Carbonatic rocks porosity as a key factor in the water regime, distribution, and survival of the vegetation
Experiments and observations have showed that chalk porosity characteristics attribute to the composition and survival of the vegetation on it. Vegetation water availability in chalk is higher due to the capillarity and porosity characteristic of the rock. Soft chalk with high porosity allows the growth of maquis, whereas, medium porosity chalk maintains only open woodland. On karstic rocks, maquis grows, while on non-Karstic in dense limestone, only Batha and herbaceous vegetation can grow. In Israel, dehydration, caused by continuous drought years, is common in many vegetation formations. In Karstic habitats of the maquis, the phenomena is drastically higher, while on porosive chalk, maquis exhibits dehydration resilience. The significant positive influence of porosive chalk on vegetation survival was also evident in the event of dying pines in Yatir forest, and the decrease of Iris haynei populations on the Gilboa Mt. מרבית המסלע באזור הים תיכוני בישראל הוא של סלעים קרבונטיים. על סלעים קרסטיים אזור הגשום מתפתח לרוב חורש. במסלע שאינו קרסטי, על גבי אבן גיר צפופה גדלים עשבוניים ובתות. סלעים נקבוביים יותר הם סלעי קירטון. עם כל עליה בנקבוביות הקירטון, עולה נפח המים הנימיים האגורים בתוכם ומתאפשר קיום של צמחים מעוצים בגודל וביומסה גדולים יותר. על גבי קירטון בנקבוביות בינונית יכול לגדול יער פארק, ועל קירטון רך ונקבובי גדל חורש. רצפים של שנות בצורת גורמים להתייבשויות במרבית תצורות הצומח הטבעי והנטוע. טיפוסי צומח הגדלים על קירטון נקבובי הינם עמידים יותר מפני התייבשות. התייבשויות בחורש מתרחשות בבית הגידול הקרסטי שבו כמות המים בבית השורשים מוגבלת, וכמעט שלא בחורש הגדל על קירטון. ביער יתיר חקרנו את דגם ההתייבשות ומצאנו שהתייבשויות התרחשו על גבי אבן גיר עם קרקע עמוקה יחסית ולא על קירטון עם קרקע רדודה. בגלבוע חקרנו את קריסת אוכלוסיות אירוס הגלבוע ומצאנו שהאוכלוסיה היציבה היא זו הגדלה על קירטון נקבובי. יתרון משק המים על גבי הקירטונים מתבטא הן בתפוצתן של תצורות הצומח והן בהשרדות הטיפוסים והמינים.
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Carbonatic rocks porosity as a key factor in the water regime, distribution, and survival of the vegetation
- 1. Carbonatic rocks porosity as a key factor in the water regime, distribution, and survival of the vegetation formations in Israel Nir Herr nirforestecosoil https://www.nirforestecosoil.com/ Plant ecology 2019 Tel Hay
- 2. R o c k p o r o s i t y We shall see the critical influences of rock porosity in few main subjects in few cases… Vegetation formations distribution Populations dehydration Shrubs & herbaceous Forests & maquismaquis Yatir forest Iris haynei
- 3. 0 -1.0- - 2.0 - - 3.0 - - 4.0 - - 5.0 - Soil depth Oak woodland Quercus calliprinos Maquis on chalk Porous chalk Shallow Limestone and hard chalk Karstic dolomite Quercus calliprinos Maquis on karstic system Bata and herbaceous Vegetaion habitats P o r o s I t y Dense rock High porous rock
- 4. ה Chalk and limestone creation. Ramat Menashe syncline as a test case In the Eocene era… The sea became deeper. More plankton What Is the rock microporosity? Micro-fossils fall on the bottom and create porous chalk Benthos organisms skeleton are dissolve and later precipitate as limestone with fossils
- 5. ה Herbaceous Herbaceous Batha and garigue Batha and garigue Rock Erosion. surface design Soil Vegetation Water regime Q. Ithab. forest Q. Ithaburens is forest Q. Calliprinos maquis Rock Soil Ramat Menashe syncline – continue – habitats development Tectonic stress Habitats and vegetation
- 6. 230 220 210 200 190 180 170 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 8007006005004003002001000 2 6 7 8 1 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Synclineaxis Altitude(m) Distance (m) 1 2 בר גבעת מורד Alonim-Shfar’am hills Timrat slope 1 legend: Quercus calliprinos Bata and Herbaceous Layer no. Quercus ithaburensis Pistacia lintiscus Q. Calliprinos maquis Q. Calliprinos maquis Q. ithaburensis Herbaceous on limestone Downslope Q. Calliprinos Q. Calliprinos Q. ithaburensis Slope section
- 7. Limestone (Timrat formation) Ramnus & Calicotom Majorana & Teucrium Quercus ithaburensis Nari, rendzina And shrubs Nari and brown rendzina Brown rendzina Nari surfaces shrubs שעירה קידהא אשחר"י Dwarf shrub מצוי אזובחריפה כתלה Perennial herbaceous גדולה עיריתקיפודןזקנן שעיר כלנית מצויה leggend Habitats from trees toward herbceous over the slope of Alon Hagalil-Bir el maksor-Netofa Watermoving fromrocktosoil Ramnusאשחר Majoranaאזוב Teucriumגעדה Anemoneכלנית Chiliadenusכתלה Majorana & Chiliadenus Chiliadenus &Hyparrhenia Hyparrheniaזקנן Echinopsקפודן Asphodelusעירית Calicotomeקידה Ononisשברק Ramnus Terra rossa Limestone and terra rossa Nari on marly chalk Marly chalk and pale rendzina Ononis & Echinops Echinops & Asphodelus Majorana & Anemone As the chalk became harder and less porous and the soil pocket smaller, The vegetation types became smaller On the limestone Herbaceous only
- 8. Bar Kokhva formation Yizra’el formation Meroz formation Chalk Chalk ShchemGilboaDotan valley Malkishua stable Population Iris hayney in Gilboa ridge Population collaps (in 2010) Oscilation in the main population after dry seasons And stable population in Malkishua Why? Geologic columnar sections
- 9. Water moves from the rock reservoir In Winter In Summer Limestone Chalk Iris habitats on the Gilboa Stable root moisture Nari on chalk in Malkishua
- 10. In forestry Yatir forest trees mortality 2010
- 11. Na+ Ca++ NaCl=Salinity Na+ Where are the living trees located? Where are the dead trees located? Why? Water Movement From the porous rock In the winter In the summer The key factor is the water reservoir of the micro-porous rock Habitats… Ca++ Ca++Living trees on chalk dead trees on limestone
- 12. 0 -1.0- - 2.0 - - 3.0 - - 4.0 - - 5.0 - Soil depth Oak woodland Quercus calliprinos Maquis on chalk Porosive chalk Shallow Limestone and hard chalk Karstic dolomite Quercus calliprinos Maquis on karstic system Bata Oaks habitats
- 13. In Timrat slope. Roots in the chalk joints Quercus calliprinos habitats On porous chalk in Ramat MenasheOn karstic dolomite in the main ridge in Galilee
- 14. Q. Calliprinos drying On karstic dolomite Carmel Betzet river - Yaara Beit Jan 900 mm precipitation Dry trees in the yellow circles
- 15. • Water regime in the habitats on porous rocks is the main factor affecting the vegetation distribution and vegetation survival in Israel • The main system is the water inside the porous rock in the summer and it diffusion from the rock to the soil and to the roots •On non-karstic limestone habitats, Just low shrubs and herbaceeous can grow and survive • other habitat is the deep soil pocket karstic habitat, mostly above 300 m in northern faces. After few dry years, there is not enough water in the system and trees can dry. Summary and conclusions
- 16. Salinity Na+ Ca++ Higher trees Stoniness Limestone Deeper soil More clay Lower trees Smaller diameter Low vitality The dynamic of the factors affecting vitality and mortality MortalityTree density reduces diameter Shallow soil Porous Chalk Moderate SAR (Na/Ca) Larger diameter appendix: in Yatir forest