in case of questioned documents writing instrument should b identified. this ppt. will give you the brief idea about the writing instruments and their effect on handwriting.

2. • INTRODUCTION
• DEFINITION
• DEVELOPMENT OF WRITING INSTRUMENTS
• FREQUENT PROBLEMS
• QUILL PENS
• FOUNTAIN PEN
• BALL POINT PEN
• POROUS TIP PEN
• ROLLER BALL PEN
• GEL PEN
• PENCIL
• CRAYONS
• REFRENCES

3. The identification or elimination of a writing or
signature involves and depends upon consideration
of each and every element including writing
instrument used because it may have some influence
on the identifying characteristics. A change in writing
instrument at time may transform the writing
pictorially because pictorial effect is function of
shading, size, fluency and letter design and may
cause hindrance in the effective process of
comparison. Sometimes some defects of forgery are
erroneously attributed to the use of defective
writing instrument.

4. DEFINITION: An instrument/ implement
that is used to write.
Examples: PEN
PENCIL
CRAYONS

5. First writing instrument used by the man was SHARPENDED STONE
for making drawings
Greeks used WRITING STYLUS made up of STEEL or BONE to place
marks on wax coated tablets
Development of INDIAN INK
(by CHIENSE PHILOSPHER,
Tien-lcheu (2697 B.C.)
Development of paper ( PARCHMENT
PAPER or PAPYRUS)

6. ROMANS created REED PENS for parchment paper
Stable form of ink was developed in
400 A.D. ( a composite of iron-salts,
nutgalls and gum)
Wood-fiber paper was invented in
China in 105 A.D.
QUILL PENS (700 A.D.)
Shortly after the discovery of GRAPHITE as a form of
CARBON (in 1564), the FIRST PENCIL was made

7. FOUNTAIN PEN (the oldest known fountain pen that has survived today was
designed by a Frenchmen named M. Bion in 1702.
BALL POINT PEN (Hungarian journalist named Laszlo Biro invented
the first ballpoint pen in 1938.)
The first marker was probably the felt tip marker, created in the 1940's
GEL pen was developed by Sakura Color Products Corp. (Osaka, Japan), in 1984
The first crayons consisted of a mixture of charcoal
and oil. In the early 1900s, cousins Edwin Binney
and Harold Smith developed a nontoxic wax crayon.

8. • Whether the document is written with the
same writing instrument or different
writing instruments.
• All the signatures present on the
document are made by the same pen at
same time.
• The additions are made by the same pen
or by the different pens at different time
by different writers.

9. The writing instrument that
dominated for the longest period in
history (over one-thousand years)
was the quill pen . A quill pen is a
writing instrument made from flight
feathers of large birds. It is used as a
writing instrument after dipping in
ink. The shaft of the quill act as ink
reservoir. These pens are more
flexible than other type of ink pens.

10. •Absence of indentations and physical
abrasions.
•Shading of all downward strokes due to
its softness and flexibility.
•Produce double strokes in case of ink
failure.
•Shading of lateral flourished strokes.
•They are very frail and frequently need
repair.

11. Fountain pens are old style of writing
instruments. They have refillable or
disposable ink cartridges. It is
composed of a ink reservoir, from
which ink flows through a small
opening to the feed bar. Feed bar is
consists of an input capillary. The
writing tip of fountain pen consists of
two points or nibs, which collectively
result in one stroke of writing.

12. 1. NIB MARKS ( DOUBLE TRACKS )
* Presence of inkless furrow between two
parallel inked tracks.
2. FEATHERING OF INK
* A slow drying ink flowing from a slow moving
pen on rough surface.
3. SERATED MARGINS
* When the nibs of pen get rusted due to action
of ink.
4. . PEN SCRATCHES
* Due to wear and tear of writing tip
* inadequate supply of ink to the writing tip.

13. SIGNATURES SHOWING
DOUBLE PARALLEL TRACK
DUE TO DEFECTIVE NIB
SIGNATURES SHOWING
SCRATCHY SIGNATURES

14. Ball pens were introduced in
1945 in the American market.
The ball point pen simply rolls
ink onto the paper by means of
a small ball bearing. Ball
bearing is placed at the tip of
the pen by means of housing
which is crimped over the
widest portion of the ball.

15. • INKLESS STARTS
• GOOPING
• SKIPPING
• BURR STRIATIONS
• UNINKED GROOVES ALONGSIDE
THE MAIN INKED STROKES
• TRAILING OF INK ALONGSIDE THE
MAIN INK STROKE

16. GOOPING OF INK AT THE
INITIAL STROKE
SIGNATURES SHOWING TRAILING
OF INK

17. SIGNATURE SHOWING
STRIATIONS
SIGNATURE SHOWING
INTENDED LINE

18. SIGNATURES SHOWING
DOUBLE TRACKS IN THE
STROKE
SIGNATURES SHOWING
BEADED APPEARANCE

19. These are introduced into the market
in1960. the writing point of the pen is
porous and allows a supply of aqueous
ink to be spread onto the paper . The
tips of the pen ranges from broad to
narrow. Porous tip pen also has another
type that are known as plastic tip pens.
They have hard perforated plastic tip.
Pens of this class are factory filled and
generally disposable.

20. • Bifurcating or wedge shaped initial
or terminal strokes
• Double tracks
• Secondary hairline formation
• Irregular margins

21. SIGNATURE SHOWING DOUBLE
TRACK
SIGNATURES SHOWING BLUNT STARTS
AND TERMINALS

22. SIGNATURES SHOWING HAIRLINE
SECONDARY STROKES
WEDGED OR BIFURCATED INTIAL
AND TERMINAL STROKES

23. This class of writing instrument
represents a hybrid of fountain and
ballpoint pen. The ink used in this is
water based. The pens are sold as
either disposable items or refillable
with a replaceable ink cartridge that
includes the ball. The ball present in
the pen emboss the paper they do
not have characteristics of skipping
and gooping .

24. 1.When used against a soft backing they
leaves a pronounced central
depression. Flow back seems to occur
at the end of many strokes.
2.The edges of the stroke are not sharply
defined but are irregular and serrated.
3.The pen is capable of producing
changes in writing pressure more
readily than porous tip pens. The typical
action of fluid ink on the paper is
present.

25. Gel pens was first developed by sakura
color products corporation of Japan in
1984. initially this class of writing
instruments used a high viscosity, pigment
based opaque ink, which does not tend to
bleed into the paper. Modern black gel
inks incorporate both dye-base and
pigment coloring. A broad range of ink
colors are available. The character which
differentiate its ink line from other writing
instrument is a tracking effect along the
outer edges of the ink stroke.

26. It was first discovered in England in
1564. Pencil lead is made using
graphite for blackness, china clay for
hardness or polymer resins that give it
strength and smoothness. The amount
of clay , graphite and the period baking
factors that determines the hardness of
lead. It is much easier to produce a
forgery with pencil than that with pen
and ink, as pencil writings do not reveal
the features such as pen lifts, pen
position, retouching, pen stops .

27. A crayon is a stick of colored wax, charcoal,
chalk or other materials used for writing,
coloring, drawing and other methods of
illustration. A crayon made of oiled chalk is
called an oil pastel; when made of pigment with
a dry binder, it is simply a pastel; both are
popular media for color artwork.
1. Make heavy greasy and colored markings.
2. Variation in shade of color may permit differentiation
between products of several manufacturers.
3. Instrument do not develop any peculiarity in
handwriting from which individual identification can
be made.

28. These are the basic features and effects
of writing instruments on handwriting.
But the brain which controls the hand
remains the same, irrespective of the
nature of the writing instrument. The
fundamental structure of handwriting
remains unaltered and it is only the
general appearance of the handwriting
and the amount of detail, which is
present, which is affected by the nature
of the writing instrument.

29. • Harrison W. R.(1958) Suspect Documents & theirHarrison W. R.(1958) Suspect Documents & their
scientific examination, Sweet and Maxwell Limited,scientific examination, Sweet and Maxwell Limited,
U.K.U.K.
• Hilton (Hilton (1993) Scientific Examination of Questioned) Scientific Examination of Questioned
Documents, CRC Press, Inc.,2000 Corporate Blvd.,Documents, CRC Press, Inc.,2000 Corporate Blvd.,
N.W.,Boca Raton, FloridaN.W.,Boca Raton, Florida
• Osborn A.S.(1929) Questioned Documents, BoydOsborn A.S.(1929) Questioned Documents, Boyd
Printing Co., Albany, N.Y., U.S.APrinting Co., Albany, N.Y., U.S.A
• Hilton O. :- Effect of Writing Instrument on
Handwriting Details [Journal of Forensic Science
1984;29(1)]
• Hilton O. :- Characteristics of the Ball Point Pen and
its influence on Handwriting [Journal of Criminal Law,
Criminology and Police Science 1957;47(5)]

30. • Hilton O. :- Distinctive Qualities of Today’s Pens
[ Journal of the Forensic Science Society 1984;24]
• Atul K. Singhla, Komal Saini, O. P. Jasuja and Santokh
Singh :- A comparison of line quality defects
attributed to defective writing instruments and
forgery [ Hand book of Forensic Science edited by
Prof. (Dr.) Vimala Veeraraghavan]
• Komal S. :- A Study of Various Factors Influencing
Handwriting [ Ph.D. Thesis submitted to Punjabi
University Patiala in 1997]
• http://didyouknow.org/crayons/
• http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blpen.
htm
• http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa10019
7.htm

32. "No man was more foolish when
he had not a pen in his hand, or
more wise when he had"
Samuel Johnson.
"No man was more foolish when
he had not a pen in his hand, or
more wise when he had"
Samuel Johnson.