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NASA Science Science Mission Directorate Overview May 2011
NASA Science ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Our Journey of Discovery ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
SMD At A Glance ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
SMD Principles ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Recommendations from the U.S. Scientific Community Through NRC Decadal Surveys Astrophysics 2010 (2020) Heliophysics 2003 (2012) Earth Science  2007 (2017) Planetary Science 2002 (2011)
Engaging the Next Generation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],To share the story, the science, and the adventure of NASA’s scientific explorations of our home planet, the solar system, and the universe beyond…
Science Metrics ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
 
Astrophysics ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Discover how the universe works, explore how the universe began and evolved, and search for Earth-like planets Visible view of Pillar and Jets HH 901/902 from Hubble Space Telescope Credit: NASA, ESA, STScI
Astrophysics Missions in Operation
Stratospheric Observatory For Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA) First Science Flight December 1, 2010  In-Flight Mission Control Operations Open Door Flight December 18, 2009  Crew Members with FORCAST Instrument 1 st  Flight (Aircraft Functional Checks) December 2009  1 st  Open Door Flight December 2009 First Light Opportunity May 2010 Envelope Expansion #2 July 2010 Initiation of Science Flights with FORCAST (US-developed imager)  December 2010 Science Flights with GREAT begin August 2011 Guest Observation Flights Begin October 2011 Commissioning of HIPO & FLITECAM begins February 2012 End of Development Segment 2; Start of Major System Upgrades June 2012 Commissioning of Fourth Instrument  begins July 2013 Full Operational Capability (FOC)  December 2014
James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) was the #1 priority from the NRC’s 2001 Decadal Survey “Astronomy and Astrophysics in the New Millennium” and is the most complex spacecraft ever attempted.  JWST is a large infrared space telescope that will look back in time to find the first galaxies that formed in the early Universe, connecting the Big Bang to our own Milky Way Galaxy. JWST will peer through dusty clouds to see stars forming planetary systems, connecting the Milky Way to our own Solar System. The JWST Project at Goddard Space Flight Center is working with the contractors to establish a baseline budget, expected in late March.  Once that work is complete, we will have a better idea of the launch date.
 
 
 
 
Omega Centauri (NGC 5139)
Hubble’s Deepest View of the Universe The Hubble Space Telescope has acquired the deepest image of the universe ever taken in near-infrared light using the newly installed Wide Field Camera 3.  2009 Infrared Ultra Deep Field
Title Goes Here
Planetary Science ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Ascertain the content, origin, and evolution of the solar system and the potential for life elsewhere Victoria Crater from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, July 18, 2009 Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/University of Arizona
Planetary Science Missions in Operation
[object Object],[object Object],Gullies on Mars:  Are the Flow Features from Water?
Martian Ice Found Just Below the Surface ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],35m 88 days 50   days ,[object Object],[object Object]
Life in Extreme Environments: Yellowstone N.P.
The Icy Surface of Europa
Water Vapor in Geyser-like Jets on Saturn’s Moon Enceladus
Upcoming Significant Events ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Mars Rover Family Portrait ,[object Object],Spirit and Opportunity 2003 Sojourner 1996 Curiosity 2011
Mars Science Laboratory  SAM Installation Assembled Spacecraft Descent Stage Rover Driving Test
 
Heliophysics ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Understand the Sun and its interactions with the Earth and the solar system First light SDO image from March 30, 2010 Credit: NASA/GSFC/AIA
Applications of Heliophysics Science ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],STEREO Views a Solar Storm in October 2009
Heliophysics Missions in Operation
 
 
3D Sun App Allows Over A Million Users to Hold the Sun in the Palm of Their Hand This free iPhone and iPad app can be downloaded from  http://3dsun.org . Left: Screenshot of SDO gallery Right:  iPad screenshot of recent news items
 
Earth Science ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Advance Earth System Science to meet the challenges of climate and environmental change Terra satellite image of plume from the Iceland volcano in April 2010 An end-to-end program  encompassing space missions, suborbital platforms, data and information systems, fundamental research, data assimilation and modeling, applications research, and technology development.
Earth Science Research and Applications ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Observed trends in groundwater levels from GRACE October 2003 – March 2009
Earth Science Missions in Operation
 
Hurricane Danielle’s Hot Towers from TRMM August 27, 2010
April 7, 2001 April 11, 2001 April 13, 2001 April 16, 2001 China Dust Storm Pollutes the Air in the Eastern US in April 2001
Response to Gulf Oil Spill ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],UAVSAR 23 June 2010 ASTER  24 May 2010 ER-2 Flights MODIS 31 May 2010 Visible/IR false color Visible
UAVSAR to Measure Deformation of Hispaniola Faults  Following the Devastating January 2010 Haiti Earthquake NASA added a series of science over-flights of earthquake faults in Haiti and the Dominican Republic on the island of Hispaniola to a previously scheduled three-week airborne radar campaign to Central America, Jan 25- Feb 14 to study the structure of tropical forests; monitor volcanic deformation and volcano processes; and examine Mayan archeology sites. NASA's UAVSAR airborne radar will create 3-D maps of earthquake faults over wide swaths of Haiti (red shaded area map left) to study post-seismic deformation; and the Dominican Republic (yellow shaded area) to baseline the historically very active fault.  Current international spaceborne SAR provides examples of the opportunity, but do not image regions at risk to geohazards on a systematic global basis. Image on the left : JAXA ALOS PALSAR demonstrates L-band coherence over a 10-month period to observe deformation in Haiti, but typically there are only 1-2 observations / yr with a 46-day revisit possible. UAVSAR can supplement temporal coverage, provides higher resolution and optimized viewing geometry.  Above: Quicklook Image along the Enriquillo-Plantain Garden Fault showing only half the acquired range swath: Acquired on January 27, 2010
 
Joint Agency Satellite Division ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Sharing NASA Science with Diverse Audiences Through Targeted Outreach
Preview of Coming  Attractions…
Dawn Arrives at Vesta on July 16, 2011 Dawn’s goal is to characterize the conditions and processes of the solar system’s earliest epoch by investigating in detail two of the largest protoplanets remaining intact since their formations. Ceres and Vesta reside in the extensive zone between Mars and Jupiter.
Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) Launch Date: September 8, 2011 GRAIL will place two spacecraft in a low-altitude (50 km)to determine the structure of the lunar interior, from crust to core and to advance understanding of the thermal evolution of the Moon. Also, analysis of GRAIL data will extend knowledge gained from the Moon to the other terrestrial planets.
Juno NASA’s 2nd orbital mission to Jupiter Juno will investigate Jupiter’s interior structure, deep atmosphere and magnetosphere, measure the abundance of oxygen on the planet, and monitor localized variations in concentrations of water and ammonia caused by meteorological factors. Juno will also investigate the convection that drives general circulation patterns in Jupiter’s atmosphere.  Launch Date: September 8, 2011
Mars Science Laboratory (2011)  ,[object Object],Launch Date: November 25, 2011
Radiation Belt Storm Probes  (2012) Measure the particles, magnetic and electric fields, and waves that fill geospace to give scientists the data they need to make predictions of changes in this critical region of space.
Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) - 2014 MMS will measure the 3D structure and dynamics of the key magnetospheric boundary regions.
Solar Probe Plus - 2018 SPP will operate within the Sun’s outer atmosphere (or corona) as it extend into space. From a distance of about 9.5 solar radii, SPP will repeatedly sample the near-Sun environment to revolutionize our understanding of coronal heating and the origin and evolution of the solar wind.
Aquarius Launch Date: June 9, 2011 By measuring sea surface salinity over the globe with such unprecedented precision, Aquarius will answer long-standing questions about how our oceans respond to climate change and the water cycle. Monthly sea surface salinity maps will give clues about changes in freshwater input and output to the ocean associated with precipitation, evaporation, ice melting, and river runoff.  The Aquarius instrument will fly on Argentina’s SAC-D mission. The science instruments will include a set of three radiometers that are sensitive to salinity (1.413 GHz; L-band) and a scatterometer that corrects for the ocean's surface roughness.
NPOESS Preparatory Project (NPP) Launch Date: October 25, 2011  NPP is the bridge between the major Earth Observing System satellites( Terra, Aqua, and Aura) and the forthcoming series of Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) satellites which will compose the civilian polar-orbiting weather satellites. NPP data will be used for both climate research and operational weather prediction.
Soil Moisture Active/Passive (SMAP) - 2015 SMAP will provide the first global measurements of soil moisture, a key missing element in modeling the global water cycle.
Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array   ( NuSTAR) 2012 NuSTAR will be the first focusing high energy X-ray mission, opening the hard X-ray sky for sensitive study for the first time. NuSTAR will search for black holes, map supernova explosions, and study the most extreme active galaxies.
James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is a large, infrared-optimized space telescope. JWST will find the first galaxies that formed in the early Universe, connecting the Big Bang to our own Milky Way Galaxy. JWST will peer through dusty clouds to see stars forming planetary systems, connecting the Milky Way to our own Solar System.
 
The Business of Science
SMD Organization Strategic Integration &  Management Division Dir. (D. Woods) Dep. (G. Williams) Heliophysics Division Dir. (R. Fisher) Dep. (V. Elsbernd) Astrophysics Division Dir. (J. Morse) Dep. (G. Yoder) Embeds/POCs Chief Engineer  (K. Ledbetter) Safety & Msn Assurance (P. Martin) General Counsel Office (S. Barber) Legislative & Intergvtl Affairs  (C. Flaherty) Public Affairs (D. Brown) Resource  Management Division Dir. (C. Tupper) Dep. (K. Wolf) Planetary Science Division Dir. (J. Green) Dep. (J. Adams) Earth Science  Division Dir. (M. Freilich) Dep. (M. Luce) *  Direct report to NASA Associate Administrator ** Co-located from the Front Office Joint Agency  Satellite Division Dir. (M. Watkins) Dep. (D. Schurr) JWST Program Office (Rick Howard)* Applied Sciences  (L. Friedl - Act) Research (J. Kaye) Flight (S. Volz) November 2010 Mars Exploration (D. McCuistion) Solar System Exploration (J. Adams-Act) Planetary Research (J.Rall) Planetary Protection Officer (C. Conley)**
SMD Programs in FY12 President’s Budget * Science Mission  Directorate ($5B) Planetary Science Division ($1.5B) Astrophysics  Division ($1.1B) Heliophysics  Division ($.6B) Earth Science Division ($1.9B) New Frontiers Mars Exploration Discovery Planetary Science  Research Living with a Star Solar Terrestrial Probes Heliophysics Explorer Earth System Science Pathfinder Earth Systematic Missions New Millennium Heliophysics Research Astrophysics Research Cosmic Origins Physics of the Cosmos Exoplanet Exploration Astrophysics Explorer Earth Science  Research Applied Sciences Earth Science  Technology ESS Multi-mission Ops Outer Planets Planetary Science Technology Lunar Quest Joint Agency  Satellite Division* Joint Polar  Satellite System Landsat Follow-on GOES Program Climate Sensors James Webb  Space Telescope $.375)B Division * JASD programs are funded by other agencies and implemented by NASA on a reimbursable basis Program Office Program
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],External Science Community Advice
Setting Priorities: Space Missions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Two Broad Classes of Missions ,[object Object],[object Object],* Entries under Small, Medium, and Large are Mission Lines from 2010 Science Plan Appendix 2 Small* Medium*  Large* Flagship Strategic ES Systematic Lunar Quest ES Systematic Mars Exploration Solar Terrestrial Probes Living With a Star Exoplanet Exploration ES Systematic Mars Exploration Living With a Star Cosmic Origins Physics of the Cosmos e.g,  James Webb Space Telescope, Mars Science Lab,  NPOESS Preparatory Project Competed ESSP Explorers Discovery New Frontiers
NASA Research Solicitations ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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Overview of NASA's Science Mission Directorate

  • 1. NASA Science Science Mission Directorate Overview May 2011
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  • 6. Recommendations from the U.S. Scientific Community Through NRC Decadal Surveys Astrophysics 2010 (2020) Heliophysics 2003 (2012) Earth Science 2007 (2017) Planetary Science 2002 (2011)
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  • 13. Stratospheric Observatory For Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA) First Science Flight December 1, 2010 In-Flight Mission Control Operations Open Door Flight December 18, 2009 Crew Members with FORCAST Instrument 1 st Flight (Aircraft Functional Checks) December 2009 1 st Open Door Flight December 2009 First Light Opportunity May 2010 Envelope Expansion #2 July 2010 Initiation of Science Flights with FORCAST (US-developed imager) December 2010 Science Flights with GREAT begin August 2011 Guest Observation Flights Begin October 2011 Commissioning of HIPO & FLITECAM begins February 2012 End of Development Segment 2; Start of Major System Upgrades June 2012 Commissioning of Fourth Instrument begins July 2013 Full Operational Capability (FOC) December 2014
  • 14. James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) was the #1 priority from the NRC’s 2001 Decadal Survey “Astronomy and Astrophysics in the New Millennium” and is the most complex spacecraft ever attempted. JWST is a large infrared space telescope that will look back in time to find the first galaxies that formed in the early Universe, connecting the Big Bang to our own Milky Way Galaxy. JWST will peer through dusty clouds to see stars forming planetary systems, connecting the Milky Way to our own Solar System. The JWST Project at Goddard Space Flight Center is working with the contractors to establish a baseline budget, expected in late March. Once that work is complete, we will have a better idea of the launch date.
  • 15.  
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  • 20. Hubble’s Deepest View of the Universe The Hubble Space Telescope has acquired the deepest image of the universe ever taken in near-infrared light using the newly installed Wide Field Camera 3. 2009 Infrared Ultra Deep Field
  • 22.
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  • 26. Life in Extreme Environments: Yellowstone N.P.
  • 27. The Icy Surface of Europa
  • 28. Water Vapor in Geyser-like Jets on Saturn’s Moon Enceladus
  • 29.
  • 30.
  • 31. Mars Science Laboratory SAM Installation Assembled Spacecraft Descent Stage Rover Driving Test
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  • 38. 3D Sun App Allows Over A Million Users to Hold the Sun in the Palm of Their Hand This free iPhone and iPad app can be downloaded from http://3dsun.org . Left: Screenshot of SDO gallery Right: iPad screenshot of recent news items
  • 39.  
  • 40.
  • 41.
  • 42. Earth Science Missions in Operation
  • 43.  
  • 44. Hurricane Danielle’s Hot Towers from TRMM August 27, 2010
  • 45. April 7, 2001 April 11, 2001 April 13, 2001 April 16, 2001 China Dust Storm Pollutes the Air in the Eastern US in April 2001
  • 46.
  • 47. UAVSAR to Measure Deformation of Hispaniola Faults Following the Devastating January 2010 Haiti Earthquake NASA added a series of science over-flights of earthquake faults in Haiti and the Dominican Republic on the island of Hispaniola to a previously scheduled three-week airborne radar campaign to Central America, Jan 25- Feb 14 to study the structure of tropical forests; monitor volcanic deformation and volcano processes; and examine Mayan archeology sites. NASA's UAVSAR airborne radar will create 3-D maps of earthquake faults over wide swaths of Haiti (red shaded area map left) to study post-seismic deformation; and the Dominican Republic (yellow shaded area) to baseline the historically very active fault. Current international spaceborne SAR provides examples of the opportunity, but do not image regions at risk to geohazards on a systematic global basis. Image on the left : JAXA ALOS PALSAR demonstrates L-band coherence over a 10-month period to observe deformation in Haiti, but typically there are only 1-2 observations / yr with a 46-day revisit possible. UAVSAR can supplement temporal coverage, provides higher resolution and optimized viewing geometry. Above: Quicklook Image along the Enriquillo-Plantain Garden Fault showing only half the acquired range swath: Acquired on January 27, 2010
  • 48.  
  • 49.
  • 50. Sharing NASA Science with Diverse Audiences Through Targeted Outreach
  • 51. Preview of Coming Attractions…
  • 52. Dawn Arrives at Vesta on July 16, 2011 Dawn’s goal is to characterize the conditions and processes of the solar system’s earliest epoch by investigating in detail two of the largest protoplanets remaining intact since their formations. Ceres and Vesta reside in the extensive zone between Mars and Jupiter.
  • 53. Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) Launch Date: September 8, 2011 GRAIL will place two spacecraft in a low-altitude (50 km)to determine the structure of the lunar interior, from crust to core and to advance understanding of the thermal evolution of the Moon. Also, analysis of GRAIL data will extend knowledge gained from the Moon to the other terrestrial planets.
  • 54. Juno NASA’s 2nd orbital mission to Jupiter Juno will investigate Jupiter’s interior structure, deep atmosphere and magnetosphere, measure the abundance of oxygen on the planet, and monitor localized variations in concentrations of water and ammonia caused by meteorological factors. Juno will also investigate the convection that drives general circulation patterns in Jupiter’s atmosphere. Launch Date: September 8, 2011
  • 55.
  • 56. Radiation Belt Storm Probes (2012) Measure the particles, magnetic and electric fields, and waves that fill geospace to give scientists the data they need to make predictions of changes in this critical region of space.
  • 57. Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) - 2014 MMS will measure the 3D structure and dynamics of the key magnetospheric boundary regions.
  • 58. Solar Probe Plus - 2018 SPP will operate within the Sun’s outer atmosphere (or corona) as it extend into space. From a distance of about 9.5 solar radii, SPP will repeatedly sample the near-Sun environment to revolutionize our understanding of coronal heating and the origin and evolution of the solar wind.
  • 59. Aquarius Launch Date: June 9, 2011 By measuring sea surface salinity over the globe with such unprecedented precision, Aquarius will answer long-standing questions about how our oceans respond to climate change and the water cycle. Monthly sea surface salinity maps will give clues about changes in freshwater input and output to the ocean associated with precipitation, evaporation, ice melting, and river runoff. The Aquarius instrument will fly on Argentina’s SAC-D mission. The science instruments will include a set of three radiometers that are sensitive to salinity (1.413 GHz; L-band) and a scatterometer that corrects for the ocean's surface roughness.
  • 60. NPOESS Preparatory Project (NPP) Launch Date: October 25, 2011 NPP is the bridge between the major Earth Observing System satellites( Terra, Aqua, and Aura) and the forthcoming series of Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) satellites which will compose the civilian polar-orbiting weather satellites. NPP data will be used for both climate research and operational weather prediction.
  • 61. Soil Moisture Active/Passive (SMAP) - 2015 SMAP will provide the first global measurements of soil moisture, a key missing element in modeling the global water cycle.
  • 62. Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array ( NuSTAR) 2012 NuSTAR will be the first focusing high energy X-ray mission, opening the hard X-ray sky for sensitive study for the first time. NuSTAR will search for black holes, map supernova explosions, and study the most extreme active galaxies.
  • 63. James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is a large, infrared-optimized space telescope. JWST will find the first galaxies that formed in the early Universe, connecting the Big Bang to our own Milky Way Galaxy. JWST will peer through dusty clouds to see stars forming planetary systems, connecting the Milky Way to our own Solar System.
  • 64.  
  • 65. The Business of Science
  • 66. SMD Organization Strategic Integration & Management Division Dir. (D. Woods) Dep. (G. Williams) Heliophysics Division Dir. (R. Fisher) Dep. (V. Elsbernd) Astrophysics Division Dir. (J. Morse) Dep. (G. Yoder) Embeds/POCs Chief Engineer (K. Ledbetter) Safety & Msn Assurance (P. Martin) General Counsel Office (S. Barber) Legislative & Intergvtl Affairs (C. Flaherty) Public Affairs (D. Brown) Resource Management Division Dir. (C. Tupper) Dep. (K. Wolf) Planetary Science Division Dir. (J. Green) Dep. (J. Adams) Earth Science Division Dir. (M. Freilich) Dep. (M. Luce) * Direct report to NASA Associate Administrator ** Co-located from the Front Office Joint Agency Satellite Division Dir. (M. Watkins) Dep. (D. Schurr) JWST Program Office (Rick Howard)* Applied Sciences (L. Friedl - Act) Research (J. Kaye) Flight (S. Volz) November 2010 Mars Exploration (D. McCuistion) Solar System Exploration (J. Adams-Act) Planetary Research (J.Rall) Planetary Protection Officer (C. Conley)**
  • 67. SMD Programs in FY12 President’s Budget * Science Mission Directorate ($5B) Planetary Science Division ($1.5B) Astrophysics Division ($1.1B) Heliophysics Division ($.6B) Earth Science Division ($1.9B) New Frontiers Mars Exploration Discovery Planetary Science Research Living with a Star Solar Terrestrial Probes Heliophysics Explorer Earth System Science Pathfinder Earth Systematic Missions New Millennium Heliophysics Research Astrophysics Research Cosmic Origins Physics of the Cosmos Exoplanet Exploration Astrophysics Explorer Earth Science Research Applied Sciences Earth Science Technology ESS Multi-mission Ops Outer Planets Planetary Science Technology Lunar Quest Joint Agency Satellite Division* Joint Polar Satellite System Landsat Follow-on GOES Program Climate Sensors James Webb Space Telescope $.375)B Division * JASD programs are funded by other agencies and implemented by NASA on a reimbursable basis Program Office Program
  • 68.
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Notes de l'éditeur

  1. To support the Vision and further NASA’s mission… The Science Mission Directorate (SMD) engages the Nation’s science community, sponsors scientific research, and develops and deploys satellites and probes in collaboration with NASA’s partners around the world to answer fundamental questions requiring the view from and into space. SMD seeks to understand the origins, evolution, and destiny of the universe and to understand the nature of the strange phenomena that shape it. SMD also seeks to understand: the nature of life in the universe and what kinds of life may exist beyond Earth; the solar system, both scientifically and in preparation for human exploration; and the Sun called heliophysics to undrstand the sun and its effects on the solar system And the earth from space to advance scientific understanding and meet societal needs
  2. December 18, 2009 -- SOFIA reached a milestone Friday when doors covering the plane’s fully opened in flight. The Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy, a modified 747 jet known as SOFIA, flew for one hour and 19 minutes, which included two minutes with the telescope’s doors fully opened. The goal was to allow engineers to understand how air flows in and around the telescope. It was the first time outside air has interacted with the part of the plane that carries the 98-inch infrared telescope. “ Today we opened the telescope cavity door, the first time we have fully exposed the telescope and the largest cavity ever flown while in flight,” said Bob Meyer, SOFIA program manager at NASA’s Dryden Flight Research Center in Edwards, Calif. “This is a significant step toward certifying NASA’s next great observatory for future study of the universe.” Besides these test flights of the airplane, two flights to operate and verify the scientific capabilities of the telescope assembly are planned for spring 2010. Telescope systems such as the vibration isolation system, the inertial stabilization system and the pointing control system will be tested during daytime flights. These flights will prepare the telescope assembly for the first flight with the telescope operating. That first flight will be the initial opportunity scientists have to use the telescope and begin the process of quantifying its performance to prepare for SOFIA’s planned 20-year science program.
  3. stand the nature of dark energy, a pressure that is accelerating the expansion of the universe. The imag-ing data used in the natural-color photo was taken in 2002 with HST’s Advanced Camera for Surveys. Astronomers have devised a new method for measuring perhaps the greatest puzzle of our universe — dark energy. This mysterious force, discovered in 1998, is pushing our universe apart at ever-increasing speeds. For the first time, astronomers using NASA's HST were able to take advantage of a giant magnifying lens in space — a massive cluster of galaxies — to narrow in on the nature of dark energy. Their calcu-lations, when combined with data from other methods, significantly increase the accuracy of dark energy measurements. This may eventually lead to an explanation of what the elusive phenomenon really is. "We have to tackle the dark energy problem from all sides," said Eric Jullo, an astronomer at NASA's JPL, Pasadena, Calif. "It's important to have several methods, and now we've got a new, very powerful one." Jullo is lead author of a paper on the findings appearing in the Aug. 20 issue of the journal Science. Scientists aren't clear about what dark energy is, but they do know that it makes up a large chunk of our universe, ~72%. Another chunk, ~24%, is thought to be dark matter, also mysterious in nature but easier to study than dark energy because of its gravitational influence on matter that we can see. The rest of the universe, a mere 4%, is the stuff that makes up people, planets, stars, and everything made up of atoms. In their new study, the science team used images from Hubble to examine a massive cluster of galaxies, named Abell 1689, which acts as a magnifying, or gravitational, lens. The gravity of the cluster causes galaxies behind it to be imaged multiple times into distorted shapes, sort of like a fun-house mirror reflection that warps your face. Using these distorted images, the scientists were able to figure out how light from the more distant, background galaxies had been bent by the cluster — a characteristic that depends on the nature of dark energy. Their method also depends on precise ground-based measurements of the distance and speed at which the background galaxies are traveling away from us. The team used these data to quantify the strength of the dark energy that is causing our universe to accelerate. According to the scientists, their method required multiple, meticulous steps. They spent the last several years developing specialized mathematical models and precise maps of the matter — both dark and "normal" — constituting the Abell 1689 cluster. "We can now apply our technique to other gravitational lenses," said co-author Priya Natarajan, a cosmologist at Yale Univ, New Haven, Conn. "We're exploiting a beautiful phenomenon in nature to learn more about the role that dark energy plays in our universe.” Object Name : Abell 1689 Object Description: Galaxy Cluster Constellation : Virgo Position (J2000): R.A. 13h11m 34s.20 Dec. -01° 21' 56".0 Distance : The distance to the lensing cluster is 2.2 billion light-years (675 megaparsecs). The distance to the lensed galaxy is about 12.8 billion light-years. Instrument: ACS/WFC Exposure Date(s): June 12-21, 2002 Exposure Time: 10.5 hours Filters : F475W (g), F775W (i), and F850LP (z) Color: This image is a composite of separate exposures acquired by the ACS instrument on the HST. Several filters were used to sample broad wavelength ranges. The color results from assigning different hues (colors) to each monochromatic (grayscale) image associated with an individual filter. In this case, the assigned colors are: F850LP (z) red; F775W (i) green; F475W (g) blue; Dark Matter Map blue First Use of Cosmic Lens to Probe Dark Energy Released: August 19, 2010 ID: STScI-2010-26 Credit: NASA , ESA , E. Jullo (JPL), P. Natarajan (Yale University), and J.-P. Kneib (Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille, CNRS, France) This is the HST image of the inner region of Abell 1689, an immense cluster of galaxies located 2.2 billion lt-yrs away. Dark matter in the cluster is map-ped by plotting the plethora of arcs produced by the light from background galaxies that is warped by the foreground cluster's gravitational field. Dark matter cannot be photographed, but its distribution is shown in the blue overlay. The dark matter concen-tration & distribution is then used to better under-
  4. ever since an excess of dust was discovered around the star in the early 1980s by NASA's Infrared Astronomy Satellite, IRAS. In 2004, the coronagraph in the High Resolution Camera on HST’s Advanced Camera for Surveys produced the 1st-ever resolved visible-light image of the region around Fomalhaut. It clearly showed a ring of protoplanetary debris ~21.5 billion miles across & having a sharp inner edge. This large debris disk is similar to the Kuiper Belt, which encircles the solar system & contains a range of icy bodies from dust grains to objects the size of dwarf planets, such as Pluto. Hubble astronomer Paul Kalas, (UC Berkeley), & team members proposed in 2005 that the ring was being gravitationally modified by a planet lying between the star and the ring's inner edge. Circumstantial evidence came from Hubble's confirmation that the ring is offset from the center of the star. The sharp inner edge of the ring is also consistent with the presence of a planet that gravitationally "shepherds" ring particles. Independent researchers have subsequently reached similar conclusions. Now, Hubble has actually photographed a point source of light lying 1.8 billion miles inside the ring's inner edge. The results are being reported in the Nov 14, 2008 issue of Science magazine. "Our Hubble observations were incredibly demanding. Fomalhaut b is 1 billion times fainter than the star. We began this program in 2001, and our persistence finally paid off," Kalas says. "Fomalhaut is the gift that keeps on giving. Following the unexpected discovery of its dust ring, we have now found an exoplanet at a location suggested by analysis of the dust ring's shape. The lesson for exoplanet hunters is 'follow the dust,'" said team member Mark Clampin (GSFC). Observations taken 21 months apart by HST’s Advanced Camera for Surveys' coronagraph show that the object is moving along a path around the star, & is therefore gravitationally bound to it. The planet is 10.7 billion miles from the star, or ~10 times the distance of the planet Saturn from our sun. The planet is brighter than expected for an object of 3 Jupiter masses. One possibility is that it has a Saturn-like ring of ice & dust reflecting starlight. The ring might eventually coalesce to form moons. The ring's estimated size is comparable to the region around Jupiter and its four largest orbiting satellites. Kalas & his team used HST to photograph Fomalhaut in 2004, & made the unexpected discovery of its debris disk, which scatters Fomalhaut's starlight. At the time they noted a few bright sources in the image as planet candidates. A follow-up image in 2006 showed that 1 of the objects is moving through space with Fomalhaut but changed position relative to the ring since the 2004 exposure. The amount of displacement between the 2 exposures corresponds to an 872-yr-long orbit as calculated from Kepler's laws of planetary motion. Future observations will attempt to see the planet in IR light & will look for evidence of water vapor clouds in the atmosphere. This would yield clues to the evolution of a comparatively newborn 100-million-yr-old planet. Astrometric measurements of the planet's orbit will provide enough precision to yield an accurate mass. Object Name: Fomalhaut b Constellation: Piscis Austrinus (Piscis Australis) Object Description : Exoplanet Orbiting Fomalhaut Filters: F435W (B), F606W (V), and F814W (I) Position (J2000): (of Fomalhaut) R.A. 22h 57m 39s.05 Dec. -29° 37' 20".05 Distance: 25 light-years (8 parsecs) Dimensions: This image is ~375 AU (49 arcseconds) wide. Instrument: ACS/HRC Exposure Date(s): October 2004 & July 2006 Exposure Time: 11.4 hours Hubble Directly Observes a Planet Orbiting Another Star ID: STScI-2008-39 Release Date: November 13, 2008 This visible-light image from the HST shows the newly discovered planet, Fomalhaut b, orbiting its parent star. Credit: NASA, ESA, P. Kalas (UC, Berkeley) NASA's HST has taken the first visible-light snapshot of a planet circling another star. Estimated to be no more than 3 times Jupiter’s mass, the planet, called Fomalhaut b, orbits the bright southern star Fomalhaut, located 25 l-yrs away in the constellation Piscis Australis, or the "Southern Fish." Fomalhaut has been a candidate for planet hunting
  5. Data set: 40 hours of observations in late August ’09  detections at Y ~27.5 mag Vastly superior IR sensitivity (20-30X) over previous HST instruments circled objects in the frame are at z~8 (small very red ‘dots’) stars (with diffraction spikes) are within our Galaxy. Light left z=8 galaxies when universe was 600 million years old. And has been traveling to us for 13.1 billion years. Light left stars in our Galaxy on the order of ~10,000 years ago [exact distance to stars in frame unknown to me] Nearest Galaxies in the frame (e.g. spiral at lower right) are at redshifts less that 1. Light left those objects after Earth was already formed, But has take a ~billion years to get to us.
  6. September 16, 1999 YELLOWSTONE PARK IS OLD FAITHFUL STAND-IN FOR JUPITER'S MOON        NASA scientists have found that when it comes to teaching educators about volcanoes in the solar system, there's no place like Jupiter's fiery moon Io -- except for Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming.        With its blasting geysers and bubbling thermal vents, "it's almost like being there," said Leslie Lowes of JPL, lead outreach coordinator for NASA's Galileo mission studying Jupiter and its moons. "Yellowstone is the closest we can come to taking teachers to Io without actually putting them on a spacecraft."
  7. The image on the left shows a region of Europa's crust made up of blocks which are thought to have broken apart and "rafted" into new positions. These features are the best geologic evidence to date that Europa may have had a subsurface ocean at some time in its past. Combined with the geologic data, the presence of a magnetic field leads scientists to believe an ocean is most likely present at Europa today. In this false color image, reddish-brown areas represent non-ice material resulting from geologic activity. White areas are rays of material ejected during the formation of the 25-km diameter impact crater Pwyll (see global view). Icy plains are shown in blue tones to distinguish possibly coarse-grained ice (dark blue) from fine-grained ice (light blue). Long, dark lines are ridges and fractures in the crust, some of which are more than 3,000 kilometers (1,850 miles) long. These images were obtained by NASA's Galileo spacecraft during September 7, 1996, December 1996, and February 1997 at a distance of 677,000 kilometers (417,489 miles).
  8. This unprocessed image was captured by NASA's Cassini spacecraft during its Nov. 21, 2009 flyby of Saturn's moon Enceladus. It shows the moon's south polar region, where jets of water vapor and other particles spew from fissures on the surface. Recent Cassini images of Saturn's moon Enceladus backlit by the sun show the fountain-like sources of the fine spray of material that towers over the south polar region. The image was taken looking more or less broadside at the "tiger stripe" fractures observed in earlier Enceladus images. It shows discrete plumes of a variety of apparent sizes above the limb of the moon.The greatly enhanced and colorized image shows the enormous extent of the fainter, larger-scale component of the plume.Imaging scientists, as reported in the journal Science on March 10, 2006, believe that the jets are geysers erupting from pressurized subsurface reservoirs of liquid water above 273 degrees Kelvin (0 degrees Celsius).
  9. NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Scientific Visualization Studio
  10. HSRL – High Spectral Resolution Lidar - When the lidar hits an oil patch, it will reflect in a different way than it does over open water. The way the sun and laser light reflect off the ocean surface may tell scientists how thick and dense the oil is