Differences Between Formal Grammar And Functional Grammar

Differences Between Formal Grammar And Functional Grammar
3.2 Development of Grammar
Language is always in flux and dynamic, so is grammar, an important component of language.
During the passage of time, there were many aspects in human society that have experienced
changes, which influenced language. Therefore, the development of grammar is also significant.
There were different frameworks and types of grammar being developed by degrees. In this section,
two distinctive types: formal grammar and functional grammar will be introduced. 3.2.1 Formal
Grammar
According to Khatim (2013), grammar is established when a significant number of people use the
language in the same structure, or particular ways, and rules for grammar would be established
gradually. There should be formal rules for grammar so as to act as a guidance for language usage.
As pointed out by Khatim ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
McLaughlin points out that a grammar lesson with exactly the same contents can actually be a kind
of formal grammar teacher or functional grammar teaching, depending on the purpose of the teacher
that rather the teacher want to give mental training to the students, or want them to really apply what
they have leant to their speeches. As Coffin, Donohue and North (2013) mentioned, even the two
kinds of grammar could be presented in completely different ways, connections between them could
still be
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Difference Between Formal And Informal Learning
The text being analyzed is "Informal vs. Formal learning: What's the Difference." Firstly, this text
was chosen because it contains a meaning of informal and formal learning, which is interesting
because it seems like there are only two ways of learning in life. Firstly, this text was chosen
because it contains a simplistic meaning of what informal and formal learning is. Furthermore, the
text states that formal learning is like a bus, the driver decides where the bus is going, and the
passengers are along with the ride (Cournoyer 2012). Additionally, this is an interesting way to
explain formal learning because there is one force that is in control of how everyone is supposed to
learn. In this example, the person driving the bus is independent of driving while the passengers are
dependent to when the driver makes it's stops. The point to make across is that if the formal force
makes an error, then the people who are not the force are at risk. Secondly, informal learning is like
a bike because the rider chooses the destination, and the route. Formal learning has much more
structure than informal learning because informality has more flexibility. Formal learning is
considered to have more control over the learning experience (Cournoyer 2012). The article from
class being analyzed here is "Welcome to The World Is a Text" by Johnathan Silverman and Dean
Rader. Firstly, the article is about how people experience reading through a formal and informal
way. Interestingly, people

My Experience With A Graduate Student
I had initial thoughts of this class being extremely difficult. I am not yet sure if this is going to be
true for me or not. I am still nervous about recording sessions with "clients" and having to review
them. Examining recorded sessions of myself is worrisome in the sense that I have never been able
to see myself communicating with someone else. I have high hopes that I am a good listener, that
needs improvement. I hope by learning skills from this class I will be able to improve my skills. It
will definitely be a learning experience that I am dreading but excited for at the same time. The
workload of this course is going to be larger than what I was used to in undergrad, I have come to
accept the reality of being a graduate student. After examining the syllabus, I noticed that the
workload is not over–whelming, but it will take time management skills and dedication. I have
reviewed the syllabus more than once, making sure that I had an understanding of everything that is
expected of me in this course. When reading the syllabus, I did find myself questioning some of the
assignments, but it stated that we would review the instructions more thoroughly during class. I did
not realize that I would be learning so much by reading the first chapter of our textbook. I found it
very interesting that Egan (2014) described two different styles of helpers, formal and informal.
Formal helper's individuals that hold a role in helping others lives. Informal helpers are individuals
that

Therefore, dependent on the view of the person deciding...
Therefore, dependent on the view of the person deciding the intensity of the light, other people will
possibly disagree on the strength for the situation, so it's hard to work out the proper level required
for each situation. Specifically, a strength in this method would be that, you can usually roughly and
easily guess what type of lighting would be most appropriate for different settings however a
weakness would be that you will never get the most appropriate light that everyone will agree upon.
Space:
Space can affect communication dependent on the formality of the situation. For instance, if it was a
formal situation such as at a school, you would expect that there would be at least an arm's length
between the teacher and the student ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Time:
Time can affect communication in that if a meeting or consultation is scheduled at a later time then
the atmosphere between the people will not only be strained in that I imagine they would both be
tired, but also there could be misread signals in the use of a later slot, due to the connotations or the
stigma attached to night or evening time gatherings, not only this but no one will be able to
concentrate due to the thoughts of bed and sleep running through their minds. A method of removing
the problems or issues attached to having a later meeting time would be to try and schedule for
another, earlier time or if this is not possible, reschedule for another day when it is. A strength with
this method is that it does not take too much time or effort to do and takes into account that if one
day will not be available, another day would be just as appropriate. On the other hand, a weakness
would be that, in most cases rescheduling may not be possible. For instance if there was a deadline
to keep to or there are no other times that everyone else can manage around their schedules and late
nights were the only times that everyone is free, therefore, they would all have to try to pull
themselves together and get the work done to the best of their abilities. In a nutshell, a strength in
this method would be that it is quick and easy to reschedule a meeting time with

Organizational Communication, Culture, And Responsibility...
Paper 601–Organisational Communication, Culture, and Responsibility &Ethics
Name: Binita Patel
ID:
Introduction: Pak n save supermarket is one of the foodstuff company in newzealand.Orignally all
the store used the name Four square, with the NEW WORLD established in 1963 and PAK N'SAVE
in 1986. Together all the foodstuff company has the largest business. One can always find a best
deals in store. There are different types of departments made by arranging product in shelves to find
the quantity as per needed.Pak n save mostly advertise their promotion through television and
brochures in black and yellow colour and they have also open fuel station were customer can get
discount fuel. There are 53 overall store in New Zealand they work in ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It works through chats, talks and likes. The informal communication includes:
Grapevine:
Informal chat from person to person, the cause of this communication is not clear. It is spread
through rumours and gossips. It travels through informal networks and quite often travels faster than
the formal messages.
B)
–>Formal organization:
Diagonal:
Diagonal communication cuts across different functions and level in organization. Diagonal
communication occurs between different officers who are at different level and who have different
commands. This type of communication work in tactical situation which require the quick advice
and suggestions. It is usually verbal.
Downward:
Downward communication means the information is sent from down to top that is from mangers to
the employee.
Informal organization:
Example: Since informal organisation occurs everywhere in organisation we can give a number of
examples for that. For example, if two employees whose habit it is to gossip and have their
perceptions of company affairs and personnel. They can do this on the job, at work, or after work.
Likewise there are cases where one member assists someone else in another department in solving a
work problem. Not only workers but also managers form informal way.

Q2)
–>Meaning of organizational culture: Organizational culture is the sum of values and rituals which
serve as glue to participate the

Group Reflection Paper
The Information Technology department at my job is a group I am part of and also a group that has
some history. Our longest standing member has served the company for nearly ten years and could
probably describe the changes that have occurred much better than me. From my perspective, this
group has not changed much since I became member. Much of the standards and principles shared
by each member have been in place well before I started. Norms seem to predominantly represent
the flow of communication and behavior within this group. The course text describes norms as
"informal rules" or "unstated expectations" (Galanes & Adams, 2013, p. 162). Within this
department, there are various unspoken rules that are respected by each member of the group. Some
norms are influenced by common sense. For example, if there is a misunderstanding about a request
that was made or an unintended mistake. Nobody is yelled at or punished it in an embarrassing or
demeaning way. Honestly is also expected from each member of the group. In fact, there is a weekly
team meeting where each member is encouraged to discuss any issues they are having. It is a
meeting where the norm is that whatever is spoken in the room, stays in the room. The norms within
this group were reinforced by the conformity displayed by each member. When I entered the group,
I noticed that everyone followed these norms without issue. They weren't unreasonable norms nor
did they go against my beliefs. "Conformity to norms helps a

What Is Important About Literacy?
What is Important about Literacy? Literacy is arguably one of the most important qualities a human
can acquire. It is used every day and without it we could not communicate, but what part of literacy
is the most important? Technology is moving faster than ever before and literacy has begun to take
on a different form. It is no longer just writing formal in letters and communicating over the
telephone from a call. In this day and age literacy must be formal and informal. The cell phone is
arguably the biggest factor in this change. Texting has made sending messages as easy as pressing a
button. People no longer try to be proper due to how quick they can exchange messages. Even the
business world is changing from the more formal communication to a more rapid quick and fast
paced work. Managers and bosses no longer want well written messages and would rather have a
quick to the point message. This is why I believe that informal literacy is more important than
formal literacy. Today's world is changing every day, in order to keep up we must change with it. No
longer will literacy only be considered good if you can write a letter properly. The work place has
moved to the inform way. There are many advantages to informal literacy that many people fail to
see. These assets are crucial in the day to day operations. "Informal communication is more flexible
than formal communication because it is free from all type of formalities. (businesscom)" This
flexibility allows business to

What Are The Reasons For Informalisation
Reasons for Formation of Informal Sector
1.) Informalisation is correlated to income and development i.e. Impacts of globalisation on trade
openings and employment generation.
From the advent of neo liberalization, trade opening became a common phenomenon across
countries. This meant that the goods produced in the country could be exported and the producers
could earn greater profits. However, at the same time there is a large influx of goods from other
countries. In order to keep pace with the growing competition, more goods had to be exported rather
than imported. Cheap labour and technology hence became the most sought after solution for
producing large amount of goods at a cheaper and faster pace. Large firms, in order to maximize
their profits, started hiring labourers on contractual basis. This had two impacts:
Firstly, a large ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Though people are now being employed, it doesn't contribute to the GDP since this sector is a
grey/shadow sector.
Apart from this, there are several other reasons for informalisation such as:
2.) Governance and regulatory burdens
Another major reason for informality is the governance and the regulatory structure. According to
De Soto, burdensome regulations thwart the efforts of small entrepreneurs and thus force them to
stay in shadow. Interaction of governance with regulations also leads to informality.
Regulation structure which includes high taxation, lack of pension plan, social security, MMIC
based measure coupled with other social factors like level of schooling, share of youth, share of
rural population and share of agriculture in GDP, encourages people to remain in the informal sector.
Also government indicators such as presence of corruption, weak rule of law and poor level of
democracy also cause informality.
3.) People's perception about the use of the taxes to provide

Formal Grammar For A Good Writer
Nicholas Patterson
ENC 1102
Professor Tarkan–Blanco
29 March, 2016
Prompt: Argue whether the formal instruction of grammar in school is helpful and enlightening for
someone who wants to become a good writer.
Formal Grammar instruction is necessary to become a good writer It is fairly easy to determine a
person's educational background based on a single conversation; whether through written messages
or a verbal conversation, word choice and grammar are very apparent. Grammar in the formal
writing style is needed to ensure that writing is flowing and understandable. Without it a writer will
not be respected in the writing world. American English is very complex with various tenses and
many different grammatical rules that can be very hard to learn and master. However rules are very
important in order to use the language effectively. Even though some argue that it can be a waste of
time, formal grammar instruction is an essential component to becoming a good writer because
students themselves want to improve their grammar, and without proper usage, written works can
become confusing. Grammar has been taught in English since the sixteenth century, with the
grammar school, "Which focused on academic studies, with the assumption that many of their
pupils would go on to higher education" (Richardson). While these schools didn 't educate the pupils
only in grammar, this idea of grammar school for children who were expected to have more
intellectual success than those that went

Formal Instruction Of Grammar In School
Topic: Argue whether formal instruction of grammar in school is helpful and enlightening for
someone who wants to become a good writer. Today, formal grammar is essential in our academic
careers, requiring us to write concise and professional assignments in order to exercise creativity
and leave impressions on instructors. Although, the effectiveness of the explicit instruction of formal
grammar is still under speculation; even individuals from academic and research backgrounds are
skeptic about whether explicit formal grammar instruction is effective at all. Although, it sounds
only nonsensical to even consider abolishing this instructional method, for why should learning
grammar be based on one's own knowledge of it? Why should the student's initial experience with
grammar be deemed as more important than proper instruction? The explicit instruction of formal
grammar in society is necessary, for the consequences of removing this practice can prevent core
grammar from being taught in the first place; also, even if other methods would prove more
effective, applying this would be too much of a risk, and ultimately keep students from discovering
talents, and make it more difficult for foreign students to learn English as a second language. The
debate about grammar instruction does not entail whether grammar should be taught, but rather how
it should be taught. Formal grammar instruction, also known as traditional grammar instruction, is a
teaching method where students

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Informal Organizations
1. The learning of casual gathering can be utilized to accumulate backing of representatives and
enhance their execution.
2. Through grapevine vital data can be transmitted rapidly.
3. By participating with the casual gatherings the chiefs can skillfully exploit both formal and casual
associations.
Weaknesses of Informal association:
1. Spread Rumors:
As indicated by a study 70% of data spread through casual hierarchical structure are gossipy tidbits
which may delude the workers.
2. No Systematic Working:
Casual structure does not shape a structure for smooth working of an association.
3. May Bring Negative Results:
On the off chance that casual association restricts the strategies and changes of administration, then
it turns ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Directors are mindful that they are adequate beware of their forces of power. They likewise realize
that in the event that they abuses their forces, a befitting answer numerous be brilliant by the
specialists. They bring changes into their gatherings when cautious arranging.
advantages_of_informal_organization
Focal points of Informal Organization
Support enhanced administration hone: Perhaps an inconspicuous advantage of casual gatherings is
that they urge supervisors to get ready, arrangement, compose, and control in a more expert style.
Troughs who fathom the force of the casual association perceive that it is a "check and adjust" on
their utilization of power.

Makes a more viable aggregate framework: More essential advantage is makes a more viable work
framework. Formal arrangement and polices can't meet each issue in a dynamic circumstance in
light of the fact that they are restored and mostly rigid. A few necessities can be met better by casual
relations, which can be adaptable and unconstrained.
Gives fulfillment and soundness to work aggregates: The huge advantage of the casual association is
that it gives fulfillment and steadiness to work bunches. It is the methods by which laborers feel a
feeling of having a

Watching Kung Fu Panda Three Times
"MOM! It's not fair!" My youngest child yelled again. Alex continued with his exasperated three–
year–old logic, "AJ got to watch Kung Fu Panda three times, and I only got to see it twice last
night!" (A. G. Neff, personal communication, October 4, 2012). The consternation arose from my
insistence that a different movie should be viewed other than the same one that had been continually
playing on the television set for the previous three days. My children always love repeat
performances, and ever since I had pulled the DVD out of the moving boxes and told them I needed
to watch it as part of my own homework, it was as if no other film would satisfy (Cobb, Stevenson
& Osborne, 2008). My five–year–old recognized that I would not allow another viewing without a
change in tactics. "But Mom, if you don't watch it again you won't be able to do your homework.
You won't know that Po's Dad [Note: according to the movie transcript "Po's Dad" is the character's
actual name] isn't even a panda!" (Aibel & Berger, 2008, p. 3). Without explaining that I had already
familiar with the situation because I had seen the movie no less than three times in the previous 72
hours, I replied, "Is that really important?" "YES!" They both yelled back. AJ unwittingly
enlightened me, "All the animals are different, but they're ALL important! They all have to do
different stuff to help Po be[come] the Dragon Warrior!" (A. J. Neff, personal communication,
October 4, 2012). It took a first grader

Santa Marta Settlement Of A Farm Owned By Francisco Jose...
Minoja (2012) found that until 1824, the area now occupied by Santa Marta settlement is part of a
farm owned by Francisco Jose Leite, Baron of Vassouras. In 1824 the land then passed to a second
owner of the farm to the Baron of Macaubas. In 1920 began the growth of the nearby suburb of
Copacabana and Botafogo, causing large amounts of development and thus increasing the need for
workers. On Santa Marta hill, due to the construction of Santo Inacio church and college, many
people migrated for the economic opportunities offered by the project and for the land in which to
erect houses offered by the priests. This project lasted almost 30 years.
The priest permitted the workers to erect their houses on Santa Marta hill, marking the beginning of
this settlement. The first dwellings were built on the top section of the hill surrounded by the atlantic
forest, one of the first being the chapel built by Jesuit priests consecrated to Santa Marta, in which
the settlement is named after (Minoja, 2012, pg41).
Between 1930–1940 many people migrated from other areas of Brazil, as a result over time the
settlement densified and grew downwards towards the city. In 1940 approximately 31% of Brazil's
population was living in urban areas and the first census was conducted of 14 favelas in Rio de
Janeiro (Minoja, 2012).
Santa Marta was one of the first favelas in Rio de Janeiro to experience intervention from the two
complementary State–led programs aforementioned; the Rio–Cidade Program or

My Friends And I Speak Nonstandard English
My friends and I speak Nonstandard English because that is what we hear the most because that is
what most of our family speak. We insult each other and sometime we cuss at wach other. For
example when we insult each other we often call one another "fat," "ugly," and "dumb." When we
insult each other it is not meant to hurt one another feelings. Some time our insult can be harsh but
that is how we relieve some stress. Our life is hard when we are at home because we struggle day to
day. So when we get the chance to hang out with each we try to make each other laugh. Also when
my friend and I decided to do something like skip class or go to a party and someone back out we
make fun of them. For example, we will call them "scary," "wack," or a "weenie." We do this for
they can feel embarrass and so they can change their mind about backing out. I make fun of them
because when I was little my sister and brother always made fun of me because I was the youngest
so as I got older I wanted to do it back to other for I can feel like I have the power to change
someone 's mind.
With my siblings, we tend to use body language when we are out in public. We do this when we
want to talk about someone we don't like and we do not want to say it out loud. For instance, if we
see someone that we do not like we look at each and laugh and look at that person we do not like.
Another example is when we see someone who is wearing something ugly on and they think they
are cute, we signal each

A Study On My Current Ign
IGN (Include Previous Names Also): My current IGN is 'Mehrp ' and my previous IGNs are:
Chief_Constable, Passata, _Merp and Awesomerp. Age: Turned 15 this year a couple of months ago.
Timezone: I am in the GMT timezone. This may be to my advantage as I often see a lack of EU staff
members on some servers. Location : Bristol, England. Gender: Male How many hours can you play
each day? 2–5 hours on a school day, normally the latter time, however, I will soon be entering a
period of heavy examination meaning I have to complete lengthy homework tasks and revise for
upcoming tests so I may occasionally only be on for a couple of hours on every odd day or so. The
long hours I can be available for means that I can help many people throughout their day on Velt.
Have you had any past experience? Although around 5 years ago when I was somewhat immature, I
was an administrator on a small survival server known as "Draggoncraft" then later on called "VGS"
for about . This server would only average around 5 players playing at any one time but it was a
useful experience in helping me to mature nonetheless. I learnt the basics of making sure that
players are happy and whilst although the server hardly had a professional staff team, I learnt to
structure and organise, to a small extent, the current staff team that there was. The owner of that
small server is, if I am correct, a developer on the ParaPvP Network. More recently I was a member
of The Avicus Network 's staff team. The

Interview Evaluation
Evaluation of Personal Experiences with Interviews
As an interviewee or a client in psychotherapy I have noticed several things that helped me to feel
more comfortable and some that made me feel reserved. One of the things that I found beneficial
was an intake assessment questionnaire about my current life and prior history, which allowed me to
choose the degree of transparency that I was comfortable with. Disclosing certain information was,
in a way, my permission for my therapist to talk about it much sooner in therapy, than waiting for it
to eventually come out. I also appreciated the "matter–of–fact" demeanor of my therapist when
discussing my experiences because it allowed me to think that they were commonplace and she has
dealt with things ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I struggled with keeping clients on point when they just wanted to talk about other topics, because I
could see how valuable it was for them to share their struggles. These check–ups felt impersonal and
I felt that I was not providing them with what they needed. I realized that counseling was not my
job, but I felt that there was a certain disconnect in this process. To tackle this problem I found it a
bit more helpful to inform the client that first we are going to go over a standard questionnaire and
then in the remaining time I would answer any questions or talk about a topic of their choosing. I
also went into the common area to find my clients instead of having them wait by the door, which
allowed for a few extra minutes for informal rapport building. I realized that the homeless clients in
the shelter do not have expectations of psychotherapy, however, I felt that these interviews were
one–sided; they provided the agency with information and had no value for the client. I would have
changed that by spending remaining time talking about referrals, available community resources, or
anything that could have been potentially beneficial for the client. I would also assign one volunteer
for these interviews to allow the best ongoing rapport building experience.
The context and the environment often impact the interview. In a comfortable office of a therapist I
felt open to talking about personal things, yet in the midst of strong emotions I felt invalidated by a
therapist who has chosen a formal style of an interview. In a homeless shelter, I have managed to
make some clients feel more comfortable than others, but the fact that this process was an
unbeneficial formality was always apparent to both

Formal And Formal Events
Programs are little square sheets of paper that are used to list the time of events at mostly formal and
sometimes informal events. They sometimes can be boring have no color and just printed out in
black and white. And at other times they can be filled with color and bring life to the readers. Many
times at graduations or dance shows any outgoing event they could be printed out in maybe the
theme color of the event or just a designated color with italicized words. Another type of program
isn't used to show time of events they can be used to tell an order in which things should go and
maintain order when doing something. My genre in this essay are programs.
The first program is a MTSU arts program. It's used for more of a formal event ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
This program is printed just on a sheet of paper and its detailed in a specific graph to break down the
events in a organized fashion On the top right it has Pro Training Programs. To let people know
where to go and look up the next week's workout. On the left side of the program, its says Rugby
Union stage 1–4 week program (speed session 1). It lets you know where the particular workout
came from and which particular sports athlete these workouts are targeting. This workout doesn't
give a time in which events are done but it gives the workouts in sets and in the order they should be
done and lastly how many reps you should do. This program is very detailed it gives the warm–ups,
the speed technical warm–ups and lastly the speed development works. And the workouts come in
columns to let you know your intensity and even focus and how long you should rest.these type of
programs are used for informal events and really focus on attracting young teens and older men
rugby players.
Lastly, this program is used to give the time of an event and tells the readers at what time and where
the specific event takes place. At the top, it has the date printed in a bolder and larger text than the
normal words on the paper. This third program is sponsored by the Guff Heritage day and chicken
Rodeo it also has a picture of a chicken pulling a older version of a wagon all on

Formal And Informal Modes Of Organizational Communication...
ASSIGNMENT–1
Q1) Theoretical underpinnings of formal and informal modes of organizational communication.
a) Formal and informal modes of communication are explained below Formal modes of
organizational communication are of four types they are: 1) Upward 2) Downward 3) Horizontal 4)
Diagonal
1) Upward Communication:
Upward communication is the process of flowing information from lower levels to higher levels in
an organization. It helps the employees to share their ideas, views, requirements and feelings to the
top level management to make decisions .It also alerts the top level management about to changes in
the requirements in an organization.
2) Downward Communication:
Downward communication is the process of flowing information from higher levels of hierarchy to
bottom levels. So the higher level management is to be very skilled to motivate the bottom level
employees to maintain the organization in a proper way. Generally downward communication
consists of rules and regulations passed by a higher authorities in a company to their employees like
sending emails or assigning projects to the employees.
3) Horizontal Communication:
Horizontal communication is the sending of information between people, departments, divisions or
units within the same level of organizational hierarchy. In simple, Horizontal communication is a
general conversation or talk between the people of same unit. It

Discussion Questions On Formal Language
ENG1502
59579064
Assignment 3 [837921]
Question 1
1.1) One expects to find formal language in any place of work and authority such as businesses,
court, parliament, newspapers etc. Any profession which is associated with a high level of education
and order. Formal language is also known to reflect on the speaker's social class. It shows what type
of school you attended, how you were raised and your heritage. Informal language is more
commonly heard in a social environment. For example when you are at a braai or attending a family
function. The people present usually know each other so the atmosphere is more relaxed and there is
not an essential requirement for formality. Informal language is usually used on social media
platforms or instant messaging.
1.2) If you were to address your colleagues, you would need to do it in a formal manner. You should
gather as many facts as possible and also listing as many possible solutions as you can find. Facts
and solutions help in strengthening your argument. This information would be presented to the
board to try and convince them to agree with your point of view. Whereas in a social environment
with your friends informal language could be used. You could discuss teenage pregnancy and give
your personal thoughts and opinions on the topic. Your thought would not need to be supported by
facts as it could be opinion based.
1.3) Whenever you are addressing someone professional, you are required and expected to use
formal language.

The BART Model
The BART Model is consisted of four parts: boundary, authority, role, and task. Boundary works as
the container for the group, such as time, space, and resources. The authority is the power to lead
and direct the group project in general. When a person takes up his or her authority, it implies that he
or she is taking the responsibility and the position of the leader. But there are two types of
authorities: formal authority and informal authority. Formal authority should be clearly
characterized in one's role by the general population that is granting it and fully comprehended by
the general population that is receiving it. And the informal authority is an authority that was not
clearly defined, but granted according to a mutual, tacit agreement ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
We were limited it finish building the tower in 18 minutes, and we were only allowed to use 20
sticks of spaghetti, 3 feet of tape, 3 feet of string and one marshmallow. We finished building the
tower, and it was the highest after all, although it fell on the ground immediately. In this challenge,
we had to follow the professor's instruction, which was a formal authority that we had to obey, but I
don't think we had any informal authority; none of us knew enough to assign certain people to do
something. Desiree took the role of supplying the tape; it was not because she was assigned to do it
by someone, but because she happened to be sitting in a more suitable position to do that role. And
the rest of us didn't adhere to certain roles, but we moved from one to another.
One thing that I noticed is that I didn't find any social loafing among our group members. I have
heard a lot of social loafing happening in group projects from my friends, and I think it is natural to
have one. One of the main reasons why Socialism failed is because people didn't do their assigned
job as they were all sharing the outcome. People tend to work a lot less when the task is not their
own responsibility. However, with the competition against other teams, the reward that the professor
offered, and limited time and resources, our group members did their job

Formal Characteristics
SOC/120: Evolution of Formal Organizations
Due: 12/11/2011
Nancy Keta
The way that I will conduct my research is to first explain how formal organizations have evolved
over the past century. Second, what differences were there in organizations a century ago, and
compare to today's organizations. And lastly I will also tell of the trends in today's formal
organizations in modern society. I will describe how each of the characteristics for formal
organizations will need to evolve or change in Micah's organization to be more open and flexible.
And I will give an overall prediction based on my research on how organizations like Micah's may
evolve in the future.
The evolution of formal organizations over the past century has changed due ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Within a bureaucratic organization communication is left on an impersonal note consisting of email,
telephone, or letters. It seems that "succession planning" is becoming a major trend among major
corporations. Many companies are strategically planning processes and corporate policies. This is
not just for the upper ranks; this is becoming a proactive management of the corporation's entire
talent pool. Leadership development, integrating with talent management, and career development
programs, succession planning is going beyond the reactionary replacement of employees. Effective
succession planning is making it possible for the success of a organizations talent, on demand, and
as needed, right now and in the future. The biggest hindrances to organizations are time and
resources. It seems that the day to day challenges of running these companies over power the
organization's ability to effectively engage in succession planning. Many other obstacles occur when
management feels threatened because they are asked to train their successors; this is also in addition
to being able to predict the needs of the company in the company in the future. Many places do not
have the internal career development programs to help employees take over available positions in
the future or have clear career pathways defined. Being able to identify internal candidates with the
right skills,

Essay on UCSB as a Rationalist Organization
The University of California Santa Barbara is an organization revolving around students and faculty
alike. Any organizations can reflect two contrasting perspectives, a Naturalist or Rationalist, which
underlines and questions the ideas of structure and formality. Naturalist organizations convey
informality due to the basis on the flow of the members' behavior and relationships among others.
But nonetheless, Rationalist organization is formal because the organization's fluidity is based on the
members' limits and structure. Thus, I am going to argue that overall UCSB is a Rationalist
organization, rather than Naturalist, because UCSB has created limits and structure for its students
and faculty; but first, I will discuss Naturalists ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
UCSB is not a naturalist organization because students and faculty do not have the same authority to
be informal with one another. Yet, UCSB's goals emulate some Naturalist theory as seen in their
mission statement. Their mission statement states that each student and faculty member will
experience an "educational journey of discovery that stimulates independent thought, critical
reasoning, and creativity... [through] interdisciplinary collaboration that is responsive to the needs of
our multicultural and global society" (Mission Statement). Naturalists goals denies specificity and
are unclear to each member divulging a different academic path for each student or faculty member
(Sutton 1/20/11). By looking at an aggregate level, UCSB members work together to achieve that
"educational journey of creativity", but on an individual level, each member has varying goals for
his or herself depending on his or her role. Students do not have the same goals as their professors or
the Chancellor, their goal is to work to achieve their degree whereas the Chancellor's goal is to
provide a thought–provoking experience for his students. The mission state accommodates and
supplies a different experience for each member because it is ambiguous. UCSB members must
explore their own path to achieve their own goals to understand what their education and careers
meant. Naturalist goals determine

Reciprocal Votional Changed By Peter Holley
"I have a dad bod. Here's why women love it" – Peter Holley
It is a well–known fact that men and women are attracted to each other, excluding homosexuals. But
to whom does the reciprocal attraction primarily apply, and are some individuals more attractive
than others? In that case, what decides that? These rather complicated questions are treated and
addressed in Peter Holley's article "I have a dad bod. Here's why women love it" from the 11th of
May, 2015. In the article, Holley elucidates and clarifies women's attraction to men, claiming that it
exclusively and indubitably concerns men with dad bods, for which reason they are more desirable
than men who are fit.
Holley utilizes a particularly interesting language that contains informality ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Much more." (ll. 13–17, p. 2). In this quotation, Holley states that his latter body type has resulted in
much more success with women, which he argues for later. However, he only takes his own
experiences into account, which makes his arguments invalid and untenable. Additionally, he
generalizes isolated incidences, claiming that they apply to everybody. An example of this is seen
when he outlines his friend's success with a woman, who, according to Holley, loves his dad bod:
""She keeps telling me she loves my body," he told me over the phone after things with his new
woman started getting serious. "She says it turns her on!"" (ll. 3–4, p. 5). In this quote, we are
dealing with an isolated case, for which reason it cannot be used to say something general about
women's attraction to men. Moreover, Holley uses a research to argue for the reason that women
love dad bods, after which he jumps to a conclusion that deviates remarkably from the results of the
study: "The implication? When women don't have to worry so much about threats to their survival,
they instinctually go for softer and more cuddly types." (ll. 13–15, p. 4). Holley construes the
research for the benefit of himself and his arguments, as men with less masculine features are not
necessarily soft and cuddly types, just like it does not mean they are in possession of dad bods. Less
manly features could instead indicate a nice or sweet personality, which could be why women from
wealthier countries have voted for them. Hence, the results of the research do not inevitably
demonstrate that women love dad bods, for

My View On Public Speaking From Bob 's Anthem
During your lifetime, you would be thrown many bricks. Many of them you would be able to build a
castle to show your success, but some of them can destroy your hard work. Unfortunately for me, I
thought that COMM 101 was going to destroy my life. I hated the thought of presenting in front
people. In many circumstances, I wish this class was not required. However, since the first day of
class, I began to have a feeling this class was not going to be like the rest. Bob, my professor, did
not want us to address him by his last name. He had also given all of us Burger King Crown, and to
this date I still wonder where he got a large amount of them. If you are willing to get past your fears,
you will be able to succeed in a communication class. In all honesty, there were three main
components that made me change my view on public speaking from Bob's anthem, "My Personal
Belief", to the informal presentations, and the formal presentations. I have never had a class where a
professor had made an anthem for their students. Anthems can be used as a celebration or it can act
as empowerment for the people. Bob's anthem went like this, "I believe in myself. I can do anything
I put my mind to. I have a personal power that guides me to create EVERYTHING that is good. My
inner voice is my best GPS. It guides me and I trust it. The only thing I have to do is spread my
wing and soar. I AM DESTINED FOR GREATNESS!" It was a class necessity to say "My Personal
Belief" in the beginning

Formal Communication Analysis
Communication is passing information from one place to another, which is something people do
every day in different ways. People communicate in order to be able to express themselves and to
connect to those around them. They communicate at home with family and friends and fellow staff
members at work. There is many different ways of communicating such as non–verbally, verbally
and whether it is done formally or informally.
It is important that communication is used in many professions, especially in Nurse Smith's job.
This is because she will have to interact with a variety of people, like her colleagues or the
vulnerable people that she works with. If she can communicate efficiently with those around her this
can mean there is little conflict ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When face to face she would have to consider many different factors. Such as her surroundings, if
she is in a noisy environment and she is talking to an elderly person, she may need to consider
speaking louder for them to hear her. If she is speaking to somebody of a different culture to her she
may need to consider the gestures she uses in case in their culture it is offending. She will also have
to consider the language she uses, if she is talking to a fellow staff member they will understand the
use of jargon whereas a service user may not. Furthermore, the language used is also determined
whether she is speaking verbally or non–verbally. If she is dealing with someone with a hearing
impairment she may need to consider getting somebody to translate using sign language, or if they
have a sight impairment she may need to provide them with some brail if she needs them to read
something. Her body language and facial expression is also something she needs to consider when
working alongside with vulnerable people, this is because they need to feel at ease and comfortable
and this can be done by her having a relaxed posture or a smile on her face. The personal space
between her and the other person is also important, she wouldn't want them to feel uncomfortable if
she were too close to their body. Most importantly she will have to listen to who she is speaking to.
If she

Communication Is The Most Important Aspect Of Being A...
One of the biggest challenges facing leaders/managers is communication, yet it is the most
important aspect of being a leader/manager. Communication builds trust and trust is a powerful
force that builds loyalty, increases credibility and supports effective communications. It gives you
the benefit of the doubt in situations where you want to be heard, understood and believed. For
instance, developing a new policy or changing a current policy, communication is vital for all
physicians and employees to know, apply, educate, and inforce. Formal and informal
communication are just a few ways to communicate information (Beslin, 2004).
Formal communication is a type of verbal presentation or document intended to share information
and which conforms to established professional rules, standards, and process. There are four types of
formal communication such as: Upward or Bottom–up, Downward or Top–down, Horizontal or
Lateral, and Crosswise or Diagonal. Upward or Bottom–up, is the communication in which the flow
of information goes from sub–ordinate to superior authority. Next is Downward or Top–down,
which is the communication in which the flow of information goes from superior to sub–ordinates.
Another one is Horizontal or Lateral, which is the communication between two employees of
different departments working at the same level. Last is Crosswise or Diagonal, which is the
communication between the employees of two different departments working at different levels
(Surbhi, 2016).

The Helping Process
The Helping Process Journal 1 Definition: – Helping is about other people in need of help to
improve or grow towards their personal goals which build on their abilities for managing with their
life. The experience I acquired over the years of my adulthood is described as informal method of
helping process. Reading this chapter on helping process, create an understanding on what I have
been doing for people directly or indirectly. The text on helping process reminded me I have been
practicing road map through the complicated roadway of helping people. Sometimes I encountered
problems with regrets or happiness. These regrets was as a result of presumptive negative outcomes
where the helpee's parent it as been given wrong advice and but eventually ended with positive
outcomes. On the flip side, right from onset of the helping process, I see signs of confidence in
whatever advice I am giving and they followed through with positive outcomes. I feel happy in
myself and the helpee's too feels happy and confidence in the helping relationship. I recognized my
limitations and I always expressly discussed it right from the beginning of helping process. My
suggestion to helpee is to seek professional advice if necessary. The role I had played shows that I
performed two simple phases of building relationship and facilitating positive action. I have helped
friends, families and acquaintances in the past in getting post–secondary admission into Canadian
Universities as international

Consent Vs Formal Consent
Is it better to scrutinize the idea of consent on the fact that consent should be partially given or that
we should be required to give full consent for all that we do? I believe that consent, in all of its
importance should not always be fully mandatory. O'neill however did not believe this. He felt that
full consent should be given at all times, whether it be hypothetical or actual consent. Throughout
this response essay I will be talking about the two different types of consent in which O'neill's
perspective is founded and I will also be telling why it is dangerous to follow this reasoning and
why I do not agree with this point of view. Consent is a key component to how we live our lives. It
is something we use more frequently than we ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This style may be used in the condition in which a person would consent if he or she were in the
position of doing so. We would say it might be acceptable to perform an operation on an
unresponsive person because they might have been inclined to consent if they were able to do so.
The argument that I have against hypothetical consent is that: who is to say what is rational and was
is not rational. It can also override actual dissent, this can be very problematic in take for instance
the example of the unconscious victim. The comatose person may be suffering from a terminal
disease or may be towards the end of their life and do not have the funds to support a medical
operation. Not having the operation may be what they actually want to do but by performing it the
doctors would be going against the patient's actual consent. Although the perspective force of
hypothetical consent is effective, some have argued that hypothetical consent is not real consent, and
it cannot do any moral good.
In conclusion, I believe O'neill did an excellent job classifying the different types of consent.
Hypothetical and Actual consent are applicable to almost everything in life, but the pitfalls that
come along with any type of consent are too great to be

Difference Between Formal And Informal Communication
YFormal and Informal Communications
A distinction needs to be made between formal and informal communications. Formal
communication implies that a record is kept, that what has been said or written can be attributed to
its originator.
In general, written communications are formal.
Oral (spoken) communication consists of direct or transmitted speech between two or more people.
Oral communications are more likely to be misinterpreted than written ones, were regarded as
informal but are now often recorded and treated as formal. Missing from such recordings is the body
language consisting of facial expressions and gestures. Consider an informal chat by telephone
getting comments on matters of joint concern before producing a final report. Important ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ideas: A thought to be presented as a suggestion.
Opinion: The view somebody takes about a certain issue, especially when it is based solely on
personal judgement.
These can be obtained from a conversation by asking who, what, when, why and how questions.
During a conversation we need to check the following to convey the correct meaning and
information:
Intonation Intonation is the rising or falling pitch of the voice when somebody says a word or
syllable, or the rising and falling pattern of speech generally
Volume Volume is the acoustics / the loudness of a sound during speech.
Rhythm Rhythm is the language and the pattern of sound that characterises a language, dialect, or
accent.
Pitch Pitch: how high or low a person's voice is during a conversation
Repetition Repetition: something that is repeated, often unnecessary words
Support Support: Giving an idea in a conversation that the other party has your support or agreement
Speaker's Influence on the audience
A speaker can influence readers by the following:
1. Choice of words, language usage, symbols, pictures and tone: The basic language a speaker uses
can convince or catch the interest of the

Institutionalized Organizations: Formal Structure as Myth...
Institutionalized Organizations: Formal Structure as Myth and Ceremony Author(s): John W. Meyer
and Brian Rowan Reviewed work(s): Source: American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 83, No. 2 (Sep.,
1977), pp. 340–363 Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/2778293 . Accessed: 25/01/2012 14:10 Your use of the JSTOR archive
indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at .
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not–for–profit service that helps
scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted
digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new
forms ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This paper argues that the formal structures of many organizations in postindustrial society (Bell
1973) dramatically reflect the myths of their institutional environments instead of the demands of
their work activities. The first part describesprevailing theories of the origins of formal structures
and the main problem the theories confront. The second part discusses an alternative source of
formal structures:myths embeddedin the institutional environment. The third part develops the
argument that organizations reflecting institutionalized environments maintain gaps between their
formal structures and their ongoing work activities. The final part summarizes by discussing some
researchimplications. Throughout the paper, institutionalized rules are distinguished sharply from
prevailing social behaviors. Institutionalized rules are classifications built into society as
reciprocated typifications or interpretations (Berger and Luckmann 1967, p. 54). Such rules may be
simply taken for granted or may be supported by public opinion or the force of law (Starbuck 1976).
Institutions inevitably involve normative obligations but often enter into social life primarily as facts
which must be taken into account by actors. Institutionalization involves the processesby which
social processes, obligations, or actualities come to take on a rulelike status in social

Literature
Formalism – The Hershey Bar of Criticism
Formalism means a lot of different things to a lot of different people and refers to many different
types of critical work and analysis. But to make a complicated matter simple, we can say pretty
safely that formalism refers to critics or criticism that, first and foremost, emphasize the form or
structure of a work of art and assume that nothing in that form or structure is really accidental or
insignificant. That is, the formal elements in a work of art all mean something, in relation to one
another and to us. By looking at the architecture of art–how it is constructed, what its elements are,
how they fit together, why they are there, and where they lead–formalism assumes that we will
make ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Moreover, what we mean by "form" can range widely not just between different works of art but
within a single work of art as well. For example, when examining a literary text, we may talk about
plot as a formal element by discussing its characters and their actions, and then we may focus on
characters and actions as formal elements by analyzing voice and motivation. In turn, we may then
decide to study voice and motivation as formal elements by considering things like word choice,
feeling, or theme. And so on and so on. Plot, character, action, voice, motivation, feelings, themes–
when and where does a formalist analysis begin, and where does it end?
Some answer this question by saying it ends just before it reaches the "real world." Formalist critics
are sometimes thought to ignore the real world in favor of the representational world that the work
of art creates, looking only at its intricate internal structures and landscapes. But formalist analyses
often go hand–in–hand with different types of criticism or concerns. For example, studying how and
when certain characters are introduced into a plot might lead to claims that sound more like feminist
criticism than formalist criticism. Similarly, someone studying those thumb prints on the vase might
end up asking us to rethink a few of our historical or anthropological assumptions about a particular
group of people who worked and played within a particular cultural context. Thus, by

Formal Concept Analysis ( Fca ) Essay
2.7.2 Formal Concept Analysis Formal Concept Analysis (FCA), also known as Galois lattice
mining, is a branch of lattice theory that allows identification of meaningful groupings of objects
that have common attributes (Wille, 2009; Ganter & Wille, 2012). It is a data analysis method which
enables the discovery of hidden knowledge in the data in the form of concepts. Godin, Gecsei, and
Pichet (1989) have demonstrated the effectiveness of using FCA for indexing and retrieval as an
alternative to hierarchical classification and boolean query based systems. In FCA, the data is
represented as a formal context which contains objects, attributes and a binary relation between
them. FCA represents relationships by means of formal concepts and captures them in a concept
lattice. A formal concept in the lattice contains a set of attributes (Intent) and objects (Extent). Thus,
it gives a cluster of objects having common attributes. Definition 1. (퐹표푟푚푎푙 푐표푛푡푒푥
푡). A formal context 퐾=(퐺,푀,퐼) consists of two sets 퐺 (set of objects) and 푀 (set of attributes)
and I  G×M is a binary relation between 퐺 and 푀. The fact (푔,푚)∈퐼 is interpreted as "the
object 푔 has attribute 푚" and often denoted as gIm. Example 1. Consider the set of numbers 퐺 =
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}. Consider the set of attributes 푀 = {Even, Odd, Prime, Square} that are properties.
Table 2.2 gives an example of formal context (퐺,푀,퐼). An X in the cell indicates that a certain
object has a certain attribute. M I a1 a2 a3 a4 G o1

The Organization 's Formal Organisational Structure Essay
1.0 Introduction
The purpose of this report is to further analyse and provide potential solutions for the issue
addressed in the previous brief – Sig–Processing System's inefficient communication network.
Framed by the management function of organising, this report aims to discuss how the organisation's
formal organisational structure has led to a highly centralised communication network and the
ramifications of this. This issue will then be addressed with several recommendations focussed on
replacing the structure of the communication network to a more efficient one by changing the
current organisational structure.
2.0 Defining and Framing the Issue
Sig–Processing Systems, as noted in the organisational profile (Blackboard, n.d.), is a rapidly
changing business which is facing issues with its internal environment. The organisation has been
growing quickly and has the potential to expand overseas, where most revenue comes from. This
requires Sig–Processing Systems to have a strong organisational change capacity – the ability to
adapt to change efficiently (Soparnot, 2011). Judge and Douglas (2009) have identified several
factors as contributing to organisational change capacity, one of which is effective communication
vertically and horizontally between departments. Effective inter–departmental communication has
also been identified as an important in the company's overall organisational performance (Ramezan,
Sanjaghi & Kalateh Baly, 2013). The underlying issue for

Advantages Of Formal Business Structure
Question 1
Define organizational structure and discuss some of the problems/challenges of keeping and running
businesses structure less. Support your arguments with hypothetical examples
Large or small, every organization should operate with a defined organizational structure . A
structure of an organization is the base that illustrates how a business runs, and how the powers,
resources, activities and tasks are distributed. It helps in putting every person working within that
organization in their suitable role or position. A structure gives a business and identity and provides
continuity. Organizations can be structured in many different ways, depending on their objectives,
products and the services that they provide. This helps the work ... Show more content on
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 Formal organizational structure lays more affirmation on work.
 Organizes and focuses on achieving the goals and objectives of the organization.
 Provides a framework for the allocation of responsibilities and authority. It is structure that makes
it clear for employees to know who reports to whom and who does what work. In other words, a
formal structure helps people to work together.
 Formal business structure can align all activities and objectives of the different departments and
project teams. The key to effective coordination is information. For example: how do service
delivery teams share information about their customers and the areas of work they are planning to
develop.
 Establishes an identity for the business. For example: suppliers and customers need to be able to
identify whom to contact within the business.
 Makes the process of decision making easier and more efficient.
 Without a structure there're possibilities for people to constantly change and set up new systems
and plans in response to new situation. A structure can provide continuity.
(326

Local Church Formal System Of Power And Authority
Any organizations including church congregations are unique in its context and understanding of
how to function as an organization. One thing not so unique is the system of power and authority.
Each congregation has a set structure of how the organization will operate and distribute power and
authority. Surprisingly to some, there also is an informal system of power and authority that often
carries more control than the written plan. The nearly 170 year–old Coalbush United Methodist
Church has both an informal and formal organizational structural system.
The local church formal system has a very structured system that is designed by the Book of
Discipline: the procedure guidelines of the United Methodist Church. The guideline for ordering the
church provides a construction of checks and balances between the laity and clergy. The pastor has a
voice on every committee, but no vote with the exception of the committee that nominates persons
to serve on every committee on the congregation. Each church must have a board of trustees,
finance team, a personnel committee, and an administrative council. The administrative council is
the central deciding board of the church consisting of a representative from every committee of the
church and a few at large members.
I was appointed to Coalbush beginning July 1, 2016. I have been observing and serving as I attempt
to discover the unique context and setting for this local church in this season of their very long
history. The

Importance Of Social Norms
Norms are regarded as important rules and expectations set by the society as their way of not only
organizing a group but more importantly as their way of maintaining order. More often than not,
these rules and expectations are implicitly dictated by the society and are valued as a standard how
an individual should behave. At times, expected behaviors are explicitly set by the group. Although
the reason behind the emergence and existence of norms are unclear, what is certain is that these
norms are seen as important. Thus, breaking it or deviating from the social standards are often
frowned upon and even condemned by the society.
Laws are not sufficient enough to keep a society at peace. The two types of norms that exist are
formal and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The overarching theme had to do with making college kids feel uncomfortable with prolonged eye
contact, no eye contact at all, getting a little too close for comfort, not dancing or joining in socially
with friends when expected to do so, eating a nice dinner with hands, and many strange elevator
escapades. Along with similarities, there were also differences that stood out to me. These
differences include wearing clothing that is not considered "appropriate" or looks strange to the
general public; For example, wearing a dress shirt and tie to the gym or arriving in a costume to
lecture. Another student discussed how her shaved head threw multiple people off, and how many
people in America, especially in the Mid–Western states, do not expect to see a woman with no hair
unless she is sick or is doing it for a cause. Ultimately, she is not considered "feminine". Her
experience really stood out to me because of how we view what is classified as "feminine" and
"masculine" in this country. It disappoints me to see both men and women be judged by the way
they style their hair or the clothing they wear. America has held such strict gender roles, like
creating toys specifically for girls (dolls) and boys (trucks), to literally gendering products like pens
and boxes of tissues because of the color. I am hoping that our next generations become more
relaxed with the

The Organization Chosen To Conduct Detailed Research Is
The organization chosen to conduct detailed research is sKids. sKids is New Zealand's No.1
Provider of Out–of–School Care & Recreation Programmes. sKids (Safe Kids in Daily Supervision)
is a reputable, multi–award winning franchise system founded in New Zealand. sKids main focus is
providing excellence before school, after school and holiday programmes that help kiwi kids prosper
and grow, giving them life–skills that will serve them for years to come. They endeavour to generate
a safe and fun environment that kids love.
Every day it is sKids honour is to serve the 6,000+ children in their responsibility at primary schools
all around New Zealand.
At its fundamental, sKids is about inspiring their kids and enriching their lives. This is ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Here, the communication mode does not follow any programmed guidelines of the company policy.
This plays a pivotal role to function the organizations on–goings. The foundation of informal
communication is unprompted association among the members. When the staff are not able to
comprehend as to what the subject matter of the communication is, they can further deliberate with
their managers anywhere else about the topic matter as like in the lunch room or at a pub. So, the
process of the informal communication is the unprompted discussion of information amongst two or
more persons at different status without following any prescribed or official rules, formalities and
chain of command in the organizational structure.
b. Apply these to the organization, supporting with examples (three formal and two informal), how
formal and informal communication are practised (or could be) in the chosen organization.
Three formal types of communication are:
i. Downward formal communication, here, messages are conceded from a top managements or
superiors to subordinate, for example from a director to master franchisees to franchisees owners to
programme managers/coordinators to programme assistants then to volunteers. Information can
consist of work orders and procedures. For example, at sKids, the main owner calls a meeting and
all the franchisees are notified, they all attend a meeting and the relevant information is then passed
on from the director to all his franchisees.

Formal Vs Informal Onboarding
The formal and informal onboarding program both send a distinct message to the new hire so it is
important to understand the advantages and disadvantages of both. First, informal plans are
unstructured and without an explicit plan. An advantage of the informal plan is your company will
be able to see right away if the new employee can adjust and learn quickly on their own. It is a sink–
or–swim tactic that puts pressure on the employee to learn quickly without devoting any money or
resources to training the new hire. Disadvantages of this approach is that the onboarding is very
loose without any support or direction. It does not consider their needs and the process can vary for
every new hire because there is not a system that has the steps ... Show more content on
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If I was Trevor, I would write down what I need Trevor to improve on and set up a meeting to
understand why his performance has decreased so significantly. In the meeting, I would first
introduce myself and get to know Mark better on a personal level. Next, I would tell him that I have
heard great things about what he has done for the company and that I am very glad to be able to
work with him. I would then explain how I understand that he is disappointed that his older manager
left that was very close to him and his employees. Last, I would explain to him that the success of
the company is key to everyone and that his performance needs to improve and if he needs anything
from me to let me know. To conclude, I would set up a date soon to get lunch with him personally so
a relationship starts to develop between us. This is key because it seems that Mark works best when
he has a good relationship with his manager. If Mark's performance doesn't start to improve, we
must start looking deeper into the situation and possibly find a replacement for the position. The
GROW coaching model is a way to help improve and coach skills that people have identified as
necessary to their success. First, it is key to perform a SWOT analysis on yourself and then create an
action plan on where you want to get by setting goals for yourself. Once you pick a skill you

4.1 Explain The Features And Purpose Of Different Types Of...
4.1 Explain the features and purpose of different types of formal and informal meeting An informal
meeting is more relaxed and doesn't have to follow all the guidelines of a formal meeting. An
agenda may not have to be set and the venue may be somewhere more relaxed such as a coffee shop
etc. Minutes may not need to be taken but certain notes should be taken by the people involved. This
could be a one to one with your manager a team meeting or a training course.
A formal meeting has more structure to it, it requires an agenda and minutes to be taken. Examples
of the need for a formal meeting would be board meetings, management meetings, and committee
meetings.
4.2 Explain the role and responsibilities of the chair
The chair person is the person to hold the meeting together. They need to ensure that the meeting
starts and ends at the agreed time and that it follows the agenda. They also need to ensure that the
information is clear for the minute taker. They should stop the meeting to highlight any areas that
they wish the minute taker to note in particularly. If the meeting gets out of hand it is the
responsibility of the chair person to bring it back to round to the subject.
4.3 Explain the role of others in a meeting
There may be many different people attending the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
SOP's are documents / instructions written by members of staff that provide details of company
procedures. They comply with quality regulations ISO 9001, ISO 22000, MHRA (medicines and
health regulatory association) and FDA (food and drug administration). These include specific
details how various operations around the factory / workplace should be run. They also include
information on the no smoking policy and details on contamination reduction around the factory
amongst other things. These should be referred to on a regular

Differences Between Formal Grammar And Functional Grammar

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