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Globalization international trade_and_outsourcing.092304
1. Globalization, International Trade,Globalization, International Trade,
and Outsourcing: Understandingand Outsourcing: Understanding
Economic Growth and Polarization inEconomic Growth and Polarization in
AmericaAmerica
25th Anniversary Montana Arbitration and Labor25th Anniversary Montana Arbitration and Labor
Relations ConferenceRelations Conference
Barry BluestoneBarry Bluestone
Northeastern UniversityNortheastern University
Bozeman, MTBozeman, MT
September 23, 2004September 23, 2004
7. Y= C+I+G+X-M
Consumer BoomConsumer Boom
Pent up Savings & Pent up DemandPent up Savings & Pent up Demand
Union collective bargaining gainsUnion collective bargaining gains
Investment BoomInvestment Boom
Conversion to Civilian ProductionConversion to Civilian Production
Government Spending BoomGovernment Spending Boom
State & Local Spending on Urban Renewal,State & Local Spending on Urban Renewal,
New Suburbs, New RegionsNew Suburbs, New Regions
Cold WarCold War
Export BoomExport Boom - Marshall Plan- Marshall Plan
Import ImplosionImport Implosion - Legacy of WWII- Legacy of WWII
8. Wage & Security-Led Growth
Rise of Collective Bargaining
36% of American Workforce Unionized36% of American Workforce Unionized
Another 1/3 or so benefit from “sympathetic”Another 1/3 or so benefit from “sympathetic”
pressurepressure
Traditional Workplace Contract
AIF/COLA Wage FormulaAIF/COLA Wage Formula
““Fringe” BenefitsFringe” Benefits
Seniority SystemSeniority System
Grievance SystemGrievance System
Work Rules/Job ClassificationsWork Rules/Job Classifications
Union Security ClauseUnion Security Clause
Management Rights ClauseManagement Rights Clause
15. So Why Did theU.S. Growth Engine
Sputter in the1970s?
Oil CrisisOil Crisis in the 1970sin the 1970s
Business forced to focus onBusiness forced to focus on energy efficiencyenergy efficiency,,
not new products or new technologiesnot new products or new technologies
Corporate MyopiaCorporate Myopia andand ArroganceArrogance in face of newin face of new
competitioncompetition
Little emphasis onLittle emphasis on productivity, quality, andproductivity, quality, and
innovationinnovation
Global CompetitorsGlobal Competitors stepped instepped in
ImportsImports clobbered the economyclobbered the economy
24. So Why did theU.S. Grow
Again?
The New Conventional Wisdom:The New Conventional Wisdom:
The Wall Street ModelThe Wall Street Model
25. Wall Street ModelWall Street Model
Weak Trade UnionsWeak Trade Unions kept wages and prices downkept wages and prices down
Welfare ReformWelfare Reform increased labor supply, keeping wagesincreased labor supply, keeping wages
and prices lowand prices low
Tight monetary policyTight monetary policy kept inflation under control andkept inflation under control and
interest rates lowinterest rates low
Deficit Reduction/Surplus GenerationDeficit Reduction/Surplus Generation raised aggregateraised aggregate
savings rate, lowering interest ratessavings rate, lowering interest rates
Free TradeFree Trade depressed wages, forced prices down, anddepressed wages, forced prices down, and
kept inflation under controlkept inflation under control
>>>>>>>>>>>>
All leading to a stock market boom andAll leading to a stock market boom and
new investmentnew investment
27. So Who’sresponsiblefor thenew
economic boom?
Was itWas it BillBill ClintonClinton … who got the deficit under… who got the deficit under
control?control?
Was itWas it Alan GreenspanAlan Greenspan … who got inflation under… who got inflation under
control?control?
Was itWas it Ronald ReaganRonald Reagan … who got government under… who got government under
control?control?
Answer:Answer:
None of the above ....
Despite all the ballyhoo, the Wall Street Model
does NOT explain the U.S. boom in the late
1990s
28. It takesalittlebit of
history to understand
America’s
new prosperity...
Long LagsinLong Lagsin
Technology/Productivity CycleTechnology/Productivity Cycle
33. New Technologiesthat spurredNew Technologiesthat spurred
Economic GrowthEconomic Growth
Steam EngineSteam Engine …. 19th C.…. 19th C.
ElectrificationElectrification …. Early 20th C.…. Early 20th C.
Integrated CircuitIntegrated Circuit …. Late 20th C.…. Late 20th C.
Computer HardwareComputer Hardware
Computer SoftwareComputer Software
InternetInternet
e-commercee-commerce
But each takes decades to impactBut each takes decades to impact
productivity and growthproductivity and growth
34. Wheredid thenew technology come
from for the1990sBoom?
The Missile RaceThe Missile Race following Sputnik (‘50s/’60s)following Sputnik (‘50s/’60s)
TheThe Space RaceSpace Race with Russia (‘60s/’70s)with Russia (‘60s/’70s)
FromFrom Government Spending onGovernment Spending on Defense to theDefense to the
Private SectorPrivate Sector in a Quarter Centuryin a Quarter Century
It was hideously expensive, terribly wasteful, butIt was hideously expensive, terribly wasteful, but
in a peculiar way it paid off decades laterin a peculiar way it paid off decades later
So who’smost responsiblefor U.S. Economic Boom?
NikitaKhrushchev
35. Public Sector + PrivateSector
Working Together
Federal GovernmentFederal Government provided Basicprovided Basic
Research fundsResearch funds
Local, State, and Federal GovernmentLocal, State, and Federal Government
educated and trained a labor force toeducated and trained a labor force to
effectively use the new technologyeffectively use the new technology
Private sectorPrivate sector converted basic research toconverted basic research to
applied developmentapplied development
.... and productivity soared.... and productivity soared
36. Public Investment in the1960s,
1970s, and early 1980s ......
Basic ResearchBasic Research
Education (after Sputnik)Education (after Sputnik)
Public Infrastructure (InterstatePublic Infrastructure (Interstate
highways, airports, internet)highways, airports, internet)
............PAID OFF IN THE LATE 1990sPAID OFF IN THE LATE 1990s
41. 0%
1%
2%
3%
4%
5%
6%
7%
Early 1980s' Recession
Early 1990s' Recession
Early 2000s' Recession
6.0%
3.2%
2.0%
4.6%
1.9%
2.1%
3.3%
1.9%
2.3%
1.5%
1.0%
1.4%
Less than High School GradHigh School Grads Some College College Grads
Percentage Point Chan
in Unemployment Rate
“Democratizing” Unemployment
42. Federal Outlays for Physical Capital, Research and Development, and
Education and Training: As a % of GDP
1.5
1.75
2
2.25
2.5
2.75
1962
1964
1966
1968
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
Year
%ofGDP
2.7%
1.75%
43. Federal Outlays For Research and Development
As a % of GDP
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2
2.25 1962
1964
1966
1968
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
Year
%ofGDP
2%
1%
44. Federal Outlays for Non-Defense R&D
As a % of GDP
0.20%
0.40%
0.60%
0.80%
1.00%
1.20%
1962
1965
1968
1971
1974
1977
1980
1983
1986
1989
1992
1995
1998
2001
2004
Year
%ofGDP
1%
0.4%
45. Federal Outlays for Research and Development in National Defense
As a % of GDP
0.40%
0.60%
0.80%
1.00%
1.20%
1.40%
1962
1965
1968
1971
1974
1977
1980
1983
1986
1989
1992
1995
1998
2001
2004
Year
%ofGDP
Reagan “Boomlet”
46. Federal Outlays For General Science R&D
As a % of GDP
0.00%
0.10%
0.20%
0.30%
0.40%
0.50%
0.60%
0.70%
0.80%
1962
1965
1968
1971
1974
1977
1980
1983
1986
1989
1992
1995
1998
2001
2004
Year
%ofGDP
.75%
.10%
47. Federal Outlays for Energy R&D
As a % of GDP
0.00%
0.02%
0.04%
0.06%
0.08%
0.10%
0.12%
0.14%
1962
1965
1968
1971
1974
1977
1980
1983
1986
1989
1992
1995
1998
2001
2004
Year
%ofGDP
Energy Crisis
.12%
.015%
48. Federal Outlays for Transportation R&D
As a % of GDP
0.01%
0.02%
0.03%
0.04%
0.05%
0.06%
1962
1965
1968
1971
1974
1977
1980
1983
1986
1989
1992
1995
1998
2001
2004
Year
%ofGDP
.04%
.02%
49. Federal Outlays for Natural Resources and Environment R&D
As a % of GDP
0.01%
0.02%
0.03%
0.04%
0.05%
0.06%
1962
1965
1968
1971
1974
1977
1980
1983
1986
1989
1992
1995
1998
2001
2004
Year
%ofGDP
.02%
.05%
50. Federal Outlays for Health R&D
As a % of GDP
0.05%
0.10%
0.15%
0.20%
0.25%
1962
1965
1968
1971
1974
1977
1980
1983
1986
1989
1992
1995
1998
2001
2004
Year
%ofGDP
.25%
.10%
52. Regaining and Sustaining
Prosperity
Quick stimulus in short runQuick stimulus in short run
Public investment in basic research,Public investment in basic research,
education, homeland security, andeducation, homeland security, and
infrastructure in the long runinfrastructure in the long run
53. Restoring Social Equity
Higher Minimum WageHigher Minimum Wage
Labor Law Reform to Foster UnionizationLabor Law Reform to Foster Unionization
Fair TradeFair Trade
Invest in Public SchoolsInvest in Public Schools
Universal Health Care CoverageUniversal Health Care Coverage
Expand Public Goods (e.g. Transportation,Expand Public Goods (e.g. Transportation,
Day Care, Elder Care)Day Care, Elder Care)