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Getting started with pic microcontrollers
1.
Introduction to PIC16F877 Microcontrollers
2.
Introduction
• What is PIC? - A family of Harvard architecture microcontrollers made by Microchip Technology - Derived from the PIC1650 originally developed by General Instrument Microelectronics Division. - The name PIC was originally an acronym for " Peripheral Interface Controller ". Technology beyond the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt Ltd.
3.
Introduction
• Why PIC is popular? low cost ,wide availability with high clock speed availability of low cost or free development tools Only 37 instructions to remember serial programming and re-programming with flash memory capability Its code is extremely efficient, allowing the PIC to run with typically less program memory than its larger competitors PIC is very small and easy to implement for non- complex problems and usually accompanies to the microprocessors as an interface Technology beyond the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt Ltd.
4.
Two Different Architectures
• Harvard Architectures • Von-Neumann Architecture (newer arch.) Technology beyond the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt Ltd.
5.
Two Different Architectures
• Harvard Architectures • Von-Neumann Architecture • Used mostly in RISC CPUs • Used in: 80X86 (CISC PCs) • Separate program bus and data bus: • Only one bus between CPU and can be of different widths memory • For example, PICs use: • RAM and program memory share the – Data memory (RAM): a small number same bus and the same memory, and of 8bit registers so must have the same bit width – Program memory (ROM): 12bit, 14bit • Bottleneck: Getting instructions or 16bit wide (in EPROM, FLASH, or interferes with accessing RAM ROM) Technology beyond the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt Ltd.
6.
RISC vs. CISC
• Reduced Instruction Set • Complex Instruction Set Computer (RISC) Computer (CISC) – Used in: SPARC, ALPHA, – Used in: 80X86, 8051, 68HC11, Atmel AVR, etc. etc. – Few instructions – Many instructions (usually < 50) (usually > 100) – Only a few addressing modes – Several addressing modes – Executes 1 instruction in 1 – Usually takes more than 1 internal clock cycle (Tcyc) internal clock cycle (Tcyc) to execute Technology beyond the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt Ltd.
7.
Family Core Architecture
Differences The PIC Family: Cores 12bit cores with 33 instructions: 12C50x, 16C5x 14bit cores with 35 instructions: 12C67x,16Cxxx 16bit cores with 58 instructions: 17C4x,17C7xx „Enhanced‟ 16bit cores with 77 instructions: 18Cxxx Technology beyond the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt Ltd.
8.
The PIC Family:
Speed • Can use crystals, clock oscillators, or even an RC circuit. • Some PICs have a built in 4MHz RC clock, Not very accurate, but requires no external components! • Instruction speed = 1/4 clock speed (Tcyc = 4 * Tclk) • All PICs can be run from DC to their maximum specified speed: 12C50x 4MHz 12C67x 10MHz 16Cxxx 20MHz 17C4x / 17C7xxx 33MHz 18Cxxx 40MHz Technology beyond the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt Ltd.
9.
Clock and Instruction
Cycles • Instruction Clock – Clock from the oscillator enters a microcontroller via OSC1 pin where internal circuit of a microcontroller divides the clock into four even clocks Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4 which do not overlap. – These four clocks make up one instruction cycle (also called machine cycle) during which one instruction is executed. – Execution of instruction starts by calling an instruction that is next in string. – Instruction is called from program memory on every Q1 and is written in instruction register on Q4. – Decoding and execution of instruction are done between the next Q1 and Q4 cycles. On the following diagram we can see the relationship between instruction cycle and clock of the oscillator (OSC1) as well as that of internal clocks Q1-Q4. – Program counter (PC) holds information about the address of the next instruction. Technology beyond the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt Ltd.
10.
Pipelining in PIC
• Instruction Pipeline Flow Technology beyond the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt Ltd.
11.
The PIC Family:
Program Memory • Technology: EPROM, FLASH, or ROM • It varies in size from one chip to another. - examples: 12C508 512 12bit instructions 16C711 1024 (1k) 14bit instructions 16F877 8192 (8k) 14bit instructions 17C766 16384 (16k) 16bit instructions Technology beyond the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt Ltd.
12.
The PIC Family:
Data Memory • PICs use general purpose “File registers” for RAM (each register is 8bits for all PICs) - examples: 12C508 25B RAM 16C71C 36B RAM 16F877 368B RAM + 256B of nonvolatile EEPROM 17C766 902B RAM Technology beyond the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt Ltd.
13.
PIC Programming Procedure
• For example: in programming an embedded PIC featuring electronically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM). The essential steps are: – Step 1: On a PC, type the program, successfully compile it and then generate the HEX file. – Step 2: Using a PIC device programmer, upload the HEX file into the PIC. This step is often called "burning". – Step 3: Insert your PIC into your circuit, power up and verify the program works as expected. This step is often called "dropping" the chip. If it isn't, you must go to Step 1 and debug your program and repeat burning and dropping. Technology beyond the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt Ltd.
14.
PIC16F877A Features
High Performance RISC CPU: • Only 35 single word instructions to learn • All single cycle instructions except for program branches, which are two-cycle • Operating speed: DC - 20 MHz clock input DC - 200 ns instruction cycle Technology beyond the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt Ltd.
15.
PIC16F877A Pin Layout ADC
inputs PORTA PORTB Counter 0 PORTE external input PORTD PORT PORTC C Technology beyond the Dreams™ PORT Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt Ltd.
16.
PIC Memory
The PIC16F877A has an 8192 (8k) 14bit instruction program memory 368 Bytes Registers as Data Memory : Special Function Registers: used to control peripherals and PIC behaviors General Purpose Registers: used to a normal temporary storage space (RAM) 256 Bytes of nonvolatile EEPROM Technology beyond the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt Ltd.
17.
PIC Program Memory
The PIC16F877 8192 (8k) 14bit instructions Takes a max of 8 addresses, the ninth address When the will write over the first. controller is reset, program execution starts from here If interrupted, program execution continues from here Technology beyond the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt Ltd.
18.
PIC Data Memory The most importa nt registers have addresses in
all the four banks The data memory is devided into 4 memory banks Technology beyond the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt Ltd.
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Register Addressing Modes
Immediate Addressing: Movlw H‟0F‟ Indirect Addressing: Direct Addressing: • Full7 bits register address is written the special function Uses 8 bit of 14 bit instruction to identify a register file register FSR 9th bit comes from RP0 and RP1 bits of address 8th and • INDF isregister. get the content of the address pointed by FSR STATUS used to • Exp : A sample program to clear RAM locations H‟20‟ – i.e. Z equ D‟2‟ ; Z=2 H‟2F: btfss STATUS, Z ; test if the 3rd bit of the MOVLW 0x20 ;initialize pointer Technology beyond theRAM set ™ STATUS register Dreams MOVWF FSR ;to is Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt Ltd.
20.
PIC Family Control
Registers • Uses a series of “Special Function Registers” for controlling peripherals and PIC behaviors. STATUS Bank select bits, ALU bits (zero, borrow, carry) INTCON Interrupt control: interrupt enables, flags, etc. OPTION_REG contains various control bits to configure the TMR0 prescaler/WDT postscaler ,the External INT Interrupt, TMR0 and the weak pull-ups on PORTB Technology beyond the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt Ltd.
21.
Special Function Register
STATUS Register Technology beyond the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt Ltd.
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Special Function Register
INTCON Register Technology beyond the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt Ltd.
23.
PIC Peripherals
Each peripheral has a set of SFRs to control its operation. Different PICs have different on-board peripherals Technology beyond the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt Ltd.
24.
Peripheral Features
5 Digital I/O Ports Three timer/counter modules Timer0: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit pre-scaler Timer1: 16-bit timer/counter with pre-scaler, can be incremented during SLEEP via external crystal/clock Timer2: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit period register, pre-scaler and post-scaler A 10-bit ADC with 8 inputs Two Capture, Compare, PWM modules Capture is 16-bit, max. resolution is 12.5 ns Compare is 16-bit, max. resolution is 200 ns PWM max. resolution is 10-bit Synchronous Serial Port (SSP) with SPI™ (Master mode) and I2C™ (Master/Slave) Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (USART/SCI) with 9- bit address detection Parallel Slave Port (PSP) 8-bits wide, with external RD, WR and CS controls Technology beyond the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt Ltd.
25.
PIC Peripherals: Ports
(Digital I/O) Ports are basically digital I/O pins which exist in all PICs The PIC16F877A have the following ports: PORT A has 6 bit wide, Bidirectional PORT B,C,D have 8 bit wide, Bidirectional PORT E has 3 bit wide, Bidirectional Ports have 2 control registers TRISx sets whether each pin is an input (1) or output (0) PORTx sets their output bit levels or contain their input bit levels Pin functionality “overloaded” with other features Most pins have 25mA source/sink thus it can drive LEDs directly Technology beyond the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt Ltd.
26.
PIC Peripherals: Analogue
to Digital Converter Only available in 14bit and 16bit cores Fs (sample rate) < 54KHz the result is a 10 bit digital number Can generate an interrupt when ADC conversion is done Technology beyond the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt Ltd.
27.
PIC Peripherals: Analogue
to Digital Converter The A/D module has four registers. These registers are: A/D Result High Register (ADRESH) A/D Result Low Register (ADRESL) A/D Control Register0 (ADCON0) A/D Control Register1 (ADCON1) Multiplexed 8 channel inputs Must wait Tacq to charge up sampling capacitor Can take a reference voltage different from that of the controller Technology beyond the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt Ltd.
28.
PIC Peripherals: USART:
UART Serial Communications Peripheral: Universal Synch./Asynch. Receiver/Transmitter Interrupt on TX buffer empty and RX buffer full Asynchronous communication: UART (RS-232C serial) Can do 300bps - 115kbps 8 or 9 bits, parity, start and stop bits, etc. Outputs 5V so you need a RS232 level converter (e.g., MAX232) Technology beyond the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt Ltd.
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PIC Peripherals: USART:
UART Synchronous communication: i.e., with clock signal SPI = Serial Peripheral Interface 3 wire: Data in, Data out, Clock Master/Slave (can have multiple masters) Very high speed (1.6Mbps) Full speed simultaneous send and receive (Full duplex) I2C = Inter IC 2 wire: Data and Clock Master/Slave (Single master only; multiple masters clumsy) Lots of cheap I2C chips available; typically < 100kbps Technology beyond the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt Ltd.
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PIC Peripherals: Timers
Available in all PICs. generate interrupts on timer overflow. Some 8bits, some 16bits, some have prescalers and/or postscalers Can use external pins as clock in/clock out (ie, for counting events or using a different Fosc) Technology beyond the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt Ltd.
31.
Timer 0 Block
Diagram Technology beyond the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt Ltd.
32.
Special Function Register
OPTION_REG Register Technology beyond the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt Ltd.
33.
PIC16F877A Block Diagram
Instructio n Data Memory Memor Instructi y Data on Bus must be Bus involved in all arithmeti c Most operation important s register in the PIC Technology beyond the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt Ltd.
34.
PIC16F877A Block Diagram
Brown-out: when the supplying Keep the voltage falls below a trip point Keep the in controller This ensures that the device does (BVDD). Resets the in controller reset state not continue program execution Resets the controller reset power until state outside the valid operation range controller Typically used in AC line or large after thean until a reaches of the device after battery application where large specified is oscillator acceptable detecting loads maybe switched in and cause time && started level Brown-Out the device voltage to temporarily stable steady condition fall below the specified operating minimum Technology beyond the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt Ltd.
35.
PIC16F877A Instruction Set Technology
beyond the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt Ltd.
36.
Literal and Control
Instructions Technology beyond the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt Ltd.
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Byte-Oriented Instructions Technology beyond
the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt Ltd.
38.
Bit-Oriented Instructions Technology beyond
the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt Ltd.
39.
Technology beyond the
Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt Ltd.
40.
For more details
– www.pantechsolutions.net – http://www.slideshare.net/pantechsolutions – http://www.scribd.com/pantechsolutions – http://www.youtube.com/pantechsolutions Technology beyond the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt Ltd.
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