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QUALITATIVE RESEARCH:
AN INTRODUCTION
Najmah, SKM, MPH, PhD
najmah@fkm.unsri.ac.id
Ig: najmah.usman.7
I kept trying to persuade my supervisors that I should use a
mixed methodology. Sharyn said it was possible, but Sari said to
focus on one approach only as we had a limited time. She said
to focus on a qualitative approach. Honestly, at the first stage of
my PhD, I was a bit disappointed, but I started to reflect on the
benefits of my own journey using a qualitative approach under
their intensive supervision. I learned the importance of
ownership of the research process for my participants and me. It
was challenging, but this process was eye opening for me as a
public health researcher working in a positivism paradigm.
I am Najmah–a positivist researcher (an epidemiologist and statistician) and now a novice
practitioner of feminist and participatory action research. (Najmah, Research Journal, 2017)
Today’s Topic
• The Foundation of Social Research
• The Landscape of Qualitative Research
• Research Onion
Philosopy of
Empek-empek Kapal Selam
(‘Submarine’ Fish cake)
Qualitative research is unique
“Speaking in this vein sounds as if we create a
methodology for ourselves—as if the focus of
our research leads us to devise our own ways of
proceeding that allow us to achieve our
purposes. That, as it happens, is precisely the
case. In a very real sense, every piece of
research is unique and calls for a unique
methodology. We, as the researcher, have to
developed it” (Crotty, 1998, p. 14)
quantitative
qualitative
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH PARADIGM QUALITATIVE RESEARCH PARADIGM
Cause and effect intuitive
generalizable subjective
masculine interviews
measurement inductive
Statistics Observable phenomena Generating theory
deduction surveys participant observation
systematic Soft heuristic
Mechanistic deterministic Hermeneutics pluralism
Causal relationships hard particular
operational definitions diaries phenomenology
hypothesis testing Interpretive naturalistic
Experiment universal laws Grounded theory journals
numerical testing humanistic narratives
theory Social sciences
Positivism reductionist critical theory ethnography
Scientific natural sciences
Randomized control trial (RCT)
Critical social theory feminine
Bassett, Chris, 2004. Qualitative research in Health care
Quantitative research
• It feature a high level of reliability
• It can be used to gather very large amounts of
information into understandable forms that
can then be used to enhance treatment and
practice
• Its finding can be tested using statistical
means, helping one be sure of its reliability
Bassett, Chris, 2004. Qualitative research in Health care
Qualitative research
• Their origins in the field of social anthropology and
sociology and are associated with the social sciences
• It is adopted when little is known on a given topic and is
associated with inductive forms of reasoning in an
attempt to generate theory
• It stressed the socially constructed nature of reality,
the intimate relationship between the researcher and
what is studied, and the situational constraints that
shape inquire
• This research is usually undertaken in a naturalistic
setting where events are normally allowed to take their
course unaffected by the research
Bassett, Chris, 2004. Qualitative research in Health care
Qualitative research methods
Picture: https://www.questionpro.com/blog/qualitative-research-methods/
Other
methods:
Visual methods
Participatory
methods
Photovoice
One-on-one interview A personal interview that is carried out with one respondent at
a time
Focus groups A focus group usually included a limited number of respondent
(6-10) from within your target informants
Ethnographic research The most in-depth observational method that studies people in
their naturally occurring environment
Case study research It is based on an in-depth investigation of a single individual,
group, or event. Case studies may be descriptive or explanatory
Record keeping This method make use the already existing reliable documents
and similar
Process of observation Qualitative observation deals with the 5 major sensory organs
and their functioning-sight, smell, touch, taste and hearing
The foundation of social research
Crotty, M. (1998). The foundations of social research: Meaning and perspective in the
research process. Sage
Epistemology Theoretical
Perspective
Methodology Methods
Objectivism
Constructionis
m
Subjectivism
(and their
variants)
Positivism (and
post-positivism)
Interpretivism
*Symbolic
interactionism
*Phenomenology
*Hermeneutics
Critical inquiry
Feminism
Postmodernism
etc
Experimental
research
Survey research
Ethnologhraphy
Phenomenological
research
Grounded theory
Heuristic inquiry
Action research
Discourse analysis
Feminist
standpoint
research
etc
Sampling
Measurement
and scaling
Questionnaire
Observation
*participant
*non-participant
Interview
Focus group
Case study
Life history
Narrative
Visual
ethnographic
(Crotty, 2008)
Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (2008). The landscape of qualitative research. Thousand Oaks,
Calif. : Sage Publications, [2008].
Phase 1: The researcher as a
multicultural subject
History and research traditions
Conceptions of self and the
Others
The ethics and politics of research
Phase 2: Theoretical Paradigms
and Perspectives
Positivism, postpositivism
Interpretivism, constructivism,
hermeneutics
Feminism (s)
Racialized discourses
Critical theory and Marxist
models
Cultural studies models
Queer theory
(Denzin, 2009)
Phase 3: Research strategies
Design
Case study
Ethnography, participant
observation, performance
Ethnography
Phenomenology,
ethnomethodology
Grounded theory
Life history, testimoni
Historical method
Action and applied research
Clinical research
Phase 4: Methods of collection
and analysis
Interviewing
Observing
Artifacts, documents, and records
Visual methods
Authoethnography
Data management methods
Computer-assisted analysis
Textual analysis
Focus groups
Applied ethnography
(Denzin, 2009)
Paradigm/Theory
• We defined a paradigm as a basic set of beliefs that guide
action.
• A paradigm encompassed four terms: ethics (axiology),
epistemology, ontology, and methodology
• The net that contains the researcher’s epistemological,
ontological, and methodological premises may be termed
a paradigm, or an interpretive framework, a “basic set of
beliefs that guides action” (Guba, 1990, p.17).
• All research is interpretive; it is guided by the researcher’s
beliefs and feelings about the world and how it should be
understood and studied.
Pengantar Metode Penelitian Kualitatif (Qualitative Research-An Introduction)
Ontology
• the nature of reality and the nature of the
human being in the world social reality
• “how things really are” and “how things really
work” (Denzin and Lincoln, 2008, pp 245).
Pengantar Metode Penelitian Kualitatif (Qualitative Research-An Introduction)
Epistemology
What epistemology informs this theoretical
framework? P.2
• Epistemology
•  “The theory of knowledge embedded in
the theoretical perspective and thereby in the
methodology (Crotty 1998, p. 3)”
•  How do I know the world?” What is the
relationship between the inquirer and the
known?” (Denzin, 2009)
Theoretical Perspective
What theoretical perspective lies behind the
methodology in question?
• The philosophical stance informing the
methodology and thus providing a context for
the process and grounding its logic and
criteria (Crotty, p.3)
Pengantar Metode Penelitian Kualitatif (Qualitative Research-An Introduction)
Methodology
What methodology governs our choice and use of
methods?
• The strategy, plan of action, process or design
lying behind the choice and use of particular
methods and linking the choice and use of
methods to the desired outcomes (Crotty, p.3)
• An artefact or overall guiding principle on how
the researcher gains knowledge of the world
and (Crotty, 1998; Sauders et al, 2009, Guba and
Lincoln, 1998)
Methods
What methods do we propose to use?
• The techniques or procedures used to gather
and analyze data related to some research
question or hypothesis (Crotty, p.3)
• The method includes tools and techniques
used to accomplish this (Crotty, 1998; Sauders
et al, 2009, Guba and Lincoln, 1998)
Research Onion
Research Onion
https://thesismind.com/analysis-of-saunders-research-onion/
Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2012). Research methods for business students (6th ed.). Harlow, London,
UK: Pearson.
Research Onion
• The stages involved in the development of a
research work
• When viewed from the outside, each layer of
the onion describes a more detailed stage of
the research process
• The Saunders research onion stages include:
– Research philosophy
 Ontology, Epistemologi, Axiology
Objectivism, Constructivism, Positivism
– Research Approach: Deductive vs Inductive
– Research strategies
 Experimental, Survey, Case Study, Action Research
– Research Choice
 Mono, Mixed, Multi-method
– Research time horizon
 Cross sectional, Longitudinal
– Analysis and Data collection
https://thesismind.com/analysis-of-saunders-research-onion/
Research design by Hely Stenly Sajow, 2019
Better preparedness for better responses: Integrating maternal and reproductive health
into disaster risk management: A qualitative case study from Indonesia
https://openrepository.aut.ac.nz/handle/10292/13407
Research Onion
*Feminist Participatory Action Research: Najmah, 2019: My baby deserve love, not HIV:
Research design by Najmah, 2019
More videos
• Ontology, Epistemology, and Methodology -
Research Methodology Course (Self-Study)
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kf8wGvu
nyG8&feature=emb_logo
To understand today’s lecture, let’s we read
example from some papers related to qualitative
research
Group Discussion
Be Resilient student
Exercise
• Read one journal with qualitative approach
• Which approach they use
• Please explain it to your friend

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Pengantar Metode Penelitian Kualitatif (Qualitative Research-An Introduction)

  • 1. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH: AN INTRODUCTION Najmah, SKM, MPH, PhD najmah@fkm.unsri.ac.id Ig: najmah.usman.7
  • 2. I kept trying to persuade my supervisors that I should use a mixed methodology. Sharyn said it was possible, but Sari said to focus on one approach only as we had a limited time. She said to focus on a qualitative approach. Honestly, at the first stage of my PhD, I was a bit disappointed, but I started to reflect on the benefits of my own journey using a qualitative approach under their intensive supervision. I learned the importance of ownership of the research process for my participants and me. It was challenging, but this process was eye opening for me as a public health researcher working in a positivism paradigm. I am Najmah–a positivist researcher (an epidemiologist and statistician) and now a novice practitioner of feminist and participatory action research. (Najmah, Research Journal, 2017)
  • 3. Today’s Topic • The Foundation of Social Research • The Landscape of Qualitative Research • Research Onion
  • 4. Philosopy of Empek-empek Kapal Selam (‘Submarine’ Fish cake)
  • 5. Qualitative research is unique “Speaking in this vein sounds as if we create a methodology for ourselves—as if the focus of our research leads us to devise our own ways of proceeding that allow us to achieve our purposes. That, as it happens, is precisely the case. In a very real sense, every piece of research is unique and calls for a unique methodology. We, as the researcher, have to developed it” (Crotty, 1998, p. 14)
  • 7. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH PARADIGM QUALITATIVE RESEARCH PARADIGM Cause and effect intuitive generalizable subjective masculine interviews measurement inductive Statistics Observable phenomena Generating theory deduction surveys participant observation systematic Soft heuristic Mechanistic deterministic Hermeneutics pluralism Causal relationships hard particular operational definitions diaries phenomenology hypothesis testing Interpretive naturalistic Experiment universal laws Grounded theory journals numerical testing humanistic narratives theory Social sciences Positivism reductionist critical theory ethnography Scientific natural sciences Randomized control trial (RCT) Critical social theory feminine Bassett, Chris, 2004. Qualitative research in Health care
  • 8. Quantitative research • It feature a high level of reliability • It can be used to gather very large amounts of information into understandable forms that can then be used to enhance treatment and practice • Its finding can be tested using statistical means, helping one be sure of its reliability Bassett, Chris, 2004. Qualitative research in Health care
  • 9. Qualitative research • Their origins in the field of social anthropology and sociology and are associated with the social sciences • It is adopted when little is known on a given topic and is associated with inductive forms of reasoning in an attempt to generate theory • It stressed the socially constructed nature of reality, the intimate relationship between the researcher and what is studied, and the situational constraints that shape inquire • This research is usually undertaken in a naturalistic setting where events are normally allowed to take their course unaffected by the research Bassett, Chris, 2004. Qualitative research in Health care
  • 10. Qualitative research methods Picture: https://www.questionpro.com/blog/qualitative-research-methods/ Other methods: Visual methods Participatory methods Photovoice
  • 11. One-on-one interview A personal interview that is carried out with one respondent at a time Focus groups A focus group usually included a limited number of respondent (6-10) from within your target informants Ethnographic research The most in-depth observational method that studies people in their naturally occurring environment Case study research It is based on an in-depth investigation of a single individual, group, or event. Case studies may be descriptive or explanatory Record keeping This method make use the already existing reliable documents and similar Process of observation Qualitative observation deals with the 5 major sensory organs and their functioning-sight, smell, touch, taste and hearing
  • 12. The foundation of social research Crotty, M. (1998). The foundations of social research: Meaning and perspective in the research process. Sage
  • 13. Epistemology Theoretical Perspective Methodology Methods Objectivism Constructionis m Subjectivism (and their variants) Positivism (and post-positivism) Interpretivism *Symbolic interactionism *Phenomenology *Hermeneutics Critical inquiry Feminism Postmodernism etc Experimental research Survey research Ethnologhraphy Phenomenological research Grounded theory Heuristic inquiry Action research Discourse analysis Feminist standpoint research etc Sampling Measurement and scaling Questionnaire Observation *participant *non-participant Interview Focus group Case study Life history Narrative Visual ethnographic (Crotty, 2008)
  • 14. Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (2008). The landscape of qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, Calif. : Sage Publications, [2008].
  • 15. Phase 1: The researcher as a multicultural subject History and research traditions Conceptions of self and the Others The ethics and politics of research Phase 2: Theoretical Paradigms and Perspectives Positivism, postpositivism Interpretivism, constructivism, hermeneutics Feminism (s) Racialized discourses Critical theory and Marxist models Cultural studies models Queer theory (Denzin, 2009)
  • 16. Phase 3: Research strategies Design Case study Ethnography, participant observation, performance Ethnography Phenomenology, ethnomethodology Grounded theory Life history, testimoni Historical method Action and applied research Clinical research Phase 4: Methods of collection and analysis Interviewing Observing Artifacts, documents, and records Visual methods Authoethnography Data management methods Computer-assisted analysis Textual analysis Focus groups Applied ethnography (Denzin, 2009)
  • 17. Paradigm/Theory • We defined a paradigm as a basic set of beliefs that guide action. • A paradigm encompassed four terms: ethics (axiology), epistemology, ontology, and methodology • The net that contains the researcher’s epistemological, ontological, and methodological premises may be termed a paradigm, or an interpretive framework, a “basic set of beliefs that guides action” (Guba, 1990, p.17). • All research is interpretive; it is guided by the researcher’s beliefs and feelings about the world and how it should be understood and studied.
  • 19. Ontology • the nature of reality and the nature of the human being in the world social reality • “how things really are” and “how things really work” (Denzin and Lincoln, 2008, pp 245).
  • 21. Epistemology What epistemology informs this theoretical framework? P.2 • Epistemology •  “The theory of knowledge embedded in the theoretical perspective and thereby in the methodology (Crotty 1998, p. 3)” •  How do I know the world?” What is the relationship between the inquirer and the known?” (Denzin, 2009)
  • 22. Theoretical Perspective What theoretical perspective lies behind the methodology in question? • The philosophical stance informing the methodology and thus providing a context for the process and grounding its logic and criteria (Crotty, p.3)
  • 24. Methodology What methodology governs our choice and use of methods? • The strategy, plan of action, process or design lying behind the choice and use of particular methods and linking the choice and use of methods to the desired outcomes (Crotty, p.3) • An artefact or overall guiding principle on how the researcher gains knowledge of the world and (Crotty, 1998; Sauders et al, 2009, Guba and Lincoln, 1998)
  • 25. Methods What methods do we propose to use? • The techniques or procedures used to gather and analyze data related to some research question or hypothesis (Crotty, p.3) • The method includes tools and techniques used to accomplish this (Crotty, 1998; Sauders et al, 2009, Guba and Lincoln, 1998)
  • 27. Research Onion https://thesismind.com/analysis-of-saunders-research-onion/ Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2012). Research methods for business students (6th ed.). Harlow, London, UK: Pearson.
  • 28. Research Onion • The stages involved in the development of a research work • When viewed from the outside, each layer of the onion describes a more detailed stage of the research process
  • 29. • The Saunders research onion stages include: – Research philosophy  Ontology, Epistemologi, Axiology Objectivism, Constructivism, Positivism – Research Approach: Deductive vs Inductive – Research strategies  Experimental, Survey, Case Study, Action Research – Research Choice  Mono, Mixed, Multi-method – Research time horizon  Cross sectional, Longitudinal – Analysis and Data collection https://thesismind.com/analysis-of-saunders-research-onion/
  • 30. Research design by Hely Stenly Sajow, 2019 Better preparedness for better responses: Integrating maternal and reproductive health into disaster risk management: A qualitative case study from Indonesia https://openrepository.aut.ac.nz/handle/10292/13407
  • 31. Research Onion *Feminist Participatory Action Research: Najmah, 2019: My baby deserve love, not HIV: Research design by Najmah, 2019
  • 32. More videos • Ontology, Epistemology, and Methodology - Research Methodology Course (Self-Study) • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kf8wGvu nyG8&feature=emb_logo
  • 33. To understand today’s lecture, let’s we read example from some papers related to qualitative research Group Discussion Be Resilient student
  • 34. Exercise • Read one journal with qualitative approach • Which approach they use • Please explain it to your friend