5. 1. EMPHYSEMA
abnormal permanent enlargement of the airspaces
distal to the terminal bronchiole, accompanied by
destruction of their walls without obvious fibrosis.
6. Types of emphysema
According to its anatomic distribution within the
lobule,
a. Centriacinar (centilobular)
b. Panacinar (panlobular)
c. Paraseptal (distal acinar)
d. Irregular
First two cause clinically significant airflow
obstruction
Centriacinar type constitute >95% of cases
7. a. Centriacinar Emphysema
The central or proximal part of the acini -affected.
both emphysematous & normal airspaces exist in a
acinus
More frequent in heavy smokers
11. c. Distal Acinar Emphysema
(Paraseptal Emphysema)
The proximal portion of the acinus is normal, but
the distal part is predominantly involved
More severe in the upper half of lungs
Characteristic findings are multiple, continuous,
enlarged airspaces from 0.5 cm to >2cm in dia
12. Irregular Emphysema
The acinus is irregularly involved, and is
almost invariably associated with scarring
(airspace enlargement with fibrosis)
In most instances foci of irregular emphysema
are asymptomatic & clinically insignificant
13. Bullous Emphysema
Defined as subpleural emphysematous
spaces >1-2 cm in diameter
Rupture of bullae may result in pneumothorax
17. Smoking & emphysema
Smokers have greater numbers of neutrophils
& macrophages in their alveoli
Smoking stimulate release of
elastase(protease) from neutrophils
Oxidants in smoke & free radicals released by
neutrophils inhibit alpha 1 antitrypsin
(functional alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency)
18. Alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency
Geno Type
% of
Population
Normal Pi MM 95% - 97%
Heterozygote Pi MZ 3% - 5%
Homozygote Pi ZZ 0.07% - 0.2%
More than 80% of PiZZ phenotype develop
symptomatic emphysema
19. Clinical course
Do not manifest until at least 1/3rd
of
functioning lung parenchyma is damaged
Dyspnea- insiious , slow progressive
Cough and expectoration(ass with chronic
bronchitis)
Weight loss
barrel chested , sits forward in hunched up
position, breaths through pursed lips
Expiratory airflow limitation, measured through
spirometry, is the key to diagnosis
21. 2.Chronic Bronchitis
Is defined clinically as persistent cough with
sputum production for at least 3 months in at
least 2 consecutive years
Tends to affect middle-aged men who are
smokers.
22. Types of chronic bronchitis
A. Simple chronic bronchitis
Have productive cough but no evidence of airway
obstruction
B. Chronic asthmatic bronchitis
Hyperreactive airways with intermittent
bronchospasm & wheezing
C. Obstructive chronic bronchitis
Chronic airflow obstruction with emphysema (in
chronic smokers)
23. Chronic Bronchitis-
Pathogenesis
Chronic irritation by inhaled substances (cigarette
smoking is the single most important factor)also
grains, cotton & silica dust.
4 – 10 times more common in smokers..
24. Pathogenesis (cont)
To bacco irritants e licit inflam m ato ry m e diato rs
hypertrophy of the submucosal glands in the
trachea and bronchi
hype rse cre tio n o f m ucus in the large airways
smoking impairs ciliary apparatus- predisposes to
infection
25. Morphologic Correlates Of Chronic
Bronchitis
1. Edematous mucous membrane with Mucous
hypersecretion and plugging
2. Goblet cell metaplasia
3. Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of mucosal
glands (Reid Index – normal .4)- increased
reid index
4. Lymphocytic infiltration
26. Clinical features
1.Persistent cough with sputum production.
2.Dyspnea on exertion.
3.hypercapnia, hypoxemia, and mild cyanosis.
Death may also result from further impairment of
respiratory function incident to acute intercurrent
bacterial infections.
27. Clinical course in Emphysema & Chronic Bronchitis
Predominate
Bronchitis
Predominant
Emphysema
Age (Yr) 40-45 50-75
Dyspnea Mild; late Severe; early
Cough Early; copious
sputum
Late; scanty
sputum
Infections Common Occasional
Cor pulmonale Common Rare; terminal
33. Bronchiectasis
Bronchiectasis is characterized by permanent
dilation of bronchi and bronchioles caused by
destruction of the muscle and elastic tissue,
resulting from or associated with chronic
necrotizing infections.
35. Kartagener Syndrome
Defect in ciliary motility due to structural
abnormality in the cilia (absence of dynein
arms)
Situs invertus
Bronchiectasis
Sinusitis