The document summarizes the history of print media in the Indian subcontinent. It discusses how print media began with handwritten news sheets during Mughal rule. The first printed newspaper, Hickey Gazette, was published in 1780 in Bengal. Regional language newspapers emerged across the subcontinent in the late 18th century. The first Urdu newspaper, Jam-e-Jahan Numa, was published in 1822 in Calcutta. Print media flourished in major cities like Delhi, Lahore, and Dhaka in the 19th century, with newspapers playing an important role in independence movements.

2. “The industry associated with the printing and
distribution of news through newspapers and
magazines called print media.”

3.  Hand Written News sheets:
 In the sub-continent, journalism started with preliminary
handwritten news sheets, prepared by government news-writers
during the Muslim rule.They were written, dated, appeared at
regular and frequent intervals.

4. CollectingNews:
News-writers or stringers were assigned in all the areas of the empire to
collect news and assemble it in the paper for the court of King. Most
prominent and honest individuals were designated for such posts, they
earned good salaries and their appointment or abolition was solely, with the
King himself.
 Downfall Of Mughal:
 With the downfall of Mughal rule, Britain started offensive invasion into
the subcontinent.Wherever hatred for British surfaced, people started
privately-owned secret handwritten papers in order to induce and
stimulate more hatred against East India Company. In the revolution of
1857, such papers played an effective role.

5. Arrival of Print Media:
 Over the past two or three centuries we had seen innovations,
inventions and developments all around the world and almost in
all fields of life which we are experiencing currently. Journalism
and media are also one of those fields which came into existence,
progressed with the passage of time and then proved their worth
and importance for any nation and its common man’s life.
First Printed News Paper:
 Hicky Gazette
 IndianWorld

6.  The first ever printing press was set up by the British at Bombay in
1674.
 In the end of eighteenth century, printing presses were installed at
Madras and Calcutta.
 The first printed newspaper of sub-continent appeared in 1780, with
the name of “Hickey Gazette”, published by James August Hickey.
The size of that paper was 12″ x 8″ with only 4 pages.
 For the reason that James Augustus Hickey was against East India
Company and always brought forth the corruption of Government,
he was soon jailed. But, Hickey continued editing in the jail too.

7. So, in November 1781, a newspaper with name of “India Gazette” was
introduced which was pro Government and against Hickey.With this
haphazard changing scenario, many new newspapers came on the
scene. Some supported the government and others strived for freedom

8.  William Duane was one of those editors who struggled hard for
freedom of press.
 Earlier, he was a fanatical editor of Bengal Journal, but the
government violently removed him with force. Soon, he started his
own newspaper, “IndianWorld” which was more authentic and
openly critical to East India Company.
 The British released two consecutive newspapers to combat it, but
failed. Interestingly, circulation of IndianWorld increased more than
expectations

9.  Jam-e-Jahan Numa
 Maraat-ul-Akhbar

 First printed Urdu newspaper was “Jam-e-Jahan Numa”, published in
Calcutta in 1822 under the supervision of British. Its editor was
Munshi Sada Sukh.
 After some weeks, its language was changed into Persian because
the circulation remained extremely low. Later, after two years, it was
integrated with a four-page Urdu news sheet for the reason that
some of the British officials had learned Urdu where on the other
hand people could be mobilized to use Urdu language.
 Jam-e- Jahan Numa featured news items from other hand-written
news sheets of autonomous states, English newspapers and some of
its own.

10.  The first printed Persian newspaper “Marat-ul-Akhbar”
appeared in Calcutta in 1822.
 Its founder and editor was Raja Ram Mohan Raey. He was a
spiritual leader of Hindus. He started Bengali newspapers
also. His intention to start newspapers in general was to
enhance the knowledge of common people and acquaint
them with the policies, laws and line of action of the British
government.
 This newspaper had a short life but it was appreciated at
the highest degree.

11.  When journalism entered in other parts of sub-continent, several
newspapers of regional languages also emerged.
 For instance, Bengali, Hindi, Gujrati, Marhati andTamil language
newspapers.
 These newspapers included short articles, ephemeral topics, some
illustrations and service articles.

12.  Urdu journalism started with Jam-e-Jahan Numa but in
point of fact its history begins from 1836, when the
father of Maulana Muhammad Hussain Azad, Maulvi
Muhammad Baqar started “Delhi Urdu Akhbar”. After
that, a large number of Urdu newspapers emerged in
corner-to-corner of the sub-continent. Some significant
factors behind the progress of Urdu journalism were that:
 In 1830, East India Company declared Urdu the official
language of small government institutions and court of
law.
 After 1835, many newspapers of regional languages
came at frontline.

13.  Government intended to promoteWestern Studies in the sub-
continent. Since, Urdu newspapers were appropriate medium for the
purpose, the government used to purchase a certain quantity of
newspapers for officials, schools and colleges.This setup financially
supported some of the newspapers.
 These were the four elements behind the growth and progress of
Urdu journalism in sub-continent. Later, many new Urdu papers
started in Delhi, Lahore, Sialkot, Multan, Gujaranwala,Gujarat,
Peshawar, Rawalpindi, Shimla, Ladhiana, Batala,Amratsar,Agra,
Lukhnow, Banaras, Bombay, Breli, Aligarh and Madras. However,
Delhi and Lahore are considered to be the mother land of Urdu
journalism.

14. Newspapers of Delhi:
 Newspapers of Delhi was the First “Delhi Urdu Akhbar” and
second was “Syed-ul-Akhbar”. Delhi Urdu Akhbar continued
for twenty one years. Maulvi Muhammad Baqar was its first
editor.The first page of Delhi Urdu Akbar was used for the
activities of Last Mughal Emperor Bahaddur Shah Zafar.Then
the movement and actions of British residents and other
officials were included.
 Syed-ul-Akhbar came into being in the year 1837. Its founder
was Syed Muhammad Kahan, real brother of Sir Syed Ahmed
Khan. After nine years, he died in young age and the paper
continued in the editorship of Syed Ahmed Khan. But the
name of editor was kept concealed. In 1950, Syed-ul-Akhbar
was closed because of financial problems.

15. Newspaper of Lahore:
 First Urdu newspaper of Lahore was “Koh-e-Noor”, started in 1850.
And, continued for more than half a century. Munshi Harsukh Raey
was its founder who was specially called by the British after invasion
in Punjab.
 It was a unique paper with matchless enhancements. It provided not
only news and views, but enormous educative material for
educators. Koh-e-Noor had largest circulation in all the Urdu papers
of the sub-continent. In fifty years of its existence, a various editors
worked for its betterment.
 The second chief newspaper of Lahore was “Darya-e-Noor” which
could not continue because it openly condemned the British rule. It
had a very short but lively life.

16. Newspapers of Sialkot and Multan
 After Lahore, the next important centre of Urdu journalism was
Sialkot.Where, Munshi Dewan Chand started newspaper for the first
time. He released six newspapers before the revolution of 1857.
Among which “Chashma-e-Faiz” and “Victoria Paper” were very
famous.
 Victoria paper continued for fifty years. It is interesting to know that
Sialkot had the largest circulation of newspapers.There are two
main reasons, given by scholars, for increased distribution of
newspapers in Sialkot. First is that the literacy and education
acquisition was emphasized upon by the British. Secondly, the East
India Company implemented juristic education reforms.
 Multan is concerned, two or three newspapers started in the city
before 1857. For the most part “Riyaz-e-Tor” was a famous paper

17. printing and publishing in Dhaka
 It can not be said with certainty where the first printing press was set
up in Bangladesh. It is conjectured that the first printing press in
Bangladesh was in Rangpur during 1847, about 335 kilometres away
from Dhaka.
 The first printed piece from this printing press was a weekly
newspaper named Rangapur Barttabaha in August, 1847. In addition
the first two Bengali weekly newspapers were from Rangpur.
Printing machine took more than sixty years to reach East Bengal or
Dhaka from Kolkata.
 The first English weekly newspaper,The Dacca News was printed
and published from Dhaka in 1856. So, it is assumed that after nine
years of Rangpur press, the first printing machine of Dhaka was
established and the press was named 'Dacca Press'.

22.  It is safe to say that journalism had its roots in the sub-continent
since the Muslim rule. A perfect communication system did exist
when the British invaded the sub- continent. It is true that British
established printing presses and promoted literacy, but it was the
endeavors of natives of sub-continent, that journalism prospered
throughout from corner to corner. As journalism flourished, many
broad-minded people of sub-continent entered into the arena of
journalism
 Even after the exclusion of Muslims from journalism in 1857, the
Muslim press grew from scrap and fruitfully served the cause of
independence.

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