This is a slide show presentation I prepared for the Technical Support staff at Topcon Medical Systems to introduce and familiarize the art of refraction.

1. Refraction Training June 11-12, 2007 Topcon Medical Systems, Inc. Paramus, NJ

2. Refraction In ophthalmology and optometry, refraction (also known as refractometry ) is a clinical test in which a phoropter is used to determine the eye's refractive error and the best corrective lenses to be prescribed. A series of test lenses in graded optical powers or focal lengths are presented to determine which provide the sharpest, clearest vision.

7. Roger Bacon (1240 A.D.)

14. Visual Example of Myopia

17. Visual Example of Hyperopia

20. Visual Example of Presbyopia

24. Visual Example of Diplopia

27. Visual Example of Amblyopia

31. Visual Example of Astigmatism

34. Visual Example of Keratoconus

37. Visual Example of Cataract

40. Visual Example of Macular Degeneration

49. Visual Example of Diabetic Retinopathy

64. Spin on Eye Charts

100. Almost Finished! I Promise!

106. Flap Procedures

108. PRK