Vitamin A, B , C and D,

2. Terminology: 1920, originally vitamine (1912) coined by Polish
biochemist Casimir Funk (1884-1967), from Latin vita "life" +
amine , because they were thought to contain amino acids. When
it became clear that some of them were not amines and did not
even contain nitrogen, Drummond suggested the modification
that led to the term vitamin.
Definition: vitamin is an organic compound/molecule required as a
nutrient n small amount, by an organism.
The distinguishing feature of the vitamins is that they generally
cannot be synthesized by mammalian cells and, therefore, must
be supplied in the diet.

4. Types of vitamins:

5. Fat soluble vitamins:
Generalities
1. The fat soluble vitamins do not serve as coenzymes but rather act
directly, or bind to specific receptors in cell nucleus.
2. They are absorbed in association with dietary fat, bile is
required for absorption. Ulcerative colitis can lead to
deficiencies.
3. Vitamins A and D are stored in liver and it takes time to
bring on a deficiency state. However they are more likely
to cause toxicity on overdosage.

8. Roll no: 11800

9. "Vitamin A"
is the blanket term for retinoids, biologically active compounds that occur
naturally in both plant and animal tissues.
According to some research, having more than an average of 1.5mg
a day of vitamin A over many years may affect your bones, making
them more likely to fracture when you are older.

10. Vitamin A
Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin.
Types of vitamin A:
1. Preformed vitamin A
2. pro-vitamin A
Vitamin A is also available in dietary supplements, usually in the form of retinyl
acetate or retinyl palmitate.

11. Sources of Vitamin A
Top sources of vitamin A
include:
1. Beef liver
2. Egg yolk
3. Cheddar cheese
4. Fortified milk
5. Top sources of beta-
carotene include:
6. Sweet potato
7. Carrots
8. Pumpkin
9. Cantaloupe
10. Broccoli
11. Apricots
12. Spinach and collard
greens

12. Vitamin A deficiency :
• Keritinsed skin
• Dry mucous
• Membranes
• Night blindness
• Susceptibility to disease
• impairs immunity
• Hematopoiesis
• fat malabsorption
• liver disorders

14. Functions :
• Vision
• Gene transcription
• Immune function
• Embroyonic development and
reproduction
• Bone metabolism
• Haematopoieses
• Skin health antioxidant activity

17. VITAMIN B
AMMARA FAROOQUI
11734

18. VITAMIN B1

19. GENERAL INFORMATION:
Also called Anti-beri beri factor, anti-neuritic factor
• Involved in carbohydrate, fats, amino-acid, glucose, and alcohol metabolism.
• Required as co-enzyme in enzymatic reactions that involve the transfer of an
aldehyde group.
• Essentially non-toxic.
• Can be synthesized by plants and some micro-org., but not usually by animals.
• Human being require it from diet
• The body can store upto 30mg in its tissues.
• Half-life 9-18 days, excreted via kidney
• Whole wheat flour, unpolished rice, beans, nuts and yeast are good sources. Also
present in liver, meat and eggs.

20. CHEMISTRY:
Thiamine contains substituted pyrimidine ring (dimethyl 6-amino pyrimidine) and a
substituted thiazole ring (methyl hydroxyl ethyl thiazole), connected by a methylene
bridge.

21. THIAMINE SYNTHESIS:
Synthesis of Pyrimidine moiety (1) of thiamine

22. Synthesis of Thiazole moiety (2) of Thiamine
Condensation of (1) and (2) to form Thiamine

23. STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP (SAR):
Essential features for activity:
• Methylene bridge.
• Amino group in the pyrimidine ring.
• Hydroxy ethyl group at the thiazole ring.
• Methyl group of pyrimidine ring, when replaced by:
a- Ethyl or propyl groups gives an active compound.
b- Butyl group gives inactive compound.
N
N
N
NH2
S
Me
Me
CH2CH2OH

24.  Oxythiamine is a competitive inhibitor.
 Neopyrithiamine prevent phosphorylation of hydroxy ethyl group that is essential for
activity of the vitamin.
N
N
N
OH S
Me
Me
CH2CH2OH N
N
N
NH2Me
CH2CH2OH
Oxythiamine
Me
Pyridine Ring
Neopyrithiamine

25. THIAMINE DERIVATIVES:
Benfothiamine Fursulthiamine
Lipophilic analogues
Water soluble analogues
Thiamine nitrateThiamine hydrochloride

26. DISEASES:
Deficiency causes Beri-beri and Wernicke-korsakoff syndrome

27. THERAPEUTIC USES:
• Digestive problems like ulcerative colitis,
• AIDS,
• Diabetic pain
• Heart diseases
• Aging
• Vision problem
• Prevent cervical cancer, etc.

28. VITAMIN B2

29. GENERAL INFORMATION:
• Riboflavin was once called Vitamin G.
• This vitamin plays an important role in the metabolism of lipids, proteins, and
carbohydrates.
• The vitamin acts as a precursor for the synthesis of cofactors flavin adenine
dinucleotide (FAD) and flavin mononucleotide (FMN). These coenzymes are
involved in a wide range of redox reactions, involved in Activation of vitamin B12
and folate, Protection of erythrocytes and other cells from oxidative stress.
• Milk, eggs, leaf vegetables, legumes, and mushrooms are good sources of the
vitamin. Intestinal bacteria are also known to synthesise riboflavin.
• Added as food colouring agent, and Fortify some foods as baby foods, breakfast
cereals, sauces, processed cheese, fruit drinks and vitamin-enriched milk).

30. CHEMISTRY:
It chemically has a three rings structure (isoalloxazine) linked to ribityl moiety.
N
N
NH
N
Me
Me
O
O
CH2OH
(HO-C-H)3
CH2
Ribose moiety
Vit B2 = Riboflavin
Isoalloxazine moiety

31. STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP:
The ribitol-like moiety can be cleaved from the vitamin, resulting in lumiflavin. It is
produced by the photolysis of Riboflavin, act as riboflavin uptake inhibitor.
.

32. SYNTHESIS OF RIBOFLAVIN:

33. DISEASE:
Riboflavin decomposes when exposed to visible light. This characteristic
can lead to riboflavin deficiencies in newborns treated for
hyperbilirubinemia by phototherapy.
The severe deficiency of riboflavin is known as ariboflavinosis

34. THERAPEUTIC USES:
• Migraine headaches in use of high doses of riboflavin
• Improve memory
• Healthy development of the fetus
• Boost the body's level of glutathione which is an anti-oxidant.

35. VITAMIN B3

36. GENERAL INFORMATION:
• Also called Vitamin P
• The body can also synthesise niacin from the essential amino acid, tryptophan. So it
is not a true vitamin in the strictest definition since it derives from aminoacid.
• Niacin synthesized in liver by tryptophan but the synthesis is extremely slow and
require Vit. B6.
• Precursor of important coenzymes, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), and
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) which function as cofactors
for numerous dehydrogenases, e.g., lactate and malate dehydrogenases.
• Food sources of niacin include tuna, venison, beef, chicken, avocados, tomatoes,
whole grain products, and shiitake mushrooms.

37. CHEMISTRY:
Niacin is a pyridine derivative with a carboxyl group at 3rd position.
NIACIN DERIVATIVES:
Both nicotinic acid and nicotinamide are derivatives of niacin and can serve as the
dietary source of vitamin B3.
N
COOH
N
CONH2
Nicotinic acid Nicotinamide

38. SYNTHESIS OF NICOTINIC ACID:

39. DISEASE:
Niacin chronic deficiency results in Pellagra.

40. THERAPEUTIC USES:
•Decrease blood cholesterol levels and reduce the risk of heart attack.
• Niacinamide used on a long-term basis to prevent the onset of juvenile diabetes
(children).
• Involved in production of sex and stress hormones.
• Improve blood circulation.
• Regulate blood sugar level.

41. VITAMIN B5

42. GENERAL INFORMATION:
It is an important precursor of coenzyme-A (CoA) that assists the following reactions:
Formation of Sterols (Cholesterol and 7-Dehydrocholesterol).
Formation of Fatty acids.
Formation of Keto acids such as Pyruvic acid.
Pantothenate is required for the metabolism of carbohydrate via the TCA cycle and all
fats and proteins.
Only the R enantiomer of the vitamin is biologically active .i.e D-panthenol.
Meat, whole grains, cereals are major sources of pantothenic acid. Other sources of the
vitamin include avocados and broccoli.

43. CHEMISTRY:
It is a peptide substance composed of Pantoic acid and b-Alanine.
It can be present as the Calcium salt or the Alcohol “Pantothenol.
HO CH2 C CH NH CH2
CH3
CH3
OH
CH2 COOHC
O
HO CH2 C CH NH CH2
CH3
CH3
OH
CH2 CH2OHC
O
-AlaninePantoic acid
Pantothenic Acid
Pantothenol

44. SYNTHESIS OF PANTHOTHENIC ACID:

45. DISEASE:
Because pantothenic acid is common in the diet, cases of deficiency are rare. When
occur it leads to Paresthesias

46. THERAPEUTIC USES:
• Maintain growth of Nervous system of the body
• Building cells of the body
Helps in function of adrenal gland
• Increase immunity of the body.
• D-panthenol is an analogue of Panthothenic acid. It is a biologically active
enantiomer of Panthenol. Use to to relive gas retention and Topically for:
a) Burning
b) Itching
c) Irritation

47. . . .
ANAM HASSAN
11736

48. Vitamin B6 refers to a group of chemically very similar compounds which can be
interconverted in biological systems. Vitamin B6 is part of the vitamin B complex
group, and its active form, Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) serves as a cofactor in many
enzyme reactions in amino acid, glucose, and lipid metabolism
Vitamin B6
Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)

50. Food sources:

51. The classic clinical syndrome for vitamin B6 deficiency is
a seborrhoeic dermatitis-like eruption, atrophic glossitis
with
• ulceration,
• angular cheilitis,
• conjunctivitis,
• intertrigo, and
• neurologic symptoms of somnolence,
• confusion, and
• neuropathy[11] (due to impaired sphingosin synthesis)
and
• sideroblastic anemia (due to impaired heme
synthesis)
DEFICIENCY:

53. Vitamin B7
(Vitamin H, Biotin, Growth Factor, Co-enzyme R)
It is 2-Imidazolidinone tetrahydrothiophene-4-valeric acid
N
H
H
N
S
H
HH
(CH2)4-COOH
O

54. Natural Sources

55. Role of Vitamin B7
 It is a co-enzyme for several carboxylation reactions.
 Important for carbon dioxide fixation.
 Important for Carbohydrates and Fats metabolism.
 Co-factor for Pyruvate carboxylase.

57. Deficiency
• Only induced in experimental animals not observed in human:
• Skin lesions
• Retarded growth
• Hair loss
Daily ammount required:
100- 200 mg/day.

58. Vitamin B9
(Vitamin M, Vitamin B-c, Folic acid )
• Conjugate of Pteridine, p-Aminobenzoic acid and
Glutamic acid.
N
N
N
N
CH2 NH C NH CH
COOH
CH2
CH2
COOH
OH
H2N
O
Pteridine
p-Aminobenzoic acid Glutamic acid

59. Natural Sources

61. Role of Vitamin B9
Folic Acid
Dihydrofolate
(DHF)
Tetrahydrofolate
(THF)
Folic acid
reductase
Dihydrofolic acid
reductase
THF act as Co-enzyme for:
• Leucopoiesis (Production of Leukocytes).
• Erythropoiesis (Production of Erythrocytes).
• Nucleoprotein synthesis.

62. Deficiency
• Very rare due to:
• Malabsorption (due to alcoholism).
• Impaired Hepatic functions (due to alcoholism).
• Leads to:
• Glossitis (is inflammation or infection of the tongue ).
• Megaloblastic anemia
• Leucopenia
Daily ammount required:
0.1- 0.8 mg/day

63. Vitamin B12
(Cyanocobalamin, Antipernicious anemia factor)

64.  Bacteria such as Streptomycin and Bacillus present in the intestinal
flora produce the vitamin required for man and animals.
 The vitamin is stored in the liver with estimated t1/2 400 days.
 B12 can be obtained from animal products only such as:

65. Role of Vitamin B12

67. Speaker :

68. Vitamin C, also known as
ascorbic acid, is a water-soluble
nutrient found in some foods that is
necessary for normal growth and
development.

69. Vitamin C,
is present in citrus fruits,
tomato, potato, orange ,lemon
juices and green vegetables.
It should be taken 65-90mg
regulary.

71. Szent gyorgi
in 1932 isolated
vitamin C from
lemon juice.

73. 1
2
3
4
5
6
H2
Ni
-2[H]
A.subsidans
Glucuronic acid Glucuronic acid
Lactone
Gulono lactone
Oxogulono lactone
Gulono
Lactone
Oxidase

74. C6H8O6
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE
& SAR:

75. ASCORBIC ACID DERIVATIVES:

76. THERAPEUTIC
USE:
Cardiovascular disorders,
Common cold,
Vision problems,
Sun burn or different skin
problems,
Cancer,
Chronic pain etc.

77. DISEASE:

79. VITAMIN D
Speaker:
BUSHRA KHAN
11742

80. GENERAL INFORMATION
 Promotes cell growth
 Supports healthy immune
sysyem
 Promotes calcium absorption
 Encourages good moods
 Prevent depression
 Reduces the risk of flu
 Reduces the risk of cancer
 Reduces the risk of developing
diabetes
 Reduces the risk of
osteoporosis

81. CHEMISTRY OF VITAMIN D
Vitamin D exists in two main forms, vitamin D3
(cholecalciferol) and vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol), differing in
their side chain structure.

82. SYNTHESIS OF VITAMIN D

83. VITAMIN D DERIVATIVES
Three vitamin D3 analogs are commonly used for the treatment of psoriasis:
calcitriol, calcipotriol and tacalcitol

84. DEFICIENCY OF VITAMIN D
vitamin D deficiency, putting at risk of bone problems, including rickets
in children and osteomalacia in adults, severe asthma in children,
Increased risk of death from cardiovascular disease, cancer.

85. THERAPEUTIC USES
 Bone and calcium homeostasis
 Infections
 Psoriasis
 Multiple sclerosis
 Respiratory health
 Diabetes & other conditions