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Web Accessibility Heuristics                                       ©Parimala Hariprasad




                  Web Accessibility
                    Heuristics




                               Parimala Hariprasad
                               http://curioustester.blogspot.com




http://curioustester.blogspot.com                                               Page 1
Web Accessibility Heuristics                                                                                                   ©Parimala Hariprasad




                                                          Table of Contents



Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 3

Web Accessibility .................................................................................................................................... 4

Visual ....................................................................................................................................................... 5

Motor/Mobility ....................................................................................................................................... 6

Auditory .................................................................................................................................................. 6

Seizures ................................................................................................................................................... 6

Cognitive ................................................................................................................................................. 7

Design considerations ............................................................................................................................. 7

Assistive Technologies ............................................................................................................................ 8

Tools and Add-ons .................................................................................................................................. 8

Acknowledgement .................................................................................................................................. 9




http://curioustester.blogspot.com                                                                                                                    Page 2
Web Accessibility Heuristics                                                       ©Parimala Hariprasad



                                         Introduction

A few days ago, long before the thought of this cheatsheet was born, I met a small girl who was
standing very quiet in twenty-by-ten women’s parlour I frequent. Unusual quietness for a three year
old, I must confess! As her mom got ready to leave, the little girl appeared to be looking for
something on the sofa. There was absolutely nothing on the sofa except, for the sofa itself. She was
confused. She was completely blind in both her eyes. My heart sank!




I wanted to help the little child by holding her hand and showing the way out the door, but how far
would I go with her? Only as far as the door! Beyond that little door, the little girl had to figure out
about the world all by herself, whether she saw it or not! I felt like dust of the earth as she carefully
walked out of that parlour taking the help of whatever it takes in that little room. This e-book is
dedicated to all those differently-abled people who are figuring out how to lead a normal life
irrespective of what life has given them. God bless!




http://curioustester.blogspot.com                                                                 Page 3
Web Accessibility Heuristics                                                 ©Parimala Hariprasad



                                    Web Accessibility


        Web Accessibility is the ‘Ility’ of making web pages easier to navigate and read for
people with different disabilities. As technology advances, differently-abled people have
access to varying technologies and devices to make their life better. Ironically, software and
devices built today are pretty hostile to this group of people. For the determination this user
group is particularly known for, they have stopped taking things lying down. They are
challenging organizations to build software that takes their needs more seriously than ever.
Few organizations are indeed working tirelessly on building accessibility into their softwares.



        This cheatsheet is a small attempt towards testing for accessibility in the Web World.
It is tinkered with basic ideas to look for while testing for accessibility, yet robust enough to
put software developers (programmers, testers, others) in the right direction for developing
accessible software.




        Atul Gawande, well known author of the book, “The Checklist Manifesto”
summarizes what I want to achieve through this cheatsheet. “You want people to make sure
to get the stupid stuff right. Yet you also want to leave room for craft and judgment and the
ability to respond to unexpected difficulties that arise along the way.” I hope this cheatsheet
will do exactly this while you embark on a journey in web accessibility testing.




Happy Testing!

Parimala Hariprasad




http://curioustester.blogspot.com                                                         Page 4
Web Accessibility Heuristics                                                                ©Parimala Hariprasad



                                                    Visual
 Visual (blindness, low vision, colour blindness)
 Page Titles
 Short and self-explanatory headings
 Appropriate sub-headings
 Page title for all web pages

 Text & Colour
 Text font is changeable - ability to set large/small font - computer/browser settings
 Text font style is changeable
 Text colour is changeable – computer / browser settings
 Is colour specific content present? If yes, is a “no-colour” version of the content for color-blind users?
 Website viewable when colour is removed?

 Avoid text rendered as part of a graphic like image, bitmap etc as screen readers can't read into them
 Textual equivalents for Video/Audio/Images
 Usage of emoticons. E.g. Text 'Smile' instead of a smiley like :-)

 ALT tags
 Textual equivalents for images (ALT text)
 ALT text is indicative of images like 'Photo of Taj Mahal'
 ALT text is set to NULL for decorative images
 ALT text is available for audio content
 Buttons have labels and alternate texts

 Images
 Images must be enlargeable - ability to zoom in and out
 Are images readable and comprehensive when enlarged?
 Textual equivalents for images

 Hyperlinks
 Non-ambiguous hyperlinks
 Textual equivalents for hyperlinks
 Hyperlinks are underlined? - for colour blind users
 Hyperlinks are differently coloured? - for colour blind users
 Hyperlink to Home Page on every page of the website
 Hyperlinks are accompanied with link text for readability?
 "Skip Navigation" hyperlinks availability

 Captchas
 Accessible Captchas (less background noise)
 Audio alternative for Captchas
 Support to request for a new Captcha

 Screens, Forms, Documents
 Forms have prompt or label texts
 Equivalent HTML text for Adobe files
 Tab indexing order
 Default cursor location in applicable fields on every page
 Ability to magnify the screen

http://curioustester.blogspot.com                                                                             Page 5
Web Accessibility Heuristics                                                             ©Parimala Hariprasad


 Sitemap availability
 Ability to modify mouse pointer settings for view-ability
 Ability to use speech functions on computer
 Ability to use screen readers
 Screen Resolution compatibility
 Changing Display setting to high contrast modes must not affect visibility of website
 Avoid tabular representations, charts, excel OR provide accessibility support for the same

 Search-ability
 Searching using website 'Search' feature
 Searching using browser 'Search' feature
 Searching using assistive technology



                                         Motor/Mobility
 Motor/Mobility (inability to use hands, muscle slowness, lack of muscle control)

 Does website support a voice control system?

 Are clickable hyperlinks large enough to allow users with motor skills disability to click on it?
 Do text fields support Autocomplete feature?
 Accessibility shortcuts must be different from the ones supported by Switches and other assistive
 technologieshardware
 Are clickable images large enough to allow users to click on it?
 Can all pages be accessed using mouse alone?
 Can all pages be accessed using keyboard alone?
 Keyboard/mouse flexible for Right handed users?
 Keyboard/mouse flexible for Left handed users?
 Numeric keypad position for left handed users?
 Ability to use head movements to control computer and specific actions on the website
 Ability to use foot movements to control computer and specific actions on the website



                                                Auditory
 Auditory (deaf, hearing impairments, people hard of hearing)
 Is video/content available in a sign-language version?
 Are videos/content available as text only version?
 Do videos display text information (Closed captioning) for deaf users to understand
 Turn off volume for video content - Is video understandable?




                                                Seizures
http://curioustester.blogspot.com                                                                     Page 6
Web Accessibility Heuristics                                                               ©Parimala Hariprasad


 Seizures / Photosensitive epilepsy
 Avoid Flashy images and pages
 Display warning message when flashy images are unavoidable
 Avoid marquees or blinking texts
 Flash images need to be accessible
 Avoid glaring colours used on the website
 Avoid flickers, flashes and blinks



                                                Cognitive
 Cognitive/Intellectual (developmental, learning, cognitive disabilities, memory, attention span,
 maturity, problem solving, logical reasoning, grasping power)
 Does website content have plain text supported with illustrations and diagrams?
 Does website support switches or other assistive technology devices?
 Does website support increased font sizes?
 Does website allow disabling images?
 Does website allow disabling styles?
 Is Video  Audio content easy to understand?
 Is Video  Audio content slow-enough for this user group to understand well enough?



                                    Design considerations
 Design considerations for Accessible websites
 Readability of websites - Facilitate user-defined style sheets for differently-abled people

 Electronic forms are to be accessible using assistive technology for reading, filling and submitting online
 Scripts coded in scripting languages to be accessible using assistive technology
 Text only website to be built if compliance cannot be achieved
 Time delays to be notified well in advance
 Ability to skip repetitive navigation steps
 Text tags for frames, plug-ins, applets for identification and navigation
 Text tags for data tables (column names)
 Text tags for Images maps
 Text tags for Colour coding schemes
 Text tags for multimedia elements
 Text tags for non-text elements (buttons, checkboxes, audio file, images, graphics etc)
 Use at least one assistive technology to test for accessibility
 JavaScript version of the website must be coded for accessibility
 Is Non-JavaScript version of the website available?
 Accessibility support in multiple browsers




http://curioustester.blogspot.com                                                                          Page 7
Web Accessibility Heuristics                                                             ©Parimala Hariprasad



                                  Assistive Technologies
 Assistive Technology support
 Does website/product support text to speech software - read selected items for people with learning
 disabilities
 Does website/product support text to speech software - read complete content for blind users
 Does website/product support text to Braille hardware
 Is website coded to recognize any assistive technology to support accessibility




                                      Tools and Add-ons
 Accessibility tools and add-ons
 JAWS screen reader
 WAVE - http://wave.webaim.org/
 Online Accessibility Checking tool - http://www.etre.com/tools/accessibilitycheck/
 Colour Blindness simulator - http://vischeck.com/
 Image Analyzer - http://juicystudio.com/services/image.php
 AccessColor for colour contrast - http://www.accesskeys.org/tools/color-contrast.html
 Web Developer add-on (Firefox)
 Accessibility Evaluator add-on (Firefox)
 Windows resizer - Resolution test add-on (Firefox)
 Pendule add-on (Chrome)
 UserscriptCSS add-on (Chrome)
 ChangeColors add-on (Chrome)




http://curioustester.blogspot.com                                                                      Page 8
Web Accessibility Heuristics                                                  ©Parimala Hariprasad



                                    Acknowledgement
I am thankful to Santhosh Tuppad for putting the early thoughts of Accessibility into my mind
and my colleagues at Moolya who spoke about Accessibility in one form or another at different
points in time. I am also thankful to Mohit Verma and Santhosh Tuppad for reviewing this work.




                                        Thank You

Thank You for downloading and reading this book. Feel free to share this content with your friends
and colleagues who may find it useful. Of course, with due credits to the author  (Smile). Send in
your feedback  suggestions  hate mails through any medium listed below.




                                     Contact Details

Email: Parimala.shankaraiah@gmail.com
Twitter: CuriousTester
Facebook: Parimala Hariprasad
Linked In: http://www.linkedin.com/pub/parimala-hariprasad/8/b70/b00




              Thank you once again for your precious time!




http://curioustester.blogspot.com                                                           Page 9

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Web Accessibility Heuristics

  • 1. Web Accessibility Heuristics ©Parimala Hariprasad Web Accessibility Heuristics Parimala Hariprasad http://curioustester.blogspot.com http://curioustester.blogspot.com Page 1
  • 2. Web Accessibility Heuristics ©Parimala Hariprasad Table of Contents Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 3 Web Accessibility .................................................................................................................................... 4 Visual ....................................................................................................................................................... 5 Motor/Mobility ....................................................................................................................................... 6 Auditory .................................................................................................................................................. 6 Seizures ................................................................................................................................................... 6 Cognitive ................................................................................................................................................. 7 Design considerations ............................................................................................................................. 7 Assistive Technologies ............................................................................................................................ 8 Tools and Add-ons .................................................................................................................................. 8 Acknowledgement .................................................................................................................................. 9 http://curioustester.blogspot.com Page 2
  • 3. Web Accessibility Heuristics ©Parimala Hariprasad Introduction A few days ago, long before the thought of this cheatsheet was born, I met a small girl who was standing very quiet in twenty-by-ten women’s parlour I frequent. Unusual quietness for a three year old, I must confess! As her mom got ready to leave, the little girl appeared to be looking for something on the sofa. There was absolutely nothing on the sofa except, for the sofa itself. She was confused. She was completely blind in both her eyes. My heart sank! I wanted to help the little child by holding her hand and showing the way out the door, but how far would I go with her? Only as far as the door! Beyond that little door, the little girl had to figure out about the world all by herself, whether she saw it or not! I felt like dust of the earth as she carefully walked out of that parlour taking the help of whatever it takes in that little room. This e-book is dedicated to all those differently-abled people who are figuring out how to lead a normal life irrespective of what life has given them. God bless! http://curioustester.blogspot.com Page 3
  • 4. Web Accessibility Heuristics ©Parimala Hariprasad Web Accessibility Web Accessibility is the ‘Ility’ of making web pages easier to navigate and read for people with different disabilities. As technology advances, differently-abled people have access to varying technologies and devices to make their life better. Ironically, software and devices built today are pretty hostile to this group of people. For the determination this user group is particularly known for, they have stopped taking things lying down. They are challenging organizations to build software that takes their needs more seriously than ever. Few organizations are indeed working tirelessly on building accessibility into their softwares. This cheatsheet is a small attempt towards testing for accessibility in the Web World. It is tinkered with basic ideas to look for while testing for accessibility, yet robust enough to put software developers (programmers, testers, others) in the right direction for developing accessible software. Atul Gawande, well known author of the book, “The Checklist Manifesto” summarizes what I want to achieve through this cheatsheet. “You want people to make sure to get the stupid stuff right. Yet you also want to leave room for craft and judgment and the ability to respond to unexpected difficulties that arise along the way.” I hope this cheatsheet will do exactly this while you embark on a journey in web accessibility testing. Happy Testing! Parimala Hariprasad http://curioustester.blogspot.com Page 4
  • 5. Web Accessibility Heuristics ©Parimala Hariprasad Visual Visual (blindness, low vision, colour blindness) Page Titles Short and self-explanatory headings Appropriate sub-headings Page title for all web pages Text & Colour Text font is changeable - ability to set large/small font - computer/browser settings Text font style is changeable Text colour is changeable – computer / browser settings Is colour specific content present? If yes, is a “no-colour” version of the content for color-blind users? Website viewable when colour is removed? Avoid text rendered as part of a graphic like image, bitmap etc as screen readers can't read into them Textual equivalents for Video/Audio/Images Usage of emoticons. E.g. Text 'Smile' instead of a smiley like :-) ALT tags Textual equivalents for images (ALT text) ALT text is indicative of images like 'Photo of Taj Mahal' ALT text is set to NULL for decorative images ALT text is available for audio content Buttons have labels and alternate texts Images Images must be enlargeable - ability to zoom in and out Are images readable and comprehensive when enlarged? Textual equivalents for images Hyperlinks Non-ambiguous hyperlinks Textual equivalents for hyperlinks Hyperlinks are underlined? - for colour blind users Hyperlinks are differently coloured? - for colour blind users Hyperlink to Home Page on every page of the website Hyperlinks are accompanied with link text for readability? "Skip Navigation" hyperlinks availability Captchas Accessible Captchas (less background noise) Audio alternative for Captchas Support to request for a new Captcha Screens, Forms, Documents Forms have prompt or label texts Equivalent HTML text for Adobe files Tab indexing order Default cursor location in applicable fields on every page Ability to magnify the screen http://curioustester.blogspot.com Page 5
  • 6. Web Accessibility Heuristics ©Parimala Hariprasad Sitemap availability Ability to modify mouse pointer settings for view-ability Ability to use speech functions on computer Ability to use screen readers Screen Resolution compatibility Changing Display setting to high contrast modes must not affect visibility of website Avoid tabular representations, charts, excel OR provide accessibility support for the same Search-ability Searching using website 'Search' feature Searching using browser 'Search' feature Searching using assistive technology Motor/Mobility Motor/Mobility (inability to use hands, muscle slowness, lack of muscle control) Does website support a voice control system? Are clickable hyperlinks large enough to allow users with motor skills disability to click on it? Do text fields support Autocomplete feature? Accessibility shortcuts must be different from the ones supported by Switches and other assistive technologieshardware Are clickable images large enough to allow users to click on it? Can all pages be accessed using mouse alone? Can all pages be accessed using keyboard alone? Keyboard/mouse flexible for Right handed users? Keyboard/mouse flexible for Left handed users? Numeric keypad position for left handed users? Ability to use head movements to control computer and specific actions on the website Ability to use foot movements to control computer and specific actions on the website Auditory Auditory (deaf, hearing impairments, people hard of hearing) Is video/content available in a sign-language version? Are videos/content available as text only version? Do videos display text information (Closed captioning) for deaf users to understand Turn off volume for video content - Is video understandable? Seizures http://curioustester.blogspot.com Page 6
  • 7. Web Accessibility Heuristics ©Parimala Hariprasad Seizures / Photosensitive epilepsy Avoid Flashy images and pages Display warning message when flashy images are unavoidable Avoid marquees or blinking texts Flash images need to be accessible Avoid glaring colours used on the website Avoid flickers, flashes and blinks Cognitive Cognitive/Intellectual (developmental, learning, cognitive disabilities, memory, attention span, maturity, problem solving, logical reasoning, grasping power) Does website content have plain text supported with illustrations and diagrams? Does website support switches or other assistive technology devices? Does website support increased font sizes? Does website allow disabling images? Does website allow disabling styles? Is Video Audio content easy to understand? Is Video Audio content slow-enough for this user group to understand well enough? Design considerations Design considerations for Accessible websites Readability of websites - Facilitate user-defined style sheets for differently-abled people Electronic forms are to be accessible using assistive technology for reading, filling and submitting online Scripts coded in scripting languages to be accessible using assistive technology Text only website to be built if compliance cannot be achieved Time delays to be notified well in advance Ability to skip repetitive navigation steps Text tags for frames, plug-ins, applets for identification and navigation Text tags for data tables (column names) Text tags for Images maps Text tags for Colour coding schemes Text tags for multimedia elements Text tags for non-text elements (buttons, checkboxes, audio file, images, graphics etc) Use at least one assistive technology to test for accessibility JavaScript version of the website must be coded for accessibility Is Non-JavaScript version of the website available? Accessibility support in multiple browsers http://curioustester.blogspot.com Page 7
  • 8. Web Accessibility Heuristics ©Parimala Hariprasad Assistive Technologies Assistive Technology support Does website/product support text to speech software - read selected items for people with learning disabilities Does website/product support text to speech software - read complete content for blind users Does website/product support text to Braille hardware Is website coded to recognize any assistive technology to support accessibility Tools and Add-ons Accessibility tools and add-ons JAWS screen reader WAVE - http://wave.webaim.org/ Online Accessibility Checking tool - http://www.etre.com/tools/accessibilitycheck/ Colour Blindness simulator - http://vischeck.com/ Image Analyzer - http://juicystudio.com/services/image.php AccessColor for colour contrast - http://www.accesskeys.org/tools/color-contrast.html Web Developer add-on (Firefox) Accessibility Evaluator add-on (Firefox) Windows resizer - Resolution test add-on (Firefox) Pendule add-on (Chrome) UserscriptCSS add-on (Chrome) ChangeColors add-on (Chrome) http://curioustester.blogspot.com Page 8
  • 9. Web Accessibility Heuristics ©Parimala Hariprasad Acknowledgement I am thankful to Santhosh Tuppad for putting the early thoughts of Accessibility into my mind and my colleagues at Moolya who spoke about Accessibility in one form or another at different points in time. I am also thankful to Mohit Verma and Santhosh Tuppad for reviewing this work. Thank You Thank You for downloading and reading this book. Feel free to share this content with your friends and colleagues who may find it useful. Of course, with due credits to the author  (Smile). Send in your feedback suggestions hate mails through any medium listed below. Contact Details Email: Parimala.shankaraiah@gmail.com Twitter: CuriousTester Facebook: Parimala Hariprasad Linked In: http://www.linkedin.com/pub/parimala-hariprasad/8/b70/b00 Thank you once again for your precious time! http://curioustester.blogspot.com Page 9