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Mahabharata, sheet-anchor of bharatiya itihasa ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Eurasia during most extreme part of full glacial conditions (17,000-15,000 14C y.a.) This map concentrates on the time window slightly after the LGM, when aridity seems to have reached its most extreme point. Only slightly moister conditions prevailed for most of the period 22,000-14,000 14C y.a. (25,000-15,000 calendar years ago). A large area of extreme desert conditions existed across central Asia (dark red), surrounded by  semi-desert (light red),  under conditions much colder than the present-day. In the north, Siberia was colder and much  more arid, with steppe-tundra (pink)  and polar desert (grey). Ice masses (light grey) were present in north-western Siberia. In China, colder more arid conditions caused a retreat of forests, with  grasslands (yellow)  and open woodlands (medium green) in southern China and Japan. Forest steppe (violet) and  conifer forest (blue green)  may have predominated elsewhere. In south Asia,  rainforest (darkest green)  retreated and was replaced by grasslands (yellow) and monsoon forests and woodlands (lime-green). Scrub and open woodland (lighest green) probably existed in presently moist forest climates of Bangladesh and SW China. .   http://www.esd.ornl.gov/projects/qen/euras(2.gif
Sapta Sindhu (Nation of Seven Rivers):  Theatre of Pancajanaah,  Five Peoples Marius Fontane, 1881,  Histoire Universelle, Inde Vedique  (de 1800 a 800 av. J.C.), Alphonse Lemerre, Editeur, Paris
Due to plate tectonics, Siwalik ranges shifted laterally creating a gap near Paonta Saheb. Yamuna captured waters of Sarasvati and took them to Ganga to create the Triveni Sangamam.  [Satellite image: NRSA, ISRO, Hyderabad]
Tamasa (with its Yamuna branch) flowed west, in Pa_onta Sa_hab Dun; the west-flowing channels, now called Ba_ta and Ma_rkanda join Sarsuti (with wide channels). Metamorphic rocks from inner Himalaya are found in two old terraces. [KS Valdiya, 2002, Fig. 3.3]
 
Dynamic Indian plate,  dynamic Himalaya Manasarovar, Mt. Kailas summit Plate X [c] Lingam in situ in Trench Ai (MS Vats, 1940,  Excavations at Harappa , Vol. II, Calcutta)
Formation of Gulf of Khambat, ca. 7500 BCE
Kodiyakkara i Talaimannar Pamban Tirutturaipoondibeach (6000 years) Manamelgudi shoreline (6000 years) Devipattinam Ramanathapuram Uchchipuli Thondi
Canyon below the ocean? Question of stability of  any channel on this slope. ,[object Object],[object Object]
A volcanic canyon west of Rama Setu, 1 m to 3000 m slope Location map. Inset: bathymetry map of the Gulf of Mannar (reproduced from Murty et al., 1994)   http://www.Setusamudram.in/htmdocs/Articles/cp_rajendran_2.htm
Rama’s hotspot Heatflow in  Rama Setu  100 to 180 milliwatt per sq. m. comparable to Himalayan hotsprings Will dredging in the area activate these heat zones?.
Tsuanmi of Dec. 26, 2004 Result of plate tectonics in Sunda plate
 
Ramayana-Mahabharata Itihasa continuum ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Hanuman at As’okavanam Ganesha as Lipikaara ,[object Object],[object Object]
 
 
Kilakkarai and other places produce s’ankha, a cultural symbol venerated in Bharatiya traditions (West Bengal Dev. Corpn. In Kilakarai has an annual turnover of Rs. 100 crores to procure s’ankha from Rama Setu coastal zone)
Only Bharatam coastline produces s’ankha
Sri Rama and s’ankha naadam Vishnu’s fight with the Rakshasas led by   Malyava a n, Ma a li and Suma a li as narrated in the Uttarkanda of the Ramayana (Canto VI-VIII)   A Terracotta Panel from Bhitargaon  Showing a Ramayana Scene  By P. B anerjee   http://ignca.nic.in/pb0020.htm
S’ankha is unique to Bharatam coastline, not found anywhere else in the world Date of the woman’s burial with ornaments  6500 Years Before Common Era.   Wide shell-bangle and shell ornaments
The war as shown on an  18th century (?) manuscript.
War began on Nov. 22, 3067 BCE
Bharatam of Mahabharata times
[object Object]
[object Object]
Sarasvati civilization sites: Vedic River Sarasvati after KS Valdiya, 2002
Ancient courses of River Sarasvati: ISRO images Sarasvati Sarovar, Adi Badri Reborn Sarasvati, Mohangarh
Schwartzberg Atlas, p. 7, 8 Sarasvati cultures, 3200-900 BCE, p. 9, 10
Sarasvati culture, artefacts
Munda architecture Apsidal Temples, also called Gajaprishtakriti in Sanskrit means an elephant's rump. The first sight of the Chalukyan Apsidal temple of Durgi Gudi at Aihole, fills one with awe and wonder at its perfect apsidal shape. Here Durgi probably refers to a fortified masonry defence structure and Gudi means a temple, probably of Durga, in ancient times. Punch-marked coins found in Karur of the Sangam Age contain symbols taken from Sarasvati hieroglyphs. The Western Chalukya built the Durga temple at Aihole in apsidal shape (ca. 7 th  century CE). Where does the shape come from? The roof of a Toda house in Nilagiri hills of Bharatam, a building in the marshes of Iraq (called mudhif reed-house) or on entrances of Bhaja (Pune, Maharashtra) caitya man-made cave (ca. 150 BCE) in Bharatam. These architectural forms are comparable to the arched-roof shown in the impression of a cylinder seal from Mesopotamia. Note the unicorns (one-horned bulls and heifers) emerging out of the mudhif.  A cognate set of lexemes for ‘reed’ is:  muli  thatching grass (Tu.);  mliu  a reed-like grass (Kui);  mali  a kind of reed of which arrow shafts are made (Malt.)(DEDR 4984). Mudhif is a reed-house in Iraq marshes. Chaitya, Bhaja, 2 nd  century BCE Durga temple, Aihole, Bijapur. Golden apsidal  dome, Chidambaram temple
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Balarama’s tirthayatra along Sarasvati: S’alyaparva MBh. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Kapila tirtha, Kalayat
 
 
 
Akkadian. Cylinder seal Impression. Inscription records that it belongs to ‘S’u-ilis’u, Meluhha interpreter’, i.e., translator of the Meluhhan language (EME.BAL.ME.LUH.HA.KI) The Meluhhan being introduced carries an  antelope  on his arm. Musee du Louvre. Ao 22 310, Collection De Clercq3rd millennium BCE. The Meluhhan is accompanied by a lady carrying a kaman.d.alu. Since he needed an interpreter, Meluhhan did not speak Akkadian. Antelope carried by the Meluhhan is a hieroglyph: mlekh ‘goat’ (Br.); mr..eka (Te.); me_t.am (Ta.); mes.am (Skt.) Thus, the goat conveys the message that the carrier is a Meluhha. A phonetic determinant.
Tin ingots found in a ship-wreck, Haifa incised with Sarasvati hieroglyphs ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
Bhirdana ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Bhirdana ,[object Object],[object Object]
Material Cultural of Haryana  Potteries of Kunal C.3 rd  millenium BCE
Source: The Indians And The Amerindians - By Dr. S. Chakravarti
Indian Shipping: High Vessels - Pearl, fishers' Grabs and Catamarans - From "Les Hindous" French early 19th century work.
[object Object],[object Object]
Collective memory: Samudramanthanam, Suvarnaphum Airport, Bangkok
Samudramanthanam: Angkor Wat, Cambodia
Garuda Wisnu Kencana Cultural Park, Bali: ancient sculpture, Sumatra; pedestal design
Vishnu.  From Phnom Kulen. 9th Century.  Musée   Guimet
The first dates of the artefacts using the  thermoluminescence  technique  resulted in  4420 BC - 3400 BC  dates, which would have made the site the earliest ever bronze age culture of the world.   Bronze from Ban Chiang, Thailand
TYPES OF FURNACES Large updraft kiln, Harappa (ca. 2400 BCE), found in Mound E, 1984. (After Fig. 8.8, Kenoyer, 1998). A full-scale reconstruction of the ancient Harappan kiln. Harappa Archaeologcal Research Facility used to fire large storage jar, pottery and figurine replicas. (After Fig. 8.9, Kenoyer, 1998) Mohenjodaro, DK-B, C dumps. View of the slag with the coated sub-cylindrical bowl enclosing the stoneware bangles in central position. (After Fig. 1, Massimo Vidale, 1984).
Furnace, Lothal
Raja Nal-ka-tila 3060 BP Malhar 3540 BP Dadupur 3430 BP Lahurdewa 2940 BP Jhulsi 2820 BP  http://antiquity.ac.uk/ProjGall/tewari/tewari.pdf Iron artefacts
Chalcolithic-Iron continuum, 1800 BCE
Black on red ware, Khiplewala, Bahawalpur province; Mughal, M.R., 1997,  Ancient Cholistan , Pl.58 ,[object Object]
Bronze age sites and  Mleccha-speaker regions
Post-harappa iron age pottery sites
 
 
 
 
` Nausharo: female figurine. Period 1B, 2800 – 2600 BCE. 11.6 x 30.9 cm.[After Fig. 2.19, Kenoyer, 1998].  Red paint showing sindhur at the parting of the hair;Hair painted black;Necklaces  Painted golden. Painted pot of Nausharo with hieroglyphs. ,[object Object]
Terracotta toys show yogic asanas: 1-4, from Harappa; 5-6, from Mohenjo-daro.  Namaste toy from Mohenjodaro, an abiding tradition of Hindu civilization Narayanam namaskritya naranchaiva narottaman  devim sarasvatinchaiva tato jayamudirayet. 

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Mahabharata

  • 1.
  • 2. Eurasia during most extreme part of full glacial conditions (17,000-15,000 14C y.a.) This map concentrates on the time window slightly after the LGM, when aridity seems to have reached its most extreme point. Only slightly moister conditions prevailed for most of the period 22,000-14,000 14C y.a. (25,000-15,000 calendar years ago). A large area of extreme desert conditions existed across central Asia (dark red), surrounded by semi-desert (light red), under conditions much colder than the present-day. In the north, Siberia was colder and much more arid, with steppe-tundra (pink) and polar desert (grey). Ice masses (light grey) were present in north-western Siberia. In China, colder more arid conditions caused a retreat of forests, with grasslands (yellow) and open woodlands (medium green) in southern China and Japan. Forest steppe (violet) and conifer forest (blue green) may have predominated elsewhere. In south Asia, rainforest (darkest green) retreated and was replaced by grasslands (yellow) and monsoon forests and woodlands (lime-green). Scrub and open woodland (lighest green) probably existed in presently moist forest climates of Bangladesh and SW China. . http://www.esd.ornl.gov/projects/qen/euras(2.gif
  • 3. Sapta Sindhu (Nation of Seven Rivers): Theatre of Pancajanaah, Five Peoples Marius Fontane, 1881, Histoire Universelle, Inde Vedique (de 1800 a 800 av. J.C.), Alphonse Lemerre, Editeur, Paris
  • 4. Due to plate tectonics, Siwalik ranges shifted laterally creating a gap near Paonta Saheb. Yamuna captured waters of Sarasvati and took them to Ganga to create the Triveni Sangamam. [Satellite image: NRSA, ISRO, Hyderabad]
  • 5. Tamasa (with its Yamuna branch) flowed west, in Pa_onta Sa_hab Dun; the west-flowing channels, now called Ba_ta and Ma_rkanda join Sarsuti (with wide channels). Metamorphic rocks from inner Himalaya are found in two old terraces. [KS Valdiya, 2002, Fig. 3.3]
  • 6.  
  • 7. Dynamic Indian plate, dynamic Himalaya Manasarovar, Mt. Kailas summit Plate X [c] Lingam in situ in Trench Ai (MS Vats, 1940, Excavations at Harappa , Vol. II, Calcutta)
  • 8. Formation of Gulf of Khambat, ca. 7500 BCE
  • 9. Kodiyakkara i Talaimannar Pamban Tirutturaipoondibeach (6000 years) Manamelgudi shoreline (6000 years) Devipattinam Ramanathapuram Uchchipuli Thondi
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  • 11. A volcanic canyon west of Rama Setu, 1 m to 3000 m slope Location map. Inset: bathymetry map of the Gulf of Mannar (reproduced from Murty et al., 1994) http://www.Setusamudram.in/htmdocs/Articles/cp_rajendran_2.htm
  • 12. Rama’s hotspot Heatflow in Rama Setu 100 to 180 milliwatt per sq. m. comparable to Himalayan hotsprings Will dredging in the area activate these heat zones?.
  • 13. Tsuanmi of Dec. 26, 2004 Result of plate tectonics in Sunda plate
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  • 19. Kilakkarai and other places produce s’ankha, a cultural symbol venerated in Bharatiya traditions (West Bengal Dev. Corpn. In Kilakarai has an annual turnover of Rs. 100 crores to procure s’ankha from Rama Setu coastal zone)
  • 20. Only Bharatam coastline produces s’ankha
  • 21. Sri Rama and s’ankha naadam Vishnu’s fight with the Rakshasas led by Malyava a n, Ma a li and Suma a li as narrated in the Uttarkanda of the Ramayana (Canto VI-VIII) A Terracotta Panel from Bhitargaon Showing a Ramayana Scene By P. B anerjee http://ignca.nic.in/pb0020.htm
  • 22. S’ankha is unique to Bharatam coastline, not found anywhere else in the world Date of the woman’s burial with ornaments 6500 Years Before Common Era. Wide shell-bangle and shell ornaments
  • 23. The war as shown on an 18th century (?) manuscript.
  • 24. War began on Nov. 22, 3067 BCE
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  • 28. Sarasvati civilization sites: Vedic River Sarasvati after KS Valdiya, 2002
  • 29. Ancient courses of River Sarasvati: ISRO images Sarasvati Sarovar, Adi Badri Reborn Sarasvati, Mohangarh
  • 30. Schwartzberg Atlas, p. 7, 8 Sarasvati cultures, 3200-900 BCE, p. 9, 10
  • 32. Munda architecture Apsidal Temples, also called Gajaprishtakriti in Sanskrit means an elephant's rump. The first sight of the Chalukyan Apsidal temple of Durgi Gudi at Aihole, fills one with awe and wonder at its perfect apsidal shape. Here Durgi probably refers to a fortified masonry defence structure and Gudi means a temple, probably of Durga, in ancient times. Punch-marked coins found in Karur of the Sangam Age contain symbols taken from Sarasvati hieroglyphs. The Western Chalukya built the Durga temple at Aihole in apsidal shape (ca. 7 th century CE). Where does the shape come from? The roof of a Toda house in Nilagiri hills of Bharatam, a building in the marshes of Iraq (called mudhif reed-house) or on entrances of Bhaja (Pune, Maharashtra) caitya man-made cave (ca. 150 BCE) in Bharatam. These architectural forms are comparable to the arched-roof shown in the impression of a cylinder seal from Mesopotamia. Note the unicorns (one-horned bulls and heifers) emerging out of the mudhif. A cognate set of lexemes for ‘reed’ is: muli thatching grass (Tu.); mliu a reed-like grass (Kui); mali a kind of reed of which arrow shafts are made (Malt.)(DEDR 4984). Mudhif is a reed-house in Iraq marshes. Chaitya, Bhaja, 2 nd century BCE Durga temple, Aihole, Bijapur. Golden apsidal dome, Chidambaram temple
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  • 38.  
  • 39. Akkadian. Cylinder seal Impression. Inscription records that it belongs to ‘S’u-ilis’u, Meluhha interpreter’, i.e., translator of the Meluhhan language (EME.BAL.ME.LUH.HA.KI) The Meluhhan being introduced carries an antelope on his arm. Musee du Louvre. Ao 22 310, Collection De Clercq3rd millennium BCE. The Meluhhan is accompanied by a lady carrying a kaman.d.alu. Since he needed an interpreter, Meluhhan did not speak Akkadian. Antelope carried by the Meluhhan is a hieroglyph: mlekh ‘goat’ (Br.); mr..eka (Te.); me_t.am (Ta.); mes.am (Skt.) Thus, the goat conveys the message that the carrier is a Meluhha. A phonetic determinant.
  • 40.
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  • 44. Material Cultural of Haryana Potteries of Kunal C.3 rd millenium BCE
  • 45. Source: The Indians And The Amerindians - By Dr. S. Chakravarti
  • 46. Indian Shipping: High Vessels - Pearl, fishers' Grabs and Catamarans - From "Les Hindous" French early 19th century work.
  • 47.
  • 48. Collective memory: Samudramanthanam, Suvarnaphum Airport, Bangkok
  • 50. Garuda Wisnu Kencana Cultural Park, Bali: ancient sculpture, Sumatra; pedestal design
  • 51. Vishnu. From Phnom Kulen. 9th Century. Musée Guimet
  • 52. The first dates of the artefacts using the thermoluminescence technique resulted in 4420 BC - 3400 BC dates, which would have made the site the earliest ever bronze age culture of the world. Bronze from Ban Chiang, Thailand
  • 53. TYPES OF FURNACES Large updraft kiln, Harappa (ca. 2400 BCE), found in Mound E, 1984. (After Fig. 8.8, Kenoyer, 1998). A full-scale reconstruction of the ancient Harappan kiln. Harappa Archaeologcal Research Facility used to fire large storage jar, pottery and figurine replicas. (After Fig. 8.9, Kenoyer, 1998) Mohenjodaro, DK-B, C dumps. View of the slag with the coated sub-cylindrical bowl enclosing the stoneware bangles in central position. (After Fig. 1, Massimo Vidale, 1984).
  • 55. Raja Nal-ka-tila 3060 BP Malhar 3540 BP Dadupur 3430 BP Lahurdewa 2940 BP Jhulsi 2820 BP http://antiquity.ac.uk/ProjGall/tewari/tewari.pdf Iron artefacts
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  • 58. Bronze age sites and Mleccha-speaker regions
  • 59. Post-harappa iron age pottery sites
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  • 65. Terracotta toys show yogic asanas: 1-4, from Harappa; 5-6, from Mohenjo-daro. Namaste toy from Mohenjodaro, an abiding tradition of Hindu civilization Narayanam namaskritya naranchaiva narottaman devim sarasvatinchaiva tato jayamudirayet.