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1st MINEO Workshop 25-27 October 2001, GBA, Vienna, Austria




POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL
    IMPACTS OF MINING
     A SHORT ILLUSTRATED
           REVIEW
                          BY

                   Francis Cottard
        BRGM / Environment & Process Division




                                                                1
POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL
    IMPACTS OF MINING

                 CONTENT

 1) INTRODUCTION
    nature of mining sources & mining life cycle
                           MINING METALS
 2) SET OF EXAMPLES        CONCENTRATING METALS
                           REMOVING IMPURITIES

 3) OTHERS ASPECTS
    ancient mining & abandoned mines
    socio-economic impacts & public safety
    positive impacts

 4) CONCLUSIONS
    how science & technology can help ?


                                                   2
INTRODUCTION
    Some facts on the nature of mining sources

P Mining has been an integral part of the development of civilization

P Early mining operations have left a historical legacy of negative
  environmental impacts that affect our perception of mining


P A mine is a waste management project = A new paradigm to meet the
  global objectives for sustainable development in the 21st century
         95% of the material excavated from a mine are waste materials
         generally left at the surface
         Some large operations handle more material and generate more
         waste than many entire industries


P Major impacts are resulting of negative changes in geochemistry
  over time, when a material ’s environment changes (e.g.: from a
  reducing environment to an oxidizing one…)
                                                                         3
INTRODUCTION (2)
   Some facts on the nature of mining sources


PThis long- term nature of mining impacts requires that predictive tools,
  design performance, monitoring, be effective for many decades.


P Potential Environmental Impacts are greatly influenced by
  geological factors :

  - deposit size
  - host rocks lithology & wall rock alteration
  - nature of ore & trace element geochemistry
  - ore & gangue mineralogy and zonation
  - secondary mineralogy
  - topography, physiography & climate
  - hydrology
  - mining & milling methods employed
  - ...
                                                                    4
Simplified Mining process and
                       global Impacts on water


           Rainfalls


    Waste rocks
         Leaching
                       Mine water
                       discharge    Ore processing    Tailing dams
                                    Smelting
       Extraction
                                                     Seepage

Modified                                        Water wells
pathways



                                                                     5
Mining Life Cycle
             PROCESS                    WASTE           MEDIA AND HAZARD

   MINERAL DEPOSIT                       NATURAL
                                         LEACHING        LAND
                                         DISUSED         Land degradation
                                          MINES          Land fragmentation
      Open pit or
                                                         Soil disruption
  underground mining
                                                         Soil contamination
                                           WASTE         Erosion
                                           ROCKS
       ORE
                Mining metals
                                                         WATER
Leaching               Milling             DUSTS         Groundwater table
                                                         alteration
                                                         Spring and borehole yield
                                         EFFLUENTS       River or surface water
                                                         diversion
                                                         Turbidity
                                                         Contamination of rivers
                                          TAILINGS       Acid Rock Drainage (ARD)
METALS IN      CONCENTRATES            LEACHATE PONDS    Tailings
SOLUTION                                   SLAGS

    Concentrating metals
                                                                              6
Mining Life Cycle    (2)

                              PROCESS             WASTE         MEDIA AND HAZARD

 METALS IN                    CONCENTRATES
 SOLUTION
                                                  SULPHURIC     AIR
                                  Smelting           ACID
                                                                Carbon oxides
                              (pyrometallurgy)                  Sulphur oxides
    Solvent                                                     Nitrogen oxides
   extraction                                                   Methane
                                                     AIR
    Electro-                                                    CFOs
                              BLISTER METAL       EMISSIONS
    winning                                                     Dusts (radioactive, toxic or
                                                                nuisance)

                                  Refining         SLAGS

 METALS IN
 CATHODES                       WIRE BARS
                                                   DUSTS            ACTIVITIES GENERATE

                 Fabrication                                        Heat
                                                                    Noise
                                                   SCRAP            Vibration
             METALS PRODUCTS                       METALS

          Removing impurities
                                                                                               7
Modified from warhurst 1999
Main Surface Components
           of a Mine Site in Activity

                 Tailings dams
                                                   Overburden dump




                                            Waste dumps



                                            Open pit



Railway                  Processing plant



                                                                     8
Mining metals (1)
Physical disturbance to the landscape




                    Sibai copper mine ( Russia )
                                                   9
Mining metals (2)
       Waste Rock disposal




Active dumps
                                         Old dumps




                     Uchaly copper mine ( Urals / Russia )

                                                     10
Mining metals (3)
Erosion of waste rocks dumps




                  Tentative of revegetation




              Sibai copper mine (Russia)
                                              11
Mining metals (4)
                       Erosion and sedimentation process



                    lake


                             River bed




                                                         Tailings
                                                         redeposition



Rosia Poieni mine
(Rumania)                                Aveyron river


                                               La Baume Pb / Zn ancient mine (France)
                                                                              12
Mining metals (5)
                 Acidic and metals-bearing soils and water




                                         Rosia Montana gold mine
                                         (Rumania)




Assarel copper mine
(Bulgaria)
                                                                   13
Concentrating Metals (1)
Accumulation of Tailings containing
       residual chemicals




     deposition of gray unoxidized sulfidic tailings




                   Pyrite-rich tailings impoundment in Russia
                                                           14
Concentrating Metals (2)
       Erosion of Tailing Dumps by Wind and
                        Water



                                              Sulfidic tailings




                     8 % As




Mechanical erosion
dispersion
dissolution
sedimentation...



                              ENGUIALES Tungsten mine ( France )

                                                                  15
Concentrating Metals (3)
                      Production of Acid Mine Drainage



                                                       Rosia Poieni ( Rumania )



Plant tailings




             Acidic water
             pH= 2.5                        tailings

                                                             Acidic water



          Karabash area ( Russia )



                                                                            16
Concentrating Metals (4)
                    Effects of Acid Drainage

               Overburden
               dumps
                                       Rosia Poieni ( Rumania )




           River bed destruction


                                            Surface water quality
                                            degradation


Calimani Mine (Rumania)


                                                            17
Concentrating Metals (5)
Gold Cyanide Heap Leaching




              Gold heap leaching Pilot test
                                         18
Mining and Concentrating Metals (6)
           Cumulative Impacts


       Hillsides
       devegetation
                                       Soils
                                       erosion


                                                 Slag disposal


                        Tailings
                        deposition




      Acidic water generation



                                Karabash mining area (Russia)

                                                                 19
Removing impurities (1)
Smelter stack emissions and release to air




        SO²
        Pb ?
                      Hg?
   Cd




               Karabash copper smelter (Russia)
                                                  20
Removing impurities (2)
                        Metals and dissolved pollutants from slags
                              disposal and release to water


        slags



                                              Metallurgical slags



        Precipitation of
        salts                                                       0.8 g/l Cu
                                                                    1.6 g/l Zn

                                  Drainage ditch

La Lucette Sb smelter
( France )
                                                       Zn smelting plant (Russia)
                                                                            21
Potential variations of impacts
              after a mine closure




                                 Potential variations
                                 in impacts from
                                 hazardous mine
                                 waste after a metal
                                 mine is closed

Source: BGS
                                               22
Socio-economic impacts and ancient mining
      Abandoned facilities at the surface




                   Sentein Pb,Zn, Ag ancient mine (France)
                                                       23
Socio-economic impacts and old mining sites
                   Physical stability



             subsidence




                                        Slope failure




   Lorraine (France)

                                                 24
Socio-economic impacts and public safety
                      bioaccumulation in the food chain



                                                Waste rock piles




      Mine effluent




Carnoulés (France)



                                                               25
                                                   Uchaly (Russia)
Positive impacts: metals empower us




                                      26
Conclusions (1)
     Providing metals and raw materials for the
                              future

The demands for both minerals and metals are expected to increase
      in the decades ahead (world population growth and rising
                      standards of living…)



 New challenges and balanced approaches for mineral supply and
              environmental protection needed




 Society ’s expectations and the future of the mining industry
      require that the long-term environmental impacts
              of mining be adequately addressed


                                                            27
Conclusions (2)
Protecting the environment and human health


        PREVENTION is the key

Q dumping sites and tailing dams management and reclamation

P water management and treatment

P reduction of acid rock drainage

P control of dust and gaseous emissions

P recycling

P ...




                                                       28
Conclusions (3)
       How Science and technology can help ?

         The example of MINEO PROJECT

Developping more efficient and cost-effective tools based
on Earth Observation Methods for handling mining-related
environmental impacts and risks at regional scales




   P identification, characterization and mapping of
     surface physical and chemical disturbances:
      landscape patterns = surficial indicators of processes

   P detailed mapping in a risk assessment perspective
     of sources of pollution, migration pathways,
     endpoints and population / ecosystems potentially at risk

   P definition of contamination model and monitoring
     programme ...                                             29

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POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF MINING

  • 1. 1st MINEO Workshop 25-27 October 2001, GBA, Vienna, Austria POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF MINING A SHORT ILLUSTRATED REVIEW BY Francis Cottard BRGM / Environment & Process Division 1
  • 2. POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF MINING CONTENT 1) INTRODUCTION nature of mining sources & mining life cycle MINING METALS 2) SET OF EXAMPLES CONCENTRATING METALS REMOVING IMPURITIES 3) OTHERS ASPECTS ancient mining & abandoned mines socio-economic impacts & public safety positive impacts 4) CONCLUSIONS how science & technology can help ? 2
  • 3. INTRODUCTION Some facts on the nature of mining sources P Mining has been an integral part of the development of civilization P Early mining operations have left a historical legacy of negative environmental impacts that affect our perception of mining P A mine is a waste management project = A new paradigm to meet the global objectives for sustainable development in the 21st century 95% of the material excavated from a mine are waste materials generally left at the surface Some large operations handle more material and generate more waste than many entire industries P Major impacts are resulting of negative changes in geochemistry over time, when a material ’s environment changes (e.g.: from a reducing environment to an oxidizing one…) 3
  • 4. INTRODUCTION (2) Some facts on the nature of mining sources PThis long- term nature of mining impacts requires that predictive tools, design performance, monitoring, be effective for many decades. P Potential Environmental Impacts are greatly influenced by geological factors : - deposit size - host rocks lithology & wall rock alteration - nature of ore & trace element geochemistry - ore & gangue mineralogy and zonation - secondary mineralogy - topography, physiography & climate - hydrology - mining & milling methods employed - ... 4
  • 5. Simplified Mining process and global Impacts on water Rainfalls Waste rocks Leaching Mine water discharge Ore processing Tailing dams Smelting Extraction Seepage Modified Water wells pathways 5
  • 6. Mining Life Cycle PROCESS WASTE MEDIA AND HAZARD MINERAL DEPOSIT NATURAL LEACHING LAND DISUSED Land degradation MINES Land fragmentation Open pit or Soil disruption underground mining Soil contamination WASTE Erosion ROCKS ORE Mining metals WATER Leaching Milling DUSTS Groundwater table alteration Spring and borehole yield EFFLUENTS River or surface water diversion Turbidity Contamination of rivers TAILINGS Acid Rock Drainage (ARD) METALS IN CONCENTRATES LEACHATE PONDS Tailings SOLUTION SLAGS Concentrating metals 6
  • 7. Mining Life Cycle (2) PROCESS WASTE MEDIA AND HAZARD METALS IN CONCENTRATES SOLUTION SULPHURIC AIR Smelting ACID Carbon oxides (pyrometallurgy) Sulphur oxides Solvent Nitrogen oxides extraction Methane AIR Electro- CFOs BLISTER METAL EMISSIONS winning Dusts (radioactive, toxic or nuisance) Refining SLAGS METALS IN CATHODES WIRE BARS DUSTS ACTIVITIES GENERATE Fabrication Heat Noise SCRAP Vibration METALS PRODUCTS METALS Removing impurities 7 Modified from warhurst 1999
  • 8. Main Surface Components of a Mine Site in Activity Tailings dams Overburden dump Waste dumps Open pit Railway Processing plant 8
  • 9. Mining metals (1) Physical disturbance to the landscape Sibai copper mine ( Russia ) 9
  • 10. Mining metals (2) Waste Rock disposal Active dumps Old dumps Uchaly copper mine ( Urals / Russia ) 10
  • 11. Mining metals (3) Erosion of waste rocks dumps Tentative of revegetation Sibai copper mine (Russia) 11
  • 12. Mining metals (4) Erosion and sedimentation process lake River bed Tailings redeposition Rosia Poieni mine (Rumania) Aveyron river La Baume Pb / Zn ancient mine (France) 12
  • 13. Mining metals (5) Acidic and metals-bearing soils and water Rosia Montana gold mine (Rumania) Assarel copper mine (Bulgaria) 13
  • 14. Concentrating Metals (1) Accumulation of Tailings containing residual chemicals deposition of gray unoxidized sulfidic tailings Pyrite-rich tailings impoundment in Russia 14
  • 15. Concentrating Metals (2) Erosion of Tailing Dumps by Wind and Water Sulfidic tailings 8 % As Mechanical erosion dispersion dissolution sedimentation... ENGUIALES Tungsten mine ( France ) 15
  • 16. Concentrating Metals (3) Production of Acid Mine Drainage Rosia Poieni ( Rumania ) Plant tailings Acidic water pH= 2.5 tailings Acidic water Karabash area ( Russia ) 16
  • 17. Concentrating Metals (4) Effects of Acid Drainage Overburden dumps Rosia Poieni ( Rumania ) River bed destruction Surface water quality degradation Calimani Mine (Rumania) 17
  • 18. Concentrating Metals (5) Gold Cyanide Heap Leaching Gold heap leaching Pilot test 18
  • 19. Mining and Concentrating Metals (6) Cumulative Impacts Hillsides devegetation Soils erosion Slag disposal Tailings deposition Acidic water generation Karabash mining area (Russia) 19
  • 20. Removing impurities (1) Smelter stack emissions and release to air SO² Pb ? Hg? Cd Karabash copper smelter (Russia) 20
  • 21. Removing impurities (2) Metals and dissolved pollutants from slags disposal and release to water slags Metallurgical slags Precipitation of salts 0.8 g/l Cu 1.6 g/l Zn Drainage ditch La Lucette Sb smelter ( France ) Zn smelting plant (Russia) 21
  • 22. Potential variations of impacts after a mine closure Potential variations in impacts from hazardous mine waste after a metal mine is closed Source: BGS 22
  • 23. Socio-economic impacts and ancient mining Abandoned facilities at the surface Sentein Pb,Zn, Ag ancient mine (France) 23
  • 24. Socio-economic impacts and old mining sites Physical stability subsidence Slope failure Lorraine (France) 24
  • 25. Socio-economic impacts and public safety bioaccumulation in the food chain Waste rock piles Mine effluent Carnoulés (France) 25 Uchaly (Russia)
  • 26. Positive impacts: metals empower us 26
  • 27. Conclusions (1) Providing metals and raw materials for the future The demands for both minerals and metals are expected to increase in the decades ahead (world population growth and rising standards of living…) New challenges and balanced approaches for mineral supply and environmental protection needed Society ’s expectations and the future of the mining industry require that the long-term environmental impacts of mining be adequately addressed 27
  • 28. Conclusions (2) Protecting the environment and human health PREVENTION is the key Q dumping sites and tailing dams management and reclamation P water management and treatment P reduction of acid rock drainage P control of dust and gaseous emissions P recycling P ... 28
  • 29. Conclusions (3) How Science and technology can help ? The example of MINEO PROJECT Developping more efficient and cost-effective tools based on Earth Observation Methods for handling mining-related environmental impacts and risks at regional scales P identification, characterization and mapping of surface physical and chemical disturbances: landscape patterns = surficial indicators of processes P detailed mapping in a risk assessment perspective of sources of pollution, migration pathways, endpoints and population / ecosystems potentially at risk P definition of contamination model and monitoring programme ... 29