violence, took interest in the Paige's case and became an expert witness
to the defense of Donta Paige. He conducted a brain scan of Donta Paige which helped to secure
Paige from receiving the death penalty. Raine states the results of

Brain Reflection
The Literate Brain seminar is part of the online lecture series called the Evolving Brain. The lecture
began with a short video explaining clarity. Clarity is a way of looking at the brain in which the
brain becomes transparent and specific markers can be used to highlight different features. This is
done through the use of a mesh designed to keep the parts of the brain in place and then the fats and
lipid bilayer are removed to make the brain transparent. This allows researchers to more clearly
study the individual connections and activated neurons in the brain. Dr. Pélagie Beason gave this
lecture and is the head of the Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences department at the University
of Arizona.
Written language has a history of 6,000 years and various across many systems such as symbolic
and alphabetic representations. Early language development is a process of association. Toddlers
and children associate various sensory inputs with meaning and begin to learn a systematic code of
signs, sounds, and symbols that become language. Toddlers learn much about spoken language and
then in early childhood, children begin to map spoken words to written words. Literacy development
in children begins with visual form recognition and is followed by concept development, spoken
language development, and written language development.
Adult literacy complements handwriting skills with typing and texting skills. In adult literacy, adult
vocabulary grows and new word learning

Various Brain Structures : Informed Consent Forms
Individuals from a drug treatment service will be informed by the service staff of the study being
conducted. The study will include thirty opiate dependent subjects as well as thirty healthy
individuals (15 males and 15 females over the age of 18). Opiate dependent subjects will be required
to have no current psychiatric diagnoses and to also abstain from using any substances, aside from
their usual opiate prescription, twenty–four hours prior to their scanning sessions.
Materials
Informed Consent Forms Informed consent forms will be used. These forms will contain
information regarding the purpose of the study as well as the procedure being used. Positron
Emission Tomography (PET) Scan PET scans measure differences in blood flow ... Show more
Follow up interviews will be conducted with the opiate user group once a month for a period of six
months after the study to determine their levels of drug use. These interviews will be helpful in
understanding repeated use and degree of addiction.
Proposed Statistics This quantitative quasi–experimental study will employ a single–factor ex–post
facto design. Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) is a statistic technique that will be used to
examine the differences in brain activity recorded functional neuroimging using the neuroimaging
techniques (i.e., PET and MRI). The software created by the Wellcome Department of Imaging
Neuroscience will be used to conduct this analysis (Daglish et al., 2008).
Ethical Considerations There are several ethical issues regarding research on drug addiction.
Goodwin and Goodwin (2013) suggest to ensure a study does not have any ethical issues it must be
reviewed by the Institute Review Board (IRB). To gain IRB approval the rationale for this study, the
procedures, possible risks to the participants and how these risks will be avoided as well as the
consent form and materials to be used must be submitted. A standard requirement for research is that
subjects give their consent to participate. There are issues concerning consent in drug addiction
studies because consent must be

The Brain That Changes Is An Informative And An...
The Brain That Changes Itself is an informative and an educational book was written by Canadian
Psychiatrist, psychoanalyst, writer, and researcher Norman Doidge, who delivers a dramatic change
message about the plasticity of the brain; how the brain changes itself. "The Brain That Changes
Itself" is a chain of excellent case studies of individuals who have undergone a brain deficit of some
kind and examines different types of brain deficits from simple sensory; auditory and visual to
complex deficits; missing brain regions. The book recounts neuroscientific advances on how
neuroplasticity does not limit the individual to predefined neural limitations and that our way of
thinking, as well as the activities that we perform every day, ... Show more content on
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It is full of comprehensive and engaging style; well reference and scientifically proven, summarizes
the current revolution in neuroscience and neuroplasticity, and closes the gap that the old age or
matured brain, which is unchangeable is changeable and malleable (plastic); extending it functions
from one region to the other. Doidge engaging style of writing, scientific proves, and academic tone
help to make the book persuasive.
In classical neuroscience, there was the theory that the adult brain was considered fixed and
inflexible; every part had a specific purpose and function and when it is damaged, cannot be
replaced or repaired. Today experimental techniques suggest and embrace the recognition that the
brain is plastic and can change itself with exercise and understanding whether you are an infant or
an adult. It explains that the brain is constantly seeping out in various directions and is apparently
able to respond to injury with a striking functional reorganization, and sometimes actually thinks
itself into a new structure of body arrangement. Doidge also argues that plasticity can be good or
bad based on the way a brain is used. For instance, on the wrong side individuals who watches
pornography have deleterious part of their brain that makes them addictive to watching porn and

Computer Aided Diagnosis Systems For Infectious Diseases...
Dr. Bagci has published numerous studies in informatics of radiology spanning from development of
computer aided diagnosis systems for infectious diseases to general image analysis techniques in
MRI, CT, PET, and histology images, and development of image enhancement and reconstruction
methods both in clinical, pre–clinical, and technical fields [11–65]. His works appeared in top–tier
journals such as Nature Communications, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, Journal of
Virology, Journal of Pathology, and MICCAI. Related to tasks of specific aim 2 and 3, Dr. Bagci
published two important contributions in the field where he has shown the importance of
inhomogeneity correction, denoising, and intensity standardization of MR images and its effects in
image segmentation and registration tasks [61, 63]. Similar post–processing framework that were
presented in [61, 63] for MR images will be implemented in Task 2–1. A representative MR images
with the correction steps are illustrated in Figure 2 below.
Figure 2. This figure explains post–processing filtering (ordered) for cleaning MR images prior to
any quantification task. First row indicates unprocessed MR images. Second row shows intensity
inhomogeneity corrected images corresponding to first row images. Third row denotes intensity
standardization as applied to second row (inhomogeneity corrected images).
Diffusion MRI and Fetal Brain Connectome (PI: Dr. Yap)
Dr. Yap has made significant contributions to advancing

Fear Is Something That Almost People Have Experienced At
Fear is something that almost people have experienced at least once in their lives. It is also
considered as a natural rule that everyone can barely resist or avoid. In many people's opinions, fear
seems to be useless, and becomes an obstacle which prevents people from being successful.
Consequently, we are repeatedly encouraged to conquer and overcome it. However, fear is not
always negative, it sometimes brings us benefits. What if everybody could defeat their fears, how
the world would be? Would it become a better place?
Fear is the feeling of anxiety about something terrible may happen to us. Based on Roger Hart's
experiments on children in 1970s and children of the new generation, fear is not innate but formed
by the environment and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By the time, we see many cases of kidnapping, murder, and accident as the proofs for what we have
learned about the unsafe society. We cannot ignore it because we are aware that similar things may
happen to us. We are not born to be afraid; however, media, education, and real–life experiences
help build a taller castle of fear in our mind which is really hard to collapse.
I used to think that fear is so troublesome. If there was no fear on earth, life would be easier.
Everything has changed after getting to know a case of fearless woman, SM. Fearlessness is also has
negative and positive side. It is a very rare disease called Urbach–Wiethe disease that only four
hundred cases have been identified. Everyone who has this disease usually has three symptoms:
externally hoarse voice, small bumps around eyes, and little stones in certain parts of the brain,
especially amygdala. Scientists had done many tests to check SM's ability to fear. She expressed no
experience of fear to snakes and even with a man who held a knife to her throat. This is very
dangerous because she cannot conceive of the threat might happen to her so that she hardly can
avoid it. Fear is crucial for survival. However, because SM has no fear, she does not think that
threats are bad for her. This makes SM happier and more satisfied with her life. Everything seems to
be benign with her, and she can really enjoy her life. Fear is the

Different Study Designs When Investigating Cognitive And...
1. There are various advantages and disadvantages of different study designs when investigating
cognitive and neural ageing using neuroimaging. Several theories of cognitive ageing have been
based on cross–sectional designs where there is a common understanding that multifarious age
studies can lead to a better understanding of the propinquity among age–related processes (Hofer,
Sliwinski and Flaherty, 2002). This method is proven to be cost effective, renders quick results, and
is the best way to determine prevalence and identifying associations within a group (Mann, 2003).
However, Salthouse (2009) pointed out that comparisons of people of different ages at a particular
time does not necessarily express changes that will arise within an individual as he ages. He
explained that confounding factors, such as maturation, which refers to the person growing older
and undergoing different experiences and influences, must be determined in each participant to
know how each one has been effected. Raz and Kennedy (2009) also identified in a review that
cross–sectional studies have often only focused on specific parts of the brain in imaging studies,
such as the prefrontal cortex, but many longitudinal studies present larger age–related structural
changes in the inferior parietal cortex, the hippocampus, and the cerebellum.
Compared to cross–sectional studies, research on ageing have argued that longitudinal is the most
practical way to obtain reliable data, stating that,

Brain Imaging Techniques Used Today
Brain Imaging Techniques
Duane Perrin
Eastern Oregon University
11/11/2016
Since the beginning of time people have been trying to understand what is going on inside our
heads. With the development and continuous advancement of brain imaging techniques it has
become possible to do just that. It is now possible to produce both structural and functional images
of the brain. While brain imaging techniques have advanced significantly throughout history and
proven extremely useful, they still have their limitations. The purpose of this paper is to give a brief
history of brain imaging developments, explain the major brain imaging techniques being used
today, and provide information about what each scan can and can't tell us about the human mind and
brain.
A brief history of brain imaging as described by Raichle (2009) begins with the introduction of
computerized tomography (CT) in the early 1970s and development of magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI) shortly thereafter, which prompted the invent and use of positron emission tomography
(PET), and then functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) which came in the 1990s (p.119).
Since then other forms of brain scanning technology have appeared such as the
Magnetoencephalography (MEG) scan, and other variations of PET and MRI such as diffusion
tensor imaging (DTI). The appearance of these types of brain imaging techniques has provided great
insight into the structure and function of the human mind.
First, it is important

Lesion Study Essay
Q1. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of lesion studies compared to in vivo neuroimaging
methods of neuroscience.
Lesion studies, which produce data, localize human brain function by studying the correlation
between a behavioural disorder and the location of brain injury. They are particularly invasive as it
involves removing part of the brain while making comparisons before and after the lesion and
consequent deficits are noted. Lesion studies are often carried out when brain surgery is required, for
example to remove parts of the brain where epileptic seizures are known to originate. In–vivo
imaging, often referred to as brain scans, are less invasive biological experiments. In–vivo
techniques break down into two main types: structural ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This type of imaging helps in the diagnosis of brain injury and certain diseases. The main types of
structural imaging techniques are computerized tomography (CT) or computerized axial tomography
(CAT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Functional imaging provides imaging of the brain as
patient's complete tasks such as solving math problems, reading or responding to stimuli such as
auditory sound. The area(s) of the brain used to complete the tasks light up, giving researchers a
visual 3D of the parts of the brain involved. The main types of functional imaging are positron
emission tomography (PET), regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and functional magnetic
resonance imaging (fMRI).
An advantage to lesion studies could be the vast amount of knowledge on cognitive function it has
bought about, i.e. when Wernicke (1873) discovered that damage to the left posterior temporal
cortex lead to difficulty in language comprehension. In some cases, lesion studies have been proven
effective in 'curing' epilepsy, making a mass difference to people's lives, for example Katie Hopkins.
However, during practice, it is hard to make a brain lesion that completely removes one part of the
brain, whilst leaving the rest entirely intact. Lesions could impair other systems that happen to pass
through the lesion

Brain Enhancement Research Paper
Brain Enhancement Solutions How to find brain enhancement solutions: The Internet is the best
place to find brain enhancement solutions, since you can shop for ideas at thousands of online
stores. The Internet offers you connections to ideas, tips, hints, bargains and the latest solutions in
enhancing the brain.
When you want to improve the memory, finding the best brain enhancement solutions can help you
get the most out of improving your overall life. Some of the leading solutions in brain enhancement
include music that guides you to relaxation. Use the Internet as your guide to find some of the top
sounds offered on the market today that assist you in enhancing the brain. The search engine is the
place to start searching for

Alzheimer's Disease Essay
Alzheimer's Disease
Alzheimer's disease is the disease of the century. This disease is affecting many lives, families, and
caregivers. This research presented is to help educate on the topic of Alzheimer's disease, which
many people aren't aware enough about. Statistics are given to show how extreme this disease is,
and how many people it's affecting in society. Also statistics are presented that give the amount of
money being spent relating to Alzheimer's disease. This research explains the symptoms, diagnosis,
and treatment of the disease. Also giving advice and strategies to help caregivers manage and
support their loved one if they are struck with this disease. Not much is known for sure on what
causes this disease, so ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Essentially, Alzheimer's causes the computer of the brain to go down, and the whole of life becomes
gradually disarrayed (Gray–Davidson, 1996).
The American Psychiatric Association's definition of Alzheimer's disease contained in the diagnostic
manual DSM–IV, is as follows:
The essential feature of the presence of Dementia of insidious onset and gradual progressive course
for which all other specific causes have been excluded by the history, physical examination, and
laboratory tests.
The Dementia involves a multifaceted loss of intellectual abilities, such as memory, judgement,
abstract thought, and other higher cortical functions, and changes in personality and behavior
(Gray–Davidson, 1996). Alzheimer's is a disease of the brain that causes a steady decline in
memory. This results in dementia, loss of intellectual functions such as thinking, remembering, and
reasoning, severe enough to interfere with everyday life (Gwyther, 2000). As with all dementia's, the
rate of progression in Alzheimer's patients varies from case to case. From the onset of symptoms,
the life span of an Alzheimer's victim can range anywhere from 3 to 20 or more years. The disease
eventually leaves its victims unable to care for themselves. While a definitive diagnosis of
Alzheimer's disease is possible only through the examination of brain tissue, which is usually done
at autopsy, it is important for a person suffering from

Chronic Pain In The Brain Analysis
Sean Mackey is a M.D, Ph.D, the current Chief of the Division of Pain Medicine, as well as a
Redlich professor in several pain and brain related sciences at Stanford. Doctor Mackey leads the
research at the Stanford Systems Neuroscience and Pain Laboratory focusing on the dissecting
chronic pain and how it effects the nervous system. The SNAPL has also attempted to map out the
brain and regions in the spinal cord that understand pain in order to treat these occurrences of
chronic pain on a personal level (Stanford Medicine Bio). In order to solve these problems he is
mainly explores the effects of different injected drugs, such as Lidocaine, Ondansetron, and
Botulinum Toxin, for ameliorating effects or help in linking how different responders ... Show more
This study focused on the brain shielding the body from pain, a reflection of the first paper, and
provides the other side to my view of his topic. In this paper he explains how he had 27 individuals
in the first 9 months of a romantic relationship go through a series of pain trials where they were
exposed to a heat block at various thresholds. While the pain was being applied they were told to
focus in on a picture, either of their romantic partner or an equally attractive acquaintance, then they
were told to rate their pain. The results really surprised me that it can be quantitatively determined
that the pain they felt was less when viewing their partners. Mackey describes it as an analgesia
affect, the brain dampening the nerves that would transmit the pain to the brain when view ones
romantic partner. Many controls were put in place to make their experiment clear, for example the
acquaintances and partners were rated equally attractive by a third party, the patients completed a
mind–wiping arithmetic exercise after each trial, the pain scale for each patient was determined
earlier through an empty trail and the skin area was cooled after

Neuromarketing
Within the skull lies the most complex organ known to mankind –– the human brain. With a mass of
only 6 kilograms, the brain contains over 100 billion living cells and 1 million kilometers of
interconnecting fibers; but, exactly how does it function? Marketing and sales managers would love
to know why consumers are attracted to certain advertising, packaging and brands. Martin
Lindstrom, author of Buyology: Truth and Lies About Why We Buy, explains the marketing
challenge, "When we walk down an aisle in a grocery store, our purchasing decisions are made in
less than four seconds...there is no way we can think about that in a complete way. Those decisions
take place in the subconscious part of the brain" (2008).
The drive behind ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It likes beginnings and endings and tends to drop the information in the middle. Therefore, placing
the most important context in the beginning and restating it at the end is a must to grab the
consumer's old brain's attention. The fifth stimulus is visual. The old brain is very visual; this may
be because the optic nerve is directly connected to it. "About 70% of the body's sense receptors are
in our eyes. To a large degree, we understand our world mainly by looking at it...we have evolved to
put our visual senses at the top of our sensory hierarchies, and therefore, visual components tend to
trump all others" (Pradeep, 2010). The old brain reacts to an object before your new brain physically
recognizes the object. The last stimulus is emotion. When consumers experience strong emotions
like happiness, sadness, anger or joy, a flood of emotions rushes into their brain and impact the
synaptic connections between the neurons making them faster and stronger. As a result, consumers
will remember events better when they have experienced them with strong emotions.
Analyzing Neuroimaging Techniques In order to measure the brain effectively, neuromarketers use
the latest technology that assess the brain's activity most accurately. Although there are apparently
many techniques that scientists propose, only a few have stood the test of time and are being used
most widely. The three techniques are Electroencephalogram (EEG), Functional

Analysis Of Cognitive Neuroscientists
Cognitive neuroscientists use several brain imaging methods that look at the structure or function of
the brain to study cognition. Position emission tomography (PET), functional magnetic resonance
imaging (FMRI), electroencephalograph (EEG), magnetoencephalography (MEG) and transcranial
magnetic stimulation (TMS) are all commonly used techniques. Neuroscientists want to use these
techniques to construct theoretical models that represent and explain brain organisation and function
(Eysenck & Keane, 2015) in order to match patterns of brain activation with psychological
processes. The spatial (identifying where certain activity happens) and temporal (when the activity
happens) resolutions of these neuroimaging techniques have an important ... Show more content on
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One neuroimaging technique that is used by cognitive neuroscientists that does not use radiation is
fMRI. In recent years, there has been a dramatic shift from PET to the use of fMRI in cognitive
studies and no radiation in fMRI is a profound reason for this (Talavage et al., 2014).
Functional MRI (fMRI) looks at the blood oxygen level–dependent contrast (BOLD). It does this by
using an MRI scanner where the strong magnetic field causes protons in the brain to align. A short
pulse of radio–frequency will then cause the protons to spin and go back into their original places
which results in the protons losing some energy. When looking at an MRI scan the brightest parts of
the brain are the parts where the protons are giving off most energy. The problem with just an MRI
scan is that they only tell researchers about the structure of the brain and not the function. This is
where fMRI becomes extremely useful as they can tell researchers more about the function of the
brain. The spatial resolution of an fMRI is extremely good as it is about 1mm and the temporal
resolution is about 2–3 seconds which although could be better, is still a huge improvement on PET.
Since fMRI is not invasive, is widely available and has no exposure to radiation it has become the
prominent brain imaging technique used by cognitive neuroscientists today (Xue, Chen, Lu, &

Functional Connectivity's Impact on Neuroimaging Analysis

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