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RESEARCH PROBLEM, HYPOTHESIS & CONCEPTUAL FRAME WORK Meghana Sudhir
Introduction ,[object Object]
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Sources of problems: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Sources of problems: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Steps in Developing and Refining  Research Problems ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The development of a research problem is essentially a creative process dependent upon imagination, insight and ingenuity. Developing and Refining  Research Problems
Developing and Refining Research Problems ,[object Object]
Developing and Refining Research Problems ,[object Object]
Brainstorming with teachers, advisors or colleagues may provide valuable feedback that helps the researcher to focus on a specific problem area.
Criteria for Evaluating Research Problems ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Statement of the Research Problems ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The Final Problem Statement ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Problem Statements in Declarative Form Research focus Problem statement Effect of relaxation on anxiety and dyspnea  in patients with COPD Comparison of anxiety:  Symptomatoloy among Cambodian refugee adolescents before and after resettlement in  the United States  Effect of heart transplantation on psychosocial functioning  This study investigates the effect of  relaxation on anxiety and  dyspnea in  patients with COPD  (Gift, Moore,& Soeken, 1992) Anxiety symtomatology in cambodian  refugee adolescents before and after  settlement in the  United States had been  compared  (Mueck and Sasse, 1992) The study examines the effect of heart  transplantation on psychosocial functioning (Bohachick et al., 1992)
Problem Statement in Interrogative Form Research focus Problem statement Factors that influence adaptation of  preadolescents and adolescents with  diabetes Effect of group therapy on cognitive functioning and depression in elderly nursing home residents  Spiritual health, coping responses,  and devastating physical illness  What are the influences of age, coping behaviour and self care on psychological,  social and physiological adaptation in  preadolescents and adolescents with insulin  dependent diabetes mellitus (Grey Cameron and Thurber 1992) What is the effect of group therapy on  cognitive functioning and depression in  elderly nursing home residents (Abraham Neundorfer, Currie, 1992) What role does spiritual health play in the  coping responses of  patients to devastating  physical illness (Mickley, Socken and belcher 1992
Formulation of objectives ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Objectives ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Clarifying the objectives ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Characteristics of a good hypothesis ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The derivation of hypothesis There are two types of developing hypothesis  Induction  Deduction  -  Constitute the intellectual machinery involved in deriving hypothesis.
[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
Types of Hypotheses
Simple Vs Complex Hypotheses ,[object Object],[object Object]
Directional Vs Non-directional Hypotheses ,[object Object],[object Object]
Research Vs Null Hypotheses  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Hypothesis Testing ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
An operational definition of a concept specifies the operations that researchers must perform to collect the required information. OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
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PURPOSES OF THEORIES AND CONCEPTUAL MODELS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
THEORIST &  REFERENCE NAME OF  MODEL KEY THESIS OF THE MODEL RESEARCH EXAMPLE Imogene King 1981 Open Systems Model Personal  systems, interpersonal  systems, and  social systems are  dynamic  and interacting,  within which  transactions  occur.  Doornbos (2000)  based  her framework on King's model; she  tested the prediction  that family stressors,  coping, and other  factors affected  family health with  young  adults with serious mental  illness.
THEORIST &  REFERENCE NAME OF  MODEL KEY THESIS OF THE MODEL RESEARCH EXAMPLE Madeline Leininger 1991 Theory of Culture Care Diversity and  Universality Caring is a  universal  Phenomenon but varies  transculturally  Raines and Morgan  (2000) studied the  culturally grounded  meanings of the  concept of comfort,  presence, and  involvement in the  context of the  childbirth experience  of black women and  white women.
THEORIST &  REFERENCE NAME OF  MODEL KEY THESIS  OF THE MODEL RESEARCH EXAMPLE Myra Levine 1973 Conservation Model Conservation  of integrity  contributes  to  maintenance  of a person’s  wholeness.  Deiriggi and Miles (1995) based their  study of the effects  of waterbeds on  heart rate in  preterm infants on  Levine's concept of  conservation.
THEORIST &  REFERENCE NAME OF  MODEL KEY THESIS OF THE MODEL RESEARCH EXAMPLE Betty Neuman 1989 Health Care Systems Model Each person is  a complete  system; the  goal of nursing  is to assist in  maintaining  client system stability.  Brauer (2001)  described common  patterns of person environment  interaction in adults with rheumatoid  arthritis, based on  Neuman’s model.
THEORIST &  REFERENCE NAME OF  MODEL KEY THESIS OF THE MODEL RESEARCH EXAMPLE Margaret  Newman 1994 Health as Expanding  Consciousness Health is viewed  as an expansion  of consciousness  with health and  disease parts of  the same whole; health is seen in  an evolving  pattern of the  Whole in time, space, and movement. Endo and colleagues  (2000) Used Newman’s  theory to  study pattern  recognition as  a caring  partnership  between  nurses and  families of  ovarian cancer in Japan.
THEORIST &  REFERENCE NAME OF  MODEL KEY THESIS OF THE MODEL RESEARCH EXAMPLE Dorothea Orem 1985 Self-Care  Model Self-care activities are what people do on their own  behalf to maintain  health and Well- being; the goal of  nursing is to help  people meet their  own therapeutic  self-care demands.  Anderson (2001) explored, with a sample of  homeless adults, the relationship  between self- care, self-care  agency, and  well-being.
THEORIST &  REFERENCE NAME OF  MODEL KEY THESIS OF THE MODEL RESEARCH EXAMPLE Rose Marie Rizzo Parse 1992, 1995 Theory of  Human  Becoming Health and  meaning are co- created by  indivisible  humans and  their  environment;  nursing involves having clients  share views  about meanings.  Mitchell and  Lawton (2000) studied how  diabetic  patients  experienced the consequences  of personal  choices about  living with  restrictions, and discussed the  emerging  concepts within Parse's theory.
THEORIST &  REFERENCE NAME OF  MODEL KEY THESIS OF THE MODEL RESEARCH EXAMPLE Martha Rogers 1970, 1986 Science of  Unitary  Human  Beings The individual is a unified whole  in constant  interaction with  the environment; nursing helps  individuals  achieve  maximum well- being within  their potential.  Using Rogers’  framework,  Bays (2001) explored the  phenomenon of  hope and  associated  factors in older patients who  had  experienced a  stroke.
THEORIST &  REFERENCE NAME OF  MODEL KEY THESIS OF THE MODEL RESEARCH EXAMPLE Sr Callista  Roy 1984, 1991 Adaptation Model Humans are  adaptive systems  that cope with  change through  adaptation; nursing  helps to promote  client adaptation  during health and  illness.  Roy’s Adaptation  Model provided the  framework for  John's (2001) study of whether perceptions of  quality of life change over time in adults who receive curative radiation therapy.
THEORIST &  REFERENCE NAME OF  MODEL KEY THESIS  OF THE MODEL RESEARCH EXAMPLE Jean Watson 1999 Theory of Caring Caring is the moral ideal, and entails  mind-body- soul  engagement  with one  another. Using Watson's 10  carative factors,  Baldursdottir and  Jonsdottir (2002)  studied the importance of nurse caring  behaviors as perceived by patients receiving care at an emergency  department.
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Research problem, hypothesis & conceptual framework

  • 1. RESEARCH PROBLEM, HYPOTHESIS & CONCEPTUAL FRAME WORK Meghana Sudhir
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  • 7. The development of a research problem is essentially a creative process dependent upon imagination, insight and ingenuity. Developing and Refining Research Problems
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  • 10. Brainstorming with teachers, advisors or colleagues may provide valuable feedback that helps the researcher to focus on a specific problem area.
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  • 14. Problem Statements in Declarative Form Research focus Problem statement Effect of relaxation on anxiety and dyspnea in patients with COPD Comparison of anxiety: Symptomatoloy among Cambodian refugee adolescents before and after resettlement in the United States Effect of heart transplantation on psychosocial functioning This study investigates the effect of relaxation on anxiety and dyspnea in patients with COPD (Gift, Moore,& Soeken, 1992) Anxiety symtomatology in cambodian refugee adolescents before and after settlement in the United States had been compared (Mueck and Sasse, 1992) The study examines the effect of heart transplantation on psychosocial functioning (Bohachick et al., 1992)
  • 15. Problem Statement in Interrogative Form Research focus Problem statement Factors that influence adaptation of preadolescents and adolescents with diabetes Effect of group therapy on cognitive functioning and depression in elderly nursing home residents Spiritual health, coping responses, and devastating physical illness What are the influences of age, coping behaviour and self care on psychological, social and physiological adaptation in preadolescents and adolescents with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (Grey Cameron and Thurber 1992) What is the effect of group therapy on cognitive functioning and depression in elderly nursing home residents (Abraham Neundorfer, Currie, 1992) What role does spiritual health play in the coping responses of patients to devastating physical illness (Mickley, Socken and belcher 1992
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  • 22. The derivation of hypothesis There are two types of developing hypothesis Induction Deduction - Constitute the intellectual machinery involved in deriving hypothesis.
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  • 30. An operational definition of a concept specifies the operations that researchers must perform to collect the required information. OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
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  • 34. THEORIST & REFERENCE NAME OF MODEL KEY THESIS OF THE MODEL RESEARCH EXAMPLE Imogene King 1981 Open Systems Model Personal systems, interpersonal systems, and social systems are dynamic and interacting, within which transactions occur. Doornbos (2000) based her framework on King's model; she tested the prediction that family stressors, coping, and other factors affected family health with young adults with serious mental illness.
  • 35. THEORIST & REFERENCE NAME OF MODEL KEY THESIS OF THE MODEL RESEARCH EXAMPLE Madeline Leininger 1991 Theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality Caring is a universal Phenomenon but varies transculturally Raines and Morgan (2000) studied the culturally grounded meanings of the concept of comfort, presence, and involvement in the context of the childbirth experience of black women and white women.
  • 36. THEORIST & REFERENCE NAME OF MODEL KEY THESIS OF THE MODEL RESEARCH EXAMPLE Myra Levine 1973 Conservation Model Conservation of integrity contributes to maintenance of a person’s wholeness. Deiriggi and Miles (1995) based their study of the effects of waterbeds on heart rate in preterm infants on Levine's concept of conservation.
  • 37. THEORIST & REFERENCE NAME OF MODEL KEY THESIS OF THE MODEL RESEARCH EXAMPLE Betty Neuman 1989 Health Care Systems Model Each person is a complete system; the goal of nursing is to assist in maintaining client system stability. Brauer (2001) described common patterns of person environment interaction in adults with rheumatoid arthritis, based on Neuman’s model.
  • 38. THEORIST & REFERENCE NAME OF MODEL KEY THESIS OF THE MODEL RESEARCH EXAMPLE Margaret Newman 1994 Health as Expanding Consciousness Health is viewed as an expansion of consciousness with health and disease parts of the same whole; health is seen in an evolving pattern of the Whole in time, space, and movement. Endo and colleagues (2000) Used Newman’s theory to study pattern recognition as a caring partnership between nurses and families of ovarian cancer in Japan.
  • 39. THEORIST & REFERENCE NAME OF MODEL KEY THESIS OF THE MODEL RESEARCH EXAMPLE Dorothea Orem 1985 Self-Care Model Self-care activities are what people do on their own behalf to maintain health and Well- being; the goal of nursing is to help people meet their own therapeutic self-care demands. Anderson (2001) explored, with a sample of homeless adults, the relationship between self- care, self-care agency, and well-being.
  • 40. THEORIST & REFERENCE NAME OF MODEL KEY THESIS OF THE MODEL RESEARCH EXAMPLE Rose Marie Rizzo Parse 1992, 1995 Theory of Human Becoming Health and meaning are co- created by indivisible humans and their environment; nursing involves having clients share views about meanings. Mitchell and Lawton (2000) studied how diabetic patients experienced the consequences of personal choices about living with restrictions, and discussed the emerging concepts within Parse's theory.
  • 41. THEORIST & REFERENCE NAME OF MODEL KEY THESIS OF THE MODEL RESEARCH EXAMPLE Martha Rogers 1970, 1986 Science of Unitary Human Beings The individual is a unified whole in constant interaction with the environment; nursing helps individuals achieve maximum well- being within their potential. Using Rogers’ framework, Bays (2001) explored the phenomenon of hope and associated factors in older patients who had experienced a stroke.
  • 42. THEORIST & REFERENCE NAME OF MODEL KEY THESIS OF THE MODEL RESEARCH EXAMPLE Sr Callista Roy 1984, 1991 Adaptation Model Humans are adaptive systems that cope with change through adaptation; nursing helps to promote client adaptation during health and illness. Roy’s Adaptation Model provided the framework for John's (2001) study of whether perceptions of quality of life change over time in adults who receive curative radiation therapy.
  • 43. THEORIST & REFERENCE NAME OF MODEL KEY THESIS OF THE MODEL RESEARCH EXAMPLE Jean Watson 1999 Theory of Caring Caring is the moral ideal, and entails mind-body- soul engagement with one another. Using Watson's 10 carative factors, Baldursdottir and Jonsdottir (2002) studied the importance of nurse caring behaviors as perceived by patients receiving care at an emergency department.