2. INITIATION:
In great Britain, the second half of the 18th century, there was a rapid
growth of industrial towns & factories.
As it was started without planning, they employed the women as well as
their children in factories who needed to work for more than 12 hours a
day.
Some of the employees took initiative to implement labour lagislations,
Facories Act came into existence in 1819.
After some modifications, the final amended of Factories Act took place
in 1948
3. FACTORIES ACT IN INDIA:
In India, the First factories Act was passed in 1881.
This Act was basically designed to protect children and to provide
few measures for health and safety of the workers.
This law was applicable to only those factories, which employed
100 or more workers.
In 1891 another Factories Act was passed which extended to the
factories employee 50 or more workers.
5. DEFINITIONS:
“Factory” is defined in section 2(m) of the Act. It means any premises
including the precincts thereof-
a) Whereon 10 or more workers are working, or were working on any day of
the preceding 12 months, and in any part of which a manufacturing process
is being carried on with the aid of power, or is ordinarily so carried on; or
b) Whereon 20 or more workers are working, or were working on any day of
the preceding 12 months, and in any part of which a manufacturing process
is being carried on without the aid of power, or is ordinarily so carried on.
But does not include a mine subject to the operation of the Mines Act, 1952 or
a mobile unit belonging to the Armed forces of the Union, a railway running
shed or a hotel, restaurant or eating place.
6. OTHER DEFINITIONS:
“Manufacturing process” means any process for-
a) Making, altering, repairing, ornamenting, finishing, packing, oiling,
washing, cleaning, breaking up, demolishing, or otherwise treating or
adapting any article or substance with a view to its use, sale, transport,
delivery or disposal ; or
b) Pumping oil, water, sewage or any other substance; or
c) Generating, transforming or transmitting power; or
d) Composing types for printing by letter press, lithography,
photogravure or other similar process or book binding
e) Constructing, reconstructing, repairing, refitting, finishing or breaking
up ships or vessels;
f) Preserving or storing any article in cold storage;
7. DAY: means a period of 24 hours beginning at midnight;
WEEK: means a period of 7 days beginning at midnight on
Saturday night
CALENDAR YEAR: means the period of 12 months beginning
with the first day of January in any year
POWER: means electrical energy, or any other form of energy
which is mechanically transmitted and is not generated by human
or animal agency
PRIME MOVER: means any engine, motor or other appliance
which generates or otherwise provides power;
8. OBJECTIVES:
• The main objective of Factories Act, 1948 is…
• Ensure adequate safety measures and
• promote the health and safety and welfare of the workers employed in
factories.
• The act also makes provisions regarding employment of women and
young persons
• Annual leave with wages etc.
• (Note: The Act extended to whole of India including Jammu & Kashmir and covers all manufacturing processes and establishments
falling within the definitions of “factory” as defined u/s 2(m) of the act. Unless otherwise provided it is also applicable to factories
belonging to Central/State Government (section 116)
9. INTRODUCTION
The Act makes detailed provisions in regard to various
matters relating to health, safety and welfare provisions.
A. HEALTH
Chapter III of Section 11 to 20 of the Factories Act, 1948,
deals with the provisions relating to the health of the
workers in a factory.
B. SAFETY
Chapter IV of the Factories Act, 1948, deals with the
provisions relating to the safety of the workers in a factory.
C. WELFARE
There are many welfare provisions mentioned under the
Act.
11. PROVISIONS REGARDING SAFETY:
• Fencing of Machinery (sec.21)
• Work on or near Machinery in motion (sec.22)
• Employment of Young Persons on Dangerous Machines (sec. 23)
• Striking Gear and Devices for cutting off power (sec.24)
• Self Acting Machines (sec.25)
• Casing of New Machinery (sec.26)
• Prohibition of Employment of Women & Children near Cotton openers
(sec. 27)
• Hoists, lifts, Lifting Machines and others (sec.28,29)
• Revolving Machinery (sec. 30)
• Pressure Plant (sec.31)
12. • Floors, Stairs & Means or Access (sec.32)
• Pits, Sumps, Opening in Floors and others (sec.33)
• Excessive Weights (sec.34)
• Protection of Eyesprecautions against Dangerous Fumes,
Gases & others (sec.35,36)
• Precautions Regarding use of portable electric light
Explosive or Inflammable Dust, Gas (sec.36A,37)
• Precautions in case of fire (sec.38)
• Specifications of Defective Parts or Tests of Stability (sec.39)
• Safety of Buildings and machines (sec.40,40A)
• Safety officers (sec. 40B)
13. PROVISIONS REGARDING WELFARE OF WORKERS
• Washing Facilities (sec.42)
• Facilities for Storing & Drying clothing (sec.43)
• Facilities for Sitting (sec.44)
• First Aid facilities (sec.45)
• Canteens (sec.46)
• Shelters, Rest Rooms & Lunch Rooms (sec.47)
• Creches (sec.48)
• Welfare Officers (sec.49)
14. A. HEALTH
Chapter III of Section 11 to 20 of the
Factories Act, 1948, deals with the
provisions relating to the health of the
workers in a factory.
15. 1. Cleanliness (Sec. 11):
• Dirt should be swiped and cleaned daily.
• Floor of workroom should be cleaned at least once in a week.
• If the floor is wet through any manufacturing process effective
drainage shall be provided.
• Inside walls, partition, ceilings, tops of rooms should be painted
or vanished ,and repainted and revarnished once in 5 year.
• if washable paints are used it can be repainted once in 3
years.and washable once in 6 months.
• if they have smooth impervious surface should be cleaned at
least once in 14 months.
• other cases white or colour wash may be carried out once in
every 14 months.
• Doors, windows, wooden or metallic frame work,shetters should
be painted once in every 5 years.
16. 2. Disposal of wastes and effluents (Sec.12):
• There should be such arrangement in the factory that the
wastes and effluents easily disposed off.
• sec. 12(2) provide state Gov. can form rules regarding the
arrangements and it shall be approved by the authority
under (1)
17. 3. Ventilation and Temperature (Sect.13):
(1) Effective and suitable provision shall be made in
every factory for securing and maintaining in every
workroom
(a) Adequate ventilation and the circulation of fresh air,
and
(b) Workers therein reasonable conditions of comfort and
prevention from injury to health.
(2) Process producing high temperature to be separated
The walls and roofs shall be made and designed with
such material that such temperature shall not be exceeded
but kept as low as practicable. Beside this, where the
nature of the work carried on in the factory involves
production of excessively high temperatures, adequate
measures as are necessary shall be taken to protect the
workers.
18. 4. Dust and Fume (Sect. 14):
In a factory in which manufacturing process is carried on, there
may be given off any dust or fume. Its inhalation by workers in
any workroom is injurious or offensive to the workers employed.
So, in order to prevent this the point of origin of the dust, fume
or other impurity, shall be enclosed as far as possible. On the
other hand, in any factory no stationary internal combustion
engine shall be operated unless the exhaust is conducted into the
open air, and no other internal combustion engine shall be
operated in any room unless, effective measures have been taken
to prevent such accumulation of fumes therefrom as they are
likely to be injurious to workers employed in the room.
19. 5. Artificial humidification (Sec. 15):
In respect of all factories in which the humidity of the air is
artificially increased, the State Government may make rules,-
(a) prescribing standards of humidification;
(b) regulating the methods used for artificially increasing the
humidity of the air;
(c) directing prescribed tests for determining the humidity of the air
to be correctly carried out and recorded;
(d) prescribing methods to be adopted for securing adequate
ventilation and cooling of the air in the workrooms; the water used
for the purpose shall be taken from a public supply, or other source
of drinking water, or shall be effectively purified before it is so
used. But if the water that used is not purified, he may serve on the
manager of the factory an order in writing, specifying the measures
which in his opinion should be adopted, and requiring them to be
carried out before specified date.
20. 6. Overcrowding (Sec. 16):
• The overcrowding affects the workmen not only in the discharge
of duties but also their health.
• The working space should be 9.9 cubic meters of space per
worker in every workroom before the commencement of this
Act.
• And after the commencement of this Act, the space per worker is
14.2 cubic meter.
21. 7. Lighting (Sec. 17):
The Factories Act makes following provisions in this respect,
(a) There shall be provided and maintained sufficient and suitable lighting,
natural or artificial, or both, in every part of the factory.
(b) In every factory all glazed windows and skylights be used and
workrooms shall be kept clean on both the inner and outer surface.
(c) In every factory effective provision shall, so far as is practicable, be
made for the prevention of glare, either directly from a source of light or by
reflection from a smooth or polished surface;
(d) The State Government prescribes standards of sufficient and suitable
lighting for factories or for any class of description of factories or for any
manufacturing process.
22. 8. Drinking water (Sec. 18):
The provisions in this respect under the Factories Act, are;
(a) Arrangements shall be made to provide and maintain sufficient supply of
wholesome drinking water.
• Points should be marked as “DRINKING WATER” in the language
understood by majority of workers.
• It should be situated within 6 M of any washing palace, urinal, latrine,
spittoon, ect.,,
(b) Provision shall be made for cooling drinking water during hot weather by
effective means and for distribution thereof in every factory wherein more than
two hundred and fifty workers are ordinarily employed.
(c) Examine as prescribed by the authorities of the supply and distribution of
drinking water in factories.
23. 9. Latrine and Urinal (Sec. 19):
The Factories Act makes following provisions in this respect,
1.(a) sufficient latrine and urinal accommodation of prescribed
types shall be provided and conveniently situated to make them
accessible to workers at all times while they are at the factory;
(b) separate enclosed accommodation shall be provided for male
and female workers and there should be adequately lighted and
ventilated;
(d) they shall be maintained in a clean and sanitary condition at all
times;
(e) sweepers shall be employed whose primary duty would be to
keep latrines, urinals and washing places clean.
24. (a) where females are employed there shall be least one latrine for every 25 females;
(b) where males are emp loyed, there shall be at leas t one latrine for every 25 males;
Provided that where the number of males employed exceeds 100, it shall be sufficient
if there is one latrine for every 25 males upto the first l00 and one for every 50
thereafter.
In calculating the number of latrines required under this Rule, any odd number of
workers less than 25 to 50, as the case may be, shall be reckoned a 25 or 50.
• Urinal accommodation- Urinal accommodation shall be provided for the use of
male workers and shall not be less than 2 feet in length for ever 50 males provided
that where the number of males employed exceeds 500, it shall be sufficient if
there is one urinal for every 50 males upto the first 500 employed, and one for
every l00 thereafter .
In calculating the urinal accommodation required under the Rule may odd number of
workers less than 50 or 800, as the case may be, shall be reckoned as 50 or 100.
25. (2) But in factory wherein more than two hundred and fifty
workers are ordinarily employed-
(a) all latrine and urinal accommodation shall be of prescribed
sanitary types;
(b) the floors and internal walls, up to a height of ninety centimeter
, the sanitary blocks shall be laid in glazed tiles or a smooth
polished impervious surface;
(c) latrines and urinals shall be thoroughly washed and cleaned at
least once in every seven days with suitable detergents or
disinfectants or with both.
(3) The State Government may prescribe the number of latrines
and urinals to be provided in any factory in proportion to the
number of male and female workers ordinarily employed therein.
26. 10. Spittoons (Sec. 20):
There shall be provided sufficient number of spittoons in
convenient places and they shall be maintained in a clean and
hygienic condition.
The State Government may make rules prescribing the type and the
number of spittoons to be provided and their location in any
factory.
27. B. SAFETY (SEC.21-35)
Chapter IV of the Factories Act, 1948,
deals with the provisions relating to the
safety of the workers in a factory.
28. 1. Fencing of machinery (Sec. 21):
According to Section 21 of Factories Act, 1948, in every factory,
the dangerous parts of all machineries should be securely fenced.
The section provides for fencing the following machineries while
they are in use
(i) every moving part of a prime mover and every flywheel
connected to a prime mover whether the prime mover or flywheel
is in the engine house or not;
(ii) the headrace and tailrace of every water-wheel and water
turbine;
(iii) any part of a stock-bar which projects beyond the head stock
of a lathe; and
(iv) the following should be securely fenced
(a) every part of an electric generator, a motor or rotary
convertor;
(b) every part of transmission machinery; and
(c) every dangerous part of any other machinery,
29. Sec 22:Work On Or Near Machinery In Motion
• Examination shall be carried out only by specially trained
male workers
• Should wear tight fitting clothes
• Such worker shall not handle a belt at moving pulley
• No woman or young person shall be allowed to clean,
lubricate or adjust any part of prime mover
30. 3.Employment of young persons on dangerous
machines (Sec.23):
Section 23 provides that young person shall be required or allowed
to work at any machine to which he has been fully instructed as to
the dangers arising in connection with the machine and the
precautions to be observed and-
(a) has received sufficient training in work at the machine, or
(b) is under adequate supervision by a person who has a through
knowledge and experience of the machine.
31. 4. Striking gear and devices for cutting off power
(Sec. 24):
Section 24 provides that suitable striking gear or other efficient
mechanical appliance shall be maintained and used to move
driving belts to and from fast and loose pulleys which form part of
the transmission machinery, and such gear or appliances shall be so
constructed, placed and maintained as to prevent the belt from
creeping back on to the fast pulley. Further driving belts, when not
in use, shall not be allowed to rest or ride upon shafting in motion.
Besides these, in every factory suitable devices for cutting off
power in emergencies from running machinery shall be provided
and maintained in every work-room.
32. 5. Self-acting machines (Sec. 25):
No traversing part of a self-acting
machine in any factory and no material
carried thereon shall, if the space over
which it runs is a space over which any
person is liable to pass, whether in the
course of his employment or
otherwise, be allowed to run on its
outward or inward traverse within a
distance of forty-five centimeters from
any fixed structure which is not part
of the machine
33. 6. Prohibition of employment of women and
children near cotton-
openers (Sec. 27):
In any part of a factory where a cotton-opener is at work for
pressing cotton, no woman or child shall be employed. Provided
that the Inspector may in any particular case specify in writing that
the women and children may be employed on the side of the
partition where the feed-end is situated.
34. 7. Hoists and lifts (Sec. 28):
Every hoist and lift shall be of good mechanical construction,
sound material and adequate strength, properly maintained
,protected by an enclosure fitted with gates, and shall be
thoroughly examined by a competent person .
35. 8. Lifting machines, chains, ropes and lifting
tackles (Sec. 29):
Every lifting machine and every chain, rope and lifting tackle for
the purpose of raising or lowering persons, goods or materials, all
parts, including the working gear, whether fixed or movable, of
every lifting machine and every chain, rope or lifting tackle shall
be of good construction, sound material and adequate strength and
free from defects. It should be properly maintained.
36. 9. Protection of eyes (Sec. 35):
Prescribed process should be taken which involves risk of injury to
the eyes from particles or fragments thrown off in the course of the
process, or risk to the eyes by reason of exposure to excessive
light. Effective screens or suitable goggles shall be provided for the
protection of persons employed.
10. Precautions against dangerous fumes, gases, etc (Sec. 36):
No person shall be allowed to enter any chamber, tank, vat, pit,
pipe, flue or other confined space in any factory in which any gas,
fume, vapour or dust is likely to be present.
37. C. WELFARE
There are many welfare provisions mentioned under the Act—
1. Washing facilities (Sec. 42):
In every factory adequate washing facilities should be provided
for both male and female workers. They should be
conveniently accessible and kept clean. The State Government
prescribes standards for adequate and suitable facilities for
washing.
38. 2. Facilities for storing and drying clothing
(Sec. 43):
There should be suitable places for keeping the clothing not
worn during working hours and for the drying of the wet
clothing.
39. 3. Facilities for sitting (Sec. 44):
In every factory suitable arrangements for sitting as well as
standing shall be provided and maintained for all workers for
rest which they may require in course of their work.
40. 4. First-aid appliances (Sec. 45):
There should be readily accessible during all working hours the
first-aid boxes or cupboards equipped with the prescribed contents,
and the number of such boxes or cupboards to be provided and
maintained shall not be less than one for every one hundred and
fifty workers ordinarily employed . Each first-aid box or cupboard
shall be kept in the charge of a separate responsible person
41. A. For factories in which the number of persons employed does not exceed ten or in the
(case of factories in which mechanical power is not used) does not exceed fifty persons-
Each first aid box or cup-boards shall contain the following equipments :-
(i) 6 small sterilized dressings.
(ii) 3 medium size sterilized dressings.
(iii) 3 large size sterilized dressings.
(iv) 3 large size sterilized burn dressings.
(v) 1 (1 oz.) bottle containing a two per cent, alcoholic solution of iodine.
(vi) 1 (1 oz.) bottle containing sal-volatile having the dose and mode of
administration indicated on the label.
(vii) A snake-bite lancet.
(viii) 1 (1 oz.) bottle of potassium permanganate crystals.
(ix) 1 pair scissors.
(x) 1 copy of the first aid leaflet issued by the Chief Adviser, Factories, Government
of India.
(xi) Tables aspirin (Grs. 5) One dozen.
(xii) Burn Ointment. One tube.
(xiii) Dettol. One phial (about 2 ozs.)
42. 5.Shelters, rest-rooms and lunch-rooms.-sec 47
(1) In every factory wherein more than one hundred and fifty workers are ordinarily
employed adequate and suitable shelters or rest-rooms and a suitable lunch-room, with
provision for drinking water, where workers can eat meals brought by them, shall be
provided and maintained for the use of the workers:
Provided that any canteen maintained in accordance with the provisions of section 46
shall be regarded as part of the requirements of this sub-section:
Provided further that where a lunch-room exists no worker shall eat any food in the
work-room.
(2) The shelters or rest-room or lunch-room to be provided under sub-section (1) shall be
sufficiently lighted and ventilated and shall be maintained in a cool and clean condition.
(3) The State Government may-
• (a) prescribe the standards, in respect of construction accommodation, furniture and
other equipment of shelters, rest-rooms and lunch-rooms to be provided under this
section;
• (b) by notification in the Official Gazette, exempt any factory or class or description
of factories from the requirements of this section.
43. 6. Canteens (Sec. 46):
In a factory wherein more than two hundred and fifty workers are
ordinarily employed, a canteen or canteens shall be provided.
Besides the foodstuffs to be served therein, the construction,
accommodation, furniture and other equipment of the canteen
should be of good standards. The shelters or rest rooms or lunch
rooms to be provided under sub-section (1) shall be sufficiently
lighted and ventilated and shall be maintained in a cool and clean
condition.
44. 7. Creches (Sec. 48):
Wherein more than thirty women workers are ordinarily employed
in a factory, there shall be provided and maintained a suitable room
or rooms for the use of the children under the age of six years of
such women. The rooms should be adequately lighted and
ventilated, shall be maintained in a clean and sanitary condition
and shall be under the charge of women trained in the care of
children and infants.
45. 8. Welfare officers (Sec. 49):
Wherein five hundred or more workers are ordinarily employed in
a factory the occupier shall employ such number of welfare
officers as may be prescribed by the State Government.
Note : for more informations about the prescription by state government refer
respective sate government Factories rules 1948 or 1950.
