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Motivation
What is Motivation?

• Motivation: The willingness to
  exert high levels of effort
  toward organizational goal,
  conditioned by the effort’s
  ability to satisfy some
  individual need.
Early Theories of Motivation
In 1950 Three specific theories were
formulated on motivation these are:

1. The hierarchy of need theory.
2. Theories X and Y
3. Motivation-hygiene therory
Hierarchy of Needs Theory
• Abraham Maslow’s hypothesized that with in every
  human being there exists a hierarchy of five needs.
  These needs are:
  1. Physiological : includes hunger, thirst, shelter and other bodily needs
  2. Safety: Includes Security and protection from physical and emotional harm
  3. Social: Includes affection, belongingness, acceptance, and friendship
  4. Esteem: includes internal esteem factors such as self respect, autonomy, and
              achievement; and external esteem factors such status, recognition
    and attention.
  5. Self-actualization: the drive to become what one is capable of becoming;
               includes growth, achieving one’s potential, and self
               fulfillment.
Hierarchy of Needs Theory
 Maslow’s separated the five needs into higher and
 lower orders.


Lower-order needs          Higher-order needs
Physiological and safety   Social, Esteem, and Self-
                           actualization.
Are satisfied externally   Are satisfied internally
Theory X and Theory Y

• Douglas McGregor proposed
  two distinct views of human
  beings: One basically negative
  and the other basically positive
Under Theory X Douglas listed four
      negative assumptions
 1. Employees inherently dislike work and,
 whenever possible, will attempt to avoid it.
 2. Since employees dislike work, they must be
 coerced, controlled, or threatened with punishment
 to achieve goals.
 3. Employees will avoid responsibilities and seeks
 formal direction whenever possible.
 4. Most workers place security above all other
 factors associated with work and will display little
 ambition.
Under Theory Y Douglas listed four
       positive assumptions
 1. Employees can view work as being as natural as
 rest or play.
 2. People will exercise self-direction and self-
 control if they are committed to the objectives.
 3. The average person can learn to accept, even
 seek responsibility.
 4. The ability to make innovative decisions is
 widely dispersed throughout the population and is
 not necessarily the sole province of those in
 management positions.
Motivation-Hygiene Theory
• The motivation-hygiene theory was proposed by psychologist Fredrick
  Herzberg. In the belief that an individual’s relation to his or her work
  is a basic one and that his or her attitude toward this work can very
  well determine the individual success or failure.


• According to Herzberg, the factors leading to job satisfaction are
  separate and distinct from those that lead to job dissatisfaction.
  Therefore, managers who seeks to eliminate factors that create job
  dissatisfaction can bring about peace, but not necessarily motivation.
  They will be placating their workforce rather than motivating them. As
  a result, such characteristics as company policy and administration,
  supervision, interpersonal relations, working conditions, and salary
  have been characterized by Herzberg as Hygiene Factors.
Motivation-Hygiene Theory
    The criticisms of the theory include the following :
•     The procedure that Herzberg used is limited by its methodology. When things are going
      well, people tend to take credit themselves. Contrarily, they blame failure on the external
      environment.
•     He reliability of Herzberg’s methodology is questioned. Since raters have to make
      interpretations, it is possible that they may contaminate the findings by interpreting one
      response in one manner while treating another similar response differently.
•     The theory, to the degree that that it is valid, provides an explanation of job satisfaction. It
      is not really a theory of motivation.
•      No overall measure of satisfaction was utilized. In other words, a person may dislike part
      of his or her job, yet still think the job is acceptable.
•     The theory is inconsistent with previous research. The motivation hygiene theory ignores
      situational variables.
•     Herzberg assumes that there is a relationship between satisfaction and productivity. But
      the research mythology he used looked only at satisfaction, not at productivity. To make
      such research relevant, one must assume a high relationship between satisfaction and
      productivity.
Contemporary Theories of Motivation

• ERG Theory             • Task Characteristics
• McClelland’s Theory      Theories
  of Needs               • The Job Characteristics
• Cognitive Evaluation     Model
  Theory                 • Social Information
• Goal-Setting Theory      Processing Model
• Reinforcement Theory   • Equity Theory
• Expectancy Theory
ERG Theory                    Clayton Alderfer



• Alderfer argues that there are three groups of core needs-
  existence, relatedness, and growth-hence the label:
  ERG Theory.
  The existence group is concerned with providing our basic material
  existence requirements. They include the items that Maslow
  considered physiological and safety needs. The Second group of needs
  are those of relatedness-the desire we have for maintaining important
  interpersonal relationships. These social and status desires require
  interaction with others if they are to be satisfied, and they align with
  Maslow’s social need and external component of Maslow’s esteem
  classification. Finally Alderfer isolates growth needs-an intrinsic
  desire for personal development. These include the intrinsic
  component from Maslow’s esteem category and the characteristics
  included under self-actualization.
McClelland’s Theory of Needs

McClelland’s focuses on three needs:
2. Need for achievement: The drive to excel,
   to achieve in relation to set of standards,
   to strive to successed
3. Need for power: The need to make others
   behave in a way that they would not have
   behaved otherwise
4. Need for affiliation: the desire for friendly
   and close interpersonal relationships.
Cognitive Evaluation Theory

• Cognitive evaluation theory: Allocating extrinsic
  rewards for behavior that had been previously
  intrinsically rewarded tends to decrease the overall
  level of Motivation.
• Intrinsic Motivation are : achievement
  responsibility and competence are independent of
  extrinsic motivator like high pay, promotions, good
  supervisors relation and pleasant working
  conditions
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  • 2. What is Motivation? • Motivation: The willingness to exert high levels of effort toward organizational goal, conditioned by the effort’s ability to satisfy some individual need.
  • 3. Early Theories of Motivation In 1950 Three specific theories were formulated on motivation these are: 1. The hierarchy of need theory. 2. Theories X and Y 3. Motivation-hygiene therory
  • 4. Hierarchy of Needs Theory • Abraham Maslow’s hypothesized that with in every human being there exists a hierarchy of five needs. These needs are: 1. Physiological : includes hunger, thirst, shelter and other bodily needs 2. Safety: Includes Security and protection from physical and emotional harm 3. Social: Includes affection, belongingness, acceptance, and friendship 4. Esteem: includes internal esteem factors such as self respect, autonomy, and achievement; and external esteem factors such status, recognition and attention. 5. Self-actualization: the drive to become what one is capable of becoming; includes growth, achieving one’s potential, and self fulfillment.
  • 5. Hierarchy of Needs Theory Maslow’s separated the five needs into higher and lower orders. Lower-order needs Higher-order needs Physiological and safety Social, Esteem, and Self- actualization. Are satisfied externally Are satisfied internally
  • 6. Theory X and Theory Y • Douglas McGregor proposed two distinct views of human beings: One basically negative and the other basically positive
  • 7. Under Theory X Douglas listed four negative assumptions 1. Employees inherently dislike work and, whenever possible, will attempt to avoid it. 2. Since employees dislike work, they must be coerced, controlled, or threatened with punishment to achieve goals. 3. Employees will avoid responsibilities and seeks formal direction whenever possible. 4. Most workers place security above all other factors associated with work and will display little ambition.
  • 8. Under Theory Y Douglas listed four positive assumptions 1. Employees can view work as being as natural as rest or play. 2. People will exercise self-direction and self- control if they are committed to the objectives. 3. The average person can learn to accept, even seek responsibility. 4. The ability to make innovative decisions is widely dispersed throughout the population and is not necessarily the sole province of those in management positions.
  • 9. Motivation-Hygiene Theory • The motivation-hygiene theory was proposed by psychologist Fredrick Herzberg. In the belief that an individual’s relation to his or her work is a basic one and that his or her attitude toward this work can very well determine the individual success or failure. • According to Herzberg, the factors leading to job satisfaction are separate and distinct from those that lead to job dissatisfaction. Therefore, managers who seeks to eliminate factors that create job dissatisfaction can bring about peace, but not necessarily motivation. They will be placating their workforce rather than motivating them. As a result, such characteristics as company policy and administration, supervision, interpersonal relations, working conditions, and salary have been characterized by Herzberg as Hygiene Factors.
  • 10. Motivation-Hygiene Theory The criticisms of the theory include the following : • The procedure that Herzberg used is limited by its methodology. When things are going well, people tend to take credit themselves. Contrarily, they blame failure on the external environment. • He reliability of Herzberg’s methodology is questioned. Since raters have to make interpretations, it is possible that they may contaminate the findings by interpreting one response in one manner while treating another similar response differently. • The theory, to the degree that that it is valid, provides an explanation of job satisfaction. It is not really a theory of motivation. • No overall measure of satisfaction was utilized. In other words, a person may dislike part of his or her job, yet still think the job is acceptable. • The theory is inconsistent with previous research. The motivation hygiene theory ignores situational variables. • Herzberg assumes that there is a relationship between satisfaction and productivity. But the research mythology he used looked only at satisfaction, not at productivity. To make such research relevant, one must assume a high relationship between satisfaction and productivity.
  • 11. Contemporary Theories of Motivation • ERG Theory • Task Characteristics • McClelland’s Theory Theories of Needs • The Job Characteristics • Cognitive Evaluation Model Theory • Social Information • Goal-Setting Theory Processing Model • Reinforcement Theory • Equity Theory • Expectancy Theory
  • 12. ERG Theory Clayton Alderfer • Alderfer argues that there are three groups of core needs- existence, relatedness, and growth-hence the label: ERG Theory. The existence group is concerned with providing our basic material existence requirements. They include the items that Maslow considered physiological and safety needs. The Second group of needs are those of relatedness-the desire we have for maintaining important interpersonal relationships. These social and status desires require interaction with others if they are to be satisfied, and they align with Maslow’s social need and external component of Maslow’s esteem classification. Finally Alderfer isolates growth needs-an intrinsic desire for personal development. These include the intrinsic component from Maslow’s esteem category and the characteristics included under self-actualization.
  • 13. McClelland’s Theory of Needs McClelland’s focuses on three needs: 2. Need for achievement: The drive to excel, to achieve in relation to set of standards, to strive to successed 3. Need for power: The need to make others behave in a way that they would not have behaved otherwise 4. Need for affiliation: the desire for friendly and close interpersonal relationships.
  • 14. Cognitive Evaluation Theory • Cognitive evaluation theory: Allocating extrinsic rewards for behavior that had been previously intrinsically rewarded tends to decrease the overall level of Motivation. • Intrinsic Motivation are : achievement responsibility and competence are independent of extrinsic motivator like high pay, promotions, good supervisors relation and pleasant working conditions