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Computing Education for Sustainability: Madrid and
                    beyond

        Alison Young and Logan Muller                           Samuel Mann and Lesley Smith
                  Unitec New Zealand                                       Otago Polytechnic
                 Auckland New Zealand                                    Dunedin, New Zealand

                     +64 9 428 5050                                          + 64 3 479 6128
         ayoung, lmuller@unitec.ac.nz                           smann, lsmith@ tekotago.ac.nz



ABSTRACT                                                     2. BACKGROUND
This paper presents a synopsis of the report published in    As stated in the opening paragraph of the Joint Task
Inroads, December 2008, on work started by an                Force for Computing Curricula 2005:
international working group at the Innovation and              Computing has dramatically influenced progress in
Technology in Computer Science Education conference            science, engineering, business, and many other
in Madrid in July 2008 and the continuation of that work       areas of human endeavor. …. and those who work
in the ensuing year. The report presented a policy on          in computing will have a crucial role in shaping
Computing Education for Sustainability for adoption by         the future. (Joint Task Force for Computing
SIGCSE. The original paper presented “results from a           Curricula, 2005)
survey of Computing Educators who attended ITiCSE
2008 where such a policy statement was mooted” (Mann         Within this context, this working group paper linked
et al, 2008). It also sets out an action plan to integrate   computing with sustainability and offered constructive
Education for Sustainability into computing education        and specific recommendations to define the contribution
curriculum. This paper draws heavily on the content of       computing education can make to sustainable life on this
the Working Group report 2008.                               planet.
                                                             The way to achieve this is to think about how we think
1. INTRODUCTION                                              and act as sustainable practitioners. Therefore, we need
                         st
As we move into the 21 century, technology continues
                                                             to understand the concepts of social, environmental and
to facilitate the way humans shape the world. Whether        economic sustainability in order to evaluate, question
we look at our environment, our social structures, our
                                                             and discuss our role in the world to enable us to make
cultural or ecological records, the picture is alarming.     changes where and when appropriate. In other words:
Worldwide, there is an increasing recognition that
                                                             what does it mean to be a sustainable practitioner?
problems such as poverty, pollution, species annihilation,
damage to ecosystems and food shortages are human            The working group paper recommended that the decision
created.                                                     be made to integrate sustainability education into every
                                                             undergraduate computing course, rather than develop a
The working group paper of 2008 proposed a policy to         stand-alone course. This demonstrates the commitment
be adopted by the SIGCSE as a guiding principle for
                                                             to a core value and belief, that the goal of sustainability
computing education. It was grounded in research, in the
                                                             in the world, will only be achieved through everyone
best practice of other professions and most importantly,     learning to live and work sustainably.
the need for the human race to preserve the very societal,
cultural and eco systems that have enabled life on this      A timeline for implementation was suggested and while
planet.                                                      the authors institutions are endeavouring to achieve
                                                             acceptance of the ‘every graduate' status for the intake of
To date the policy has not been adopted, nor brought to
                                                             2010, we need to have formal ACM approval of the goal
the attention of the SIGCSE members. At the upcoming         and vision by September 2009 to accomplish this goal
ITiCSE conference more work on this area will be
                                                             but more importantly to raise the awareness of all
completed and enable members to see how they can             computing academics internationally.
incorporate sustainable concepts in their own courses
and teaching areas.
                                                             3. COMPUTING AND
This quality assured paper appeared at the 22 n d            SUSTAINABILITY
Annual Conference of the National Advisory                   Sustainability, as a representation of the concept of
Committee     on   Computing    Qualifications               survival and continued life on earth, is a word that has
(NACCQ 2009), Napier, New Zealand. Samuel                    fallen fate to misrepresentation, fragmented meaning and
Mann     and     Michael    Verhaart     (Eds).              even ridicule. For the purposes of this paper and ongoing
Reproduction for academic, not-for profit                    work in this area, and to avert derailing of intent, the UN
purposes permitted provided this text is                     definition of sustainability has been adopted:
included. www.naccq.ac.nz




                                                                                                                           141
Sustainable development is development that meets             “We took the opportunity at ITiCSE 2008 to benchmark
        the needs of the present without compromising the            sustainability with the participants at ITiCSE. It may be
        ability of future generations to meet their own              presumed that this self-selected group of academics can
        needs.” (World Commission on Environment and                 be considered leaders in terms of curriculum and
        Development, 1987)                                           initiatives aimed to improve student learning.” (Mann et
                                                                     al, 2008). To enable benchmarking, an existing survey
      It is important to acknowledge that different perspectives
                                                                     instrument was used that was first trialled with students
      exist and that some interpret the concepts of
                                                                     at Otago Polytechnic in early 2008. (Shephard, Smith &
      sustainability as a threat to ‘successful’ components of
                                                                     Mann 2008).
      the modern world. Many aspects of the modern world
      use economics as a metric to gauge success and often the
      economic “cost” of sustainability becomes an accepted
      barrier to adoption of sustainable practice. Even the          4.1 RESULTS OF THE ITICSE
      Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (Millennium                    SURVEY
      Assessment, 2003), an initiative to assess the connection
      between life and eco systems, dedicates much of its
      energy to making clear the links between human life,           The results of the survey were divided into eight
      money and the ecosystem.                                       sections:

      While it seems odd that in the developed world there is a           x    Demographics
      need to academically and pragmatically justify the                  x    New Environmental Paradigm
      connection between human life and the system that
                                                                          x    Ethics
      supports it, this is a product of the western economic
      paradigm. This concept is not new; in fact it was the               x    Desire
      father of our classical economic system, Adam Smith,
                                                                          x    Activities
      who first warned that a focus on financial metrics would
      cause a split in social order. (Joyce, 2001).                       x    Scenario
      From the outset, his economic blue print was designed to            x    Relevance
      be implemented with his other works on “Moral                       x    Examples
      Sentiment”. Adam Smith’s counter balance to wealth
      concentration and exploitation was a concept he referred       As far as the demographics results were recorded it is
      to as “Fellow Feeling” and the “Invisible hand”;               reported in the working group final report that “71 valid
      concepts that technology has further removed from the          responses were obtained from a total conference
      day to day reality of modern living. Hence there is social     population of 150. The demographics of the sample show
      resistance to reducing the negative impacts on our life        66% male and 30% female (4% unreported). The sample
      support system, especially if it means impinging on our        has an upper career age distribution (71% being older
      daily comforts such as cars, hot water and consumer            than 40 years). Participants represent a full range of
      goods. Connection to our daily activity, business activity     institution types, although a dominance of 65% Doctoral-
      and the ecosystem has been well shielded by the                awarding institutions.” (Mann et al, 2008).
      technological revolution. Even at a professional level the     The New Environmental Paradigm (NEP) results showed
      role of technology and computing in sustainability still       that “the ITiCSE 2008 sample is mostly on the pro-
      remains a somewhat distant focus of our professional           ecological side of these categories but large standard
      ACM body.                                                      deviations suggest a wide divergence of worldview”.
      There is much talk currently about sustainability and,         In the ethics section the respondents were asked whether
      more specifically, about the need to encourage a               they agreed or disagreed with the following statement:
      sustainable, societal conscience. There is a strong call by      The code of ethics for computing states that
      many for organisations and tertiary institutions to play a       employees are responsible to their employer,
      strong role in achieving this global sustainability vision       regardless   of  social   or   environmental
      (Blewitt & Cullingford, 2004).                                   consequences
      It is imperative that professional computing                   Just over half of the respondents correctly disagreed with
      organisations and societies play a role in the search for      this statement.
      answers to the pressing social, civic, economic and moral
                                                                     What was very pleasing for the authors to note was that
      problems as they are the ones with the expertise to
                                                                     87% of respondents have at least a medium desire to
      support the future of all facets of society. It is incumbent
                                                                     improve the environment/community. About the same
      upon them to not only lead in the technological advances
                                                                     percentage of respondents think their skills and
      of the next millennium but also lead in the sustainability
                                                                     knowledge in computing can enable improvements in the
      challenges of our planet. The first step could be the
                                                                     environment/community.
      development and adopting of a policy statement.
                                                                     Just over half the respondents stated that they
      4. SURVEY AT ITICSE 2008                                       incorporate sustainable practice activities into the
      To initially gauge the awareness, understanding and            courses they teach. This mainly involved “green” issues
      beliefs of computing educators for sustainability a survey     such as not having handouts and making notes available
      was undertaken during the ITiCSE conference in Madrid.         electronically. The respondents that did not incorporate
                                                                     sustainable activities mainly cited that the type of course




142
they teach was not suitable (eg data structures) or they      Computing and IT underpins every sector of society as a
said they did not know what to do.                            pervasive and influential discipline with global impact.
A scenario was given as part of the survey:                   As a result, computing influences the environment and
                                                              society either positively or negatively.
  In one of your graduate’s first positions/jobs they
  are asked by their supervisor to perform a task that        Ed Lazowska is chair of the Computing Community
  they consider to be unsustainable practice (i.e. has        Consortium and in his keynote address to the Portland
  a negative impact on society or the environment).           SIGCSE conference (Lazowska, 2008) he stated that he
  What would you recommend they do?                           sees that the “future ahead is full of opportunity”.
                                                              Computing is enabling a transformation of all areas of
Just over half the respondents chose the option to talk       science and nowhere, states Lazowska, is this more
over the alternatives. They were also asked to give           critical than in the area of sustainability: “There is no
reasons for their answers and these varied from “Follow       more important problem than our environment - this is
your conscience” to “Do whatever your supervisor says:        the space race for today’s generation”. He also refers to
Almost 75% of the respondents declared that                   our growing social divides and says on empowering the
sustainability to computing education is medium to very       developing world: “Three billion people in the rural
highly relevant                                               developing world need the same information we do”.
The participants were asked for examples of sustainable       The developing world’s need is not for the current
practice and many and varied responses were given.            economies and practices like the ‘developed’ world.
These responses were ordered as to the extent to which        Some have stated that by doing this we would need ten
they demonstrated a strong understanding of                   earths to sustain our consumption. Rather, we need to
sustainability. The full list of responses is in Mann et al   provide the information and means of feeding and
(2008), table 10.                                             sustaining ourselves in a manner that maintains or (even
                                                              better) enhances the eco system that supports us.
                                                              In his speech Lazowska also referred to some of the
5. POLICY STATEMENT                                           greatest engineering achievements of the 20th century
The Working group proposed the following statement for        (National Academy of Engineering, 2003). Two points in
adoption first by SIGCSE, and eventually the ACM:             this list are interesting:
Computing and IT underpins every sector of society as a       x   Whilst computing is placed as a standalone
pervasive and influential discipline with global impact.          “achievement” it is also a critical factor in every
As a result, computing influences the environment and             other achievement on that list.
society either positively or negatively. While we have
seen positive benefit from incremental changes such as        x   On that list of “greatest achievements” are some of
reductions in energy usage and recycling components,              the primary causes of our rapid environmental and
more comprehensive and transformative changes are                 social decline.
needed to meet contemporary challenges. Therefore, our
vision is that our graduates, practitioners and academics     The working group report went on to say “Computing
understand the concepts of social, environmental and          has come to a place where even the most disinterested
economic sustainability in order for them to evaluate,        acknowledge the powerful role computing plays in the
question and discuss their role in the world and to           ever accelerating race toward human extinction. The
enable them to make changes where and when                    human race is taking on a new meaning. Our sector is
appropriate. Our goal is that every graduate think and        well placed to increase awareness and ignite proactive
act as a “sustainable practitioner”. This way computing       approaches amongst our students and practitioners. By
will be a driving influence in the creation of a              doing so we entrench, by default, an awareness of
sustainable future in every sector it touches.                environmental and social issues into nearly every
                                                              component of new technology and development. Our
Moreover, computing educators must take a lead in             willingness to be at the forefront of technology and
sustainability so that computing practitioners can be         development comes not only with the kudos of being a
encouraged and supported to promote sustainable               “enabling science” but also carrying a responsibility of
practice in every sector where computing plays a role.        its social and environmental impacts.” (Mann et al, 2008)
This can primarily be achieved by the fostering of
sustainability as a core value of computing education.        While we have seen positive benefit from incremental
                                                              changes such as reductions in energy usage and
Creating a philosophy of Computer Education for               recycling components, more comprehensive and
Sustainability will be enhanced if undertaken within a        transformative changes are needed to meet
context of institutional operational practice. We will then   contemporary challenges.
be seen to be modeling good practice.
                                                              It is part of our academic responsibility that we would
5.1 POLICY STATEMENT                                          like our students and our colleagues to be able to think
                                                              creatively and critically and be able to make
UNPACKED                                                      transformative changes. Jensen and Schnack argue “our
To be able to fully appreciate the policy statement it        point of departure is that relevant answers to
benefits from unpacking. As this is now the essence of        environmental problems are not only a matter of
the future direction that is proposed the next section is     quantitative changes (less consumption of resources, less
borrowed from the working group report.                       transport by car, less electricity consumption, etc.), but
                                                              also (and maybe more so) of qualitative changes.




                                                                                                                           143
Therefore, the aim of environmental education is to             education. “May think and act” was very carefully
      make students capable of envisioning alternative ways of        worded. Much as we might have liked to use the word
      development and to be able to participate in acting             “will”, an institution such as the ACM is not in a position
      according to these objectives”. (Jensen & Schnack,              to prescribe behaviours following graduation or those of
      1997).                                                          practitioners. This is akin to the “can address” described
                                                                      by Tilbury et al. 2006, but goes further than Machen’s
      Sustainability has roots in ethics and is implied in several
                                                                      “sensitivity” (Carlson, 2006) “Think and act” highlights
      clauses of the ACM Code of Ethics:
                                                                      the balance between cognitive and action capability
                                                                      (Jensen & Neilson, 2003).
      1.1 Contribute to society and human well-being.
                                                                      This way computing will be a driving influence in the
      1.2 Avoid harm to others.                                       creation of a sustainable future in every sector it
      3.1 Articulate social responsibilities of members of an         touches.
          organizational unit and encourage full acceptance           Moreover,      computing      educators     and    iconic
          of those responsibilities.                                  organisations such as ACM must take a lead in
      However our definition of development needs now to              sustainability so that computing practitioners can be
      move past technological and economic acceleration to            encouraged and supported to promote sustainable
      alternative metrics of success and actions that actually        practice in every sector where computing plays a role.
      help sustain life on earth and not jeopardise it. The           This can primarily be achieved by the fostering of
      enormity of such challenges to the status quo is                sustainability as a core value of computing education.
      overwhelming and the results of inaction are the                This important statement sets our position that
      continued acceleration of environmental and social              sustainability will be a part of careers and that the
      decline. However, coming back to our responsibilities           organisation or associated teaching institution does have
      and commitment to the ACM code of ethics, the                   a role in promoting such values. We recognise that some
      enormity, difficulty and discomfort in challenging a            theorists have a different view on this (eg Fish, 2006
      problem does not give us immunity to our                        suggests academics should “save the world in your own
      responsibilities. If we shy away as an international body       time”). This can primarily be achieved by fostering
      representing an earth changing science, then who is left        education for sustainability in all our qualifications and
      to make change?                                                 by re-visioning and changing our approach to teaching
      Therefore, our vision is that our graduates, practitioners      and learning to model a transformative context for all
      and academics understand the concepts of social,                learners.
      environmental and economic sustainability in order for          Following Jensen & Snhack, 1997 “Education for
      them to evaluate, question and discuss their role in the        democracy, or political liberal education, is, in itself, a
      world and to enable them to make changes where and              fundamental educational task. We do not believe in
      when appropriate.                                               educational efforts in relation to the environment, health
      The focus of technological advancement or community             and peace which are divorced from this fundamental
      development should not be on the technology, but on             perspective … democracy is participation. In a
      how we define development. The term development has             democracy, the members are not spectators, but
      become so focused on process it has lost its sense of           participants; not equally active participants in everything
      direction and more importantly, needs to refocus its            all the time, naturally, but always potential participants
      purpose and priorities.                                         who decide for themselves in what and when they will be
                                                                      involved”. In other words, it is not possible to provide
      We must accept that our science, computing science, has         opportunities for transformation without a fundamental
      been a significant accelerant behind the earth and              examination of both what we teach and how we teach.
      humanity’s development and it is time to address, where
      we can, the reasons why we have not taken an active role        As a consequence sustainable practice becomes a context
      in ensuring our science is grounded in the philosophy of        and a process for learning and is recognised as a core
      sustainability.                                                 capability within each discipline. The core capability
                                                                      places sustainability at the same level as other generic
      Our sector is well placed to enhance awareness of               competencies: literacy, numeracy etc. (or, as we are fond
      sustainability and ignite proactive approaches in our           of describing: “reading, writing and sustainability”).
      students and practitioners. By doing so, we by default,
      entrench an awareness of environmental and social               Creating a philosophy of Computer Education for
      issues into nearly every component of new technology            Sustainability will be enhanced if undertaken within a
      and development.                                                context of institutional operational practice. We will then
                                                                      be seen to be modeling good practice.
      Our goal is that every graduate may think and act as a
      “sustainable practitioner”.                                     For reasons of hidden curriculum and because it is the
                                                                      right thing to do, the institution needs to be an exemplar
      This is the critical sentence in the policy. It sets the goal   of sustainable practice (i.e. both our respective
      and vision for the ACM. It states our “every graduate”          educational institutions and ACM/SIGCSE as an
      approach. This means that everyone who is associated            institution). (World Commission on Environment and
      with the ACM SIGCSE should have the characteristics             Development, 1987)
      and support for building the "sustainable practitioner"
      vision. A starting point of this is a focus on students in
      every computer related discipline and every level of




144
6. CONCLUSION                                              National Academy of Engineering, (2008). “Greatest
The 2008 Working Group report recommended that “the             Engineering Achievements of the 20th century”.
decision be made to integrate sustainability education          Retrieved            12/08/2008          from
into every programme, rather than develop a stand-alone         http://www.greatachievements.org/
course. This demonstrates the commitment to a core         Shephard K, Smith N and Mann S (2008) Answering the
value and belief, that the goal of sustainability in the       Call: Otago Polytechnic's role in creating
world, will only be achieved through everyone learning         sustainable practitioners 31st Annual HERDSA
to live and work sustainably.”                                 Conference Rotorua, New Zealand.
This is still true one year on, and a major undertaking    Tilbury, D., Janousek, S., Elias, D., & Bacha, J. (2006).
and step forward for all the stakeholders in computing          Asia Pacific Guidelines for the Development of
education.                                                      Education for Sustainable Development Indicators.
                                                                Bangkok: UNESCO. Asia and Pacific Regional
The Working Group is meeting again at the ITiCSE                Bureau for Education.
conference 2009 in Paris and will endeavour to produce
resources to support computing academics to incorporate    World Commission on Environment and Development
the core values of sustainability into their course,           (1987) Our Common Future: Report of the World
whatever they maybe and even hopefully Data                    Commission on Environment and Development.
Structures.                                                    Retrieved   12/06/08     from http://www.un-
                                                               documents.net/ocf-02.htm
To enable the original target of achieving acceptance or
                                                           Mann, S., Muller, L. & Smith, L. (2008). Computing
“every graduate” status for the intake of 2010 we still
                                                               Education for Sustainability, Inroads, 40(4), 183-
need to have formal ACM approval by September 2009.
                                                               193




7. REFERENCES
Blewitt, J and Cullingford, C (2004) (Eds.), The
    Sustainability Curriculum: The Challenge for
    Higher Education. Earthscan, London.
Carlson, S. (2006) The Sustainable University: In Search
     of the Sustainable Campus. The Chronicle of
     Higher Education 20/10/2006. Retrieved from
     http://chronicle.com/free/v53/i09/09a01001.htm
Fish, S., (2006) “Tip to Professors: Just Do Your Job”
     Retrieved              12/08/2008            from
     http://fish.blogs.nytimes.com.
Jensen, B.B. & Nielsen, K. (2003) "Action-oriented
     environmental education: Clarifying the concept of
     action" Journal of Environmental Education
     Research 1:173-193
Jensen, B. B. and Schnack, K. (1997). "The action
     competence approach in environmental education."
     Environmental Education Research 3(2): 163-179.
Joyce, H. (2001) “Adam Smith and the Invisible Hand”
     retrieved      25th       June      2009      from
     http://plus.maths.org/issue14/features/smith/
Joint Task Force for Computing Curricula 2005
     http://www.acm.org/education/curric_vols/CC2005
     -March06Final.pdf
Lazowska, E., (2008) Computer Science: Past, Present
    and Future. Keynote address to SIGCSE Technical
    Symposium on CSE, March, 2008. Portland,
    Oregon.       Retrieved      12/08/2008    from
    http://lazowska.cs.washington.edu/
    SIGCSE/Lazowska_SIGCSE_files/frame.htm
Millennium Assessment (2003), “Ecosystems and
     Human Well-being: A Framework for Assessment”
     Accessed                online             at
     http://www.millenniumassessment.org/en/
     Framework.aspx




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Sustainability working group updates

  • 1. Full paper Computing Education for Sustainability: Madrid and beyond Alison Young and Logan Muller Samuel Mann and Lesley Smith Unitec New Zealand Otago Polytechnic Auckland New Zealand Dunedin, New Zealand +64 9 428 5050 + 64 3 479 6128 ayoung, lmuller@unitec.ac.nz smann, lsmith@ tekotago.ac.nz ABSTRACT 2. BACKGROUND This paper presents a synopsis of the report published in As stated in the opening paragraph of the Joint Task Inroads, December 2008, on work started by an Force for Computing Curricula 2005: international working group at the Innovation and Computing has dramatically influenced progress in Technology in Computer Science Education conference science, engineering, business, and many other in Madrid in July 2008 and the continuation of that work areas of human endeavor. …. and those who work in the ensuing year. The report presented a policy on in computing will have a crucial role in shaping Computing Education for Sustainability for adoption by the future. (Joint Task Force for Computing SIGCSE. The original paper presented “results from a Curricula, 2005) survey of Computing Educators who attended ITiCSE 2008 where such a policy statement was mooted” (Mann Within this context, this working group paper linked et al, 2008). It also sets out an action plan to integrate computing with sustainability and offered constructive Education for Sustainability into computing education and specific recommendations to define the contribution curriculum. This paper draws heavily on the content of computing education can make to sustainable life on this the Working Group report 2008. planet. The way to achieve this is to think about how we think 1. INTRODUCTION and act as sustainable practitioners. Therefore, we need st As we move into the 21 century, technology continues to understand the concepts of social, environmental and to facilitate the way humans shape the world. Whether economic sustainability in order to evaluate, question we look at our environment, our social structures, our and discuss our role in the world to enable us to make cultural or ecological records, the picture is alarming. changes where and when appropriate. In other words: Worldwide, there is an increasing recognition that what does it mean to be a sustainable practitioner? problems such as poverty, pollution, species annihilation, damage to ecosystems and food shortages are human The working group paper recommended that the decision created. be made to integrate sustainability education into every undergraduate computing course, rather than develop a The working group paper of 2008 proposed a policy to stand-alone course. This demonstrates the commitment be adopted by the SIGCSE as a guiding principle for to a core value and belief, that the goal of sustainability computing education. It was grounded in research, in the in the world, will only be achieved through everyone best practice of other professions and most importantly, learning to live and work sustainably. the need for the human race to preserve the very societal, cultural and eco systems that have enabled life on this A timeline for implementation was suggested and while planet. the authors institutions are endeavouring to achieve acceptance of the ‘every graduate' status for the intake of To date the policy has not been adopted, nor brought to 2010, we need to have formal ACM approval of the goal the attention of the SIGCSE members. At the upcoming and vision by September 2009 to accomplish this goal ITiCSE conference more work on this area will be but more importantly to raise the awareness of all completed and enable members to see how they can computing academics internationally. incorporate sustainable concepts in their own courses and teaching areas. 3. COMPUTING AND This quality assured paper appeared at the 22 n d SUSTAINABILITY Annual Conference of the National Advisory Sustainability, as a representation of the concept of Committee on Computing Qualifications survival and continued life on earth, is a word that has (NACCQ 2009), Napier, New Zealand. Samuel fallen fate to misrepresentation, fragmented meaning and Mann and Michael Verhaart (Eds). even ridicule. For the purposes of this paper and ongoing Reproduction for academic, not-for profit work in this area, and to avert derailing of intent, the UN purposes permitted provided this text is definition of sustainability has been adopted: included. www.naccq.ac.nz 141
  • 2. Sustainable development is development that meets “We took the opportunity at ITiCSE 2008 to benchmark the needs of the present without compromising the sustainability with the participants at ITiCSE. It may be ability of future generations to meet their own presumed that this self-selected group of academics can needs.” (World Commission on Environment and be considered leaders in terms of curriculum and Development, 1987) initiatives aimed to improve student learning.” (Mann et al, 2008). To enable benchmarking, an existing survey It is important to acknowledge that different perspectives instrument was used that was first trialled with students exist and that some interpret the concepts of at Otago Polytechnic in early 2008. (Shephard, Smith & sustainability as a threat to ‘successful’ components of Mann 2008). the modern world. Many aspects of the modern world use economics as a metric to gauge success and often the economic “cost” of sustainability becomes an accepted barrier to adoption of sustainable practice. Even the 4.1 RESULTS OF THE ITICSE Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (Millennium SURVEY Assessment, 2003), an initiative to assess the connection between life and eco systems, dedicates much of its energy to making clear the links between human life, The results of the survey were divided into eight money and the ecosystem. sections: While it seems odd that in the developed world there is a x Demographics need to academically and pragmatically justify the x New Environmental Paradigm connection between human life and the system that x Ethics supports it, this is a product of the western economic paradigm. This concept is not new; in fact it was the x Desire father of our classical economic system, Adam Smith, x Activities who first warned that a focus on financial metrics would cause a split in social order. (Joyce, 2001). x Scenario From the outset, his economic blue print was designed to x Relevance be implemented with his other works on “Moral x Examples Sentiment”. Adam Smith’s counter balance to wealth concentration and exploitation was a concept he referred As far as the demographics results were recorded it is to as “Fellow Feeling” and the “Invisible hand”; reported in the working group final report that “71 valid concepts that technology has further removed from the responses were obtained from a total conference day to day reality of modern living. Hence there is social population of 150. The demographics of the sample show resistance to reducing the negative impacts on our life 66% male and 30% female (4% unreported). The sample support system, especially if it means impinging on our has an upper career age distribution (71% being older daily comforts such as cars, hot water and consumer than 40 years). Participants represent a full range of goods. Connection to our daily activity, business activity institution types, although a dominance of 65% Doctoral- and the ecosystem has been well shielded by the awarding institutions.” (Mann et al, 2008). technological revolution. Even at a professional level the The New Environmental Paradigm (NEP) results showed role of technology and computing in sustainability still that “the ITiCSE 2008 sample is mostly on the pro- remains a somewhat distant focus of our professional ecological side of these categories but large standard ACM body. deviations suggest a wide divergence of worldview”. There is much talk currently about sustainability and, In the ethics section the respondents were asked whether more specifically, about the need to encourage a they agreed or disagreed with the following statement: sustainable, societal conscience. There is a strong call by The code of ethics for computing states that many for organisations and tertiary institutions to play a employees are responsible to their employer, strong role in achieving this global sustainability vision regardless of social or environmental (Blewitt & Cullingford, 2004). consequences It is imperative that professional computing Just over half of the respondents correctly disagreed with organisations and societies play a role in the search for this statement. answers to the pressing social, civic, economic and moral What was very pleasing for the authors to note was that problems as they are the ones with the expertise to 87% of respondents have at least a medium desire to support the future of all facets of society. It is incumbent improve the environment/community. About the same upon them to not only lead in the technological advances percentage of respondents think their skills and of the next millennium but also lead in the sustainability knowledge in computing can enable improvements in the challenges of our planet. The first step could be the environment/community. development and adopting of a policy statement. Just over half the respondents stated that they 4. SURVEY AT ITICSE 2008 incorporate sustainable practice activities into the To initially gauge the awareness, understanding and courses they teach. This mainly involved “green” issues beliefs of computing educators for sustainability a survey such as not having handouts and making notes available was undertaken during the ITiCSE conference in Madrid. electronically. The respondents that did not incorporate sustainable activities mainly cited that the type of course 142
  • 3. they teach was not suitable (eg data structures) or they Computing and IT underpins every sector of society as a said they did not know what to do. pervasive and influential discipline with global impact. A scenario was given as part of the survey: As a result, computing influences the environment and society either positively or negatively. In one of your graduate’s first positions/jobs they are asked by their supervisor to perform a task that Ed Lazowska is chair of the Computing Community they consider to be unsustainable practice (i.e. has Consortium and in his keynote address to the Portland a negative impact on society or the environment). SIGCSE conference (Lazowska, 2008) he stated that he What would you recommend they do? sees that the “future ahead is full of opportunity”. Computing is enabling a transformation of all areas of Just over half the respondents chose the option to talk science and nowhere, states Lazowska, is this more over the alternatives. They were also asked to give critical than in the area of sustainability: “There is no reasons for their answers and these varied from “Follow more important problem than our environment - this is your conscience” to “Do whatever your supervisor says: the space race for today’s generation”. He also refers to Almost 75% of the respondents declared that our growing social divides and says on empowering the sustainability to computing education is medium to very developing world: “Three billion people in the rural highly relevant developing world need the same information we do”. The participants were asked for examples of sustainable The developing world’s need is not for the current practice and many and varied responses were given. economies and practices like the ‘developed’ world. These responses were ordered as to the extent to which Some have stated that by doing this we would need ten they demonstrated a strong understanding of earths to sustain our consumption. Rather, we need to sustainability. The full list of responses is in Mann et al provide the information and means of feeding and (2008), table 10. sustaining ourselves in a manner that maintains or (even better) enhances the eco system that supports us. In his speech Lazowska also referred to some of the 5. POLICY STATEMENT greatest engineering achievements of the 20th century The Working group proposed the following statement for (National Academy of Engineering, 2003). Two points in adoption first by SIGCSE, and eventually the ACM: this list are interesting: Computing and IT underpins every sector of society as a x Whilst computing is placed as a standalone pervasive and influential discipline with global impact. “achievement” it is also a critical factor in every As a result, computing influences the environment and other achievement on that list. society either positively or negatively. While we have seen positive benefit from incremental changes such as x On that list of “greatest achievements” are some of reductions in energy usage and recycling components, the primary causes of our rapid environmental and more comprehensive and transformative changes are social decline. needed to meet contemporary challenges. Therefore, our vision is that our graduates, practitioners and academics The working group report went on to say “Computing understand the concepts of social, environmental and has come to a place where even the most disinterested economic sustainability in order for them to evaluate, acknowledge the powerful role computing plays in the question and discuss their role in the world and to ever accelerating race toward human extinction. The enable them to make changes where and when human race is taking on a new meaning. Our sector is appropriate. Our goal is that every graduate think and well placed to increase awareness and ignite proactive act as a “sustainable practitioner”. This way computing approaches amongst our students and practitioners. By will be a driving influence in the creation of a doing so we entrench, by default, an awareness of sustainable future in every sector it touches. environmental and social issues into nearly every component of new technology and development. Our Moreover, computing educators must take a lead in willingness to be at the forefront of technology and sustainability so that computing practitioners can be development comes not only with the kudos of being a encouraged and supported to promote sustainable “enabling science” but also carrying a responsibility of practice in every sector where computing plays a role. its social and environmental impacts.” (Mann et al, 2008) This can primarily be achieved by the fostering of sustainability as a core value of computing education. While we have seen positive benefit from incremental changes such as reductions in energy usage and Creating a philosophy of Computer Education for recycling components, more comprehensive and Sustainability will be enhanced if undertaken within a transformative changes are needed to meet context of institutional operational practice. We will then contemporary challenges. be seen to be modeling good practice. It is part of our academic responsibility that we would 5.1 POLICY STATEMENT like our students and our colleagues to be able to think creatively and critically and be able to make UNPACKED transformative changes. Jensen and Schnack argue “our To be able to fully appreciate the policy statement it point of departure is that relevant answers to benefits from unpacking. As this is now the essence of environmental problems are not only a matter of the future direction that is proposed the next section is quantitative changes (less consumption of resources, less borrowed from the working group report. transport by car, less electricity consumption, etc.), but also (and maybe more so) of qualitative changes. 143
  • 4. Therefore, the aim of environmental education is to education. “May think and act” was very carefully make students capable of envisioning alternative ways of worded. Much as we might have liked to use the word development and to be able to participate in acting “will”, an institution such as the ACM is not in a position according to these objectives”. (Jensen & Schnack, to prescribe behaviours following graduation or those of 1997). practitioners. This is akin to the “can address” described by Tilbury et al. 2006, but goes further than Machen’s Sustainability has roots in ethics and is implied in several “sensitivity” (Carlson, 2006) “Think and act” highlights clauses of the ACM Code of Ethics: the balance between cognitive and action capability (Jensen & Neilson, 2003). 1.1 Contribute to society and human well-being. This way computing will be a driving influence in the 1.2 Avoid harm to others. creation of a sustainable future in every sector it 3.1 Articulate social responsibilities of members of an touches. organizational unit and encourage full acceptance Moreover, computing educators and iconic of those responsibilities. organisations such as ACM must take a lead in However our definition of development needs now to sustainability so that computing practitioners can be move past technological and economic acceleration to encouraged and supported to promote sustainable alternative metrics of success and actions that actually practice in every sector where computing plays a role. help sustain life on earth and not jeopardise it. The This can primarily be achieved by the fostering of enormity of such challenges to the status quo is sustainability as a core value of computing education. overwhelming and the results of inaction are the This important statement sets our position that continued acceleration of environmental and social sustainability will be a part of careers and that the decline. However, coming back to our responsibilities organisation or associated teaching institution does have and commitment to the ACM code of ethics, the a role in promoting such values. We recognise that some enormity, difficulty and discomfort in challenging a theorists have a different view on this (eg Fish, 2006 problem does not give us immunity to our suggests academics should “save the world in your own responsibilities. If we shy away as an international body time”). This can primarily be achieved by fostering representing an earth changing science, then who is left education for sustainability in all our qualifications and to make change? by re-visioning and changing our approach to teaching Therefore, our vision is that our graduates, practitioners and learning to model a transformative context for all and academics understand the concepts of social, learners. environmental and economic sustainability in order for Following Jensen & Snhack, 1997 “Education for them to evaluate, question and discuss their role in the democracy, or political liberal education, is, in itself, a world and to enable them to make changes where and fundamental educational task. We do not believe in when appropriate. educational efforts in relation to the environment, health The focus of technological advancement or community and peace which are divorced from this fundamental development should not be on the technology, but on perspective … democracy is participation. In a how we define development. The term development has democracy, the members are not spectators, but become so focused on process it has lost its sense of participants; not equally active participants in everything direction and more importantly, needs to refocus its all the time, naturally, but always potential participants purpose and priorities. who decide for themselves in what and when they will be involved”. In other words, it is not possible to provide We must accept that our science, computing science, has opportunities for transformation without a fundamental been a significant accelerant behind the earth and examination of both what we teach and how we teach. humanity’s development and it is time to address, where we can, the reasons why we have not taken an active role As a consequence sustainable practice becomes a context in ensuring our science is grounded in the philosophy of and a process for learning and is recognised as a core sustainability. capability within each discipline. The core capability places sustainability at the same level as other generic Our sector is well placed to enhance awareness of competencies: literacy, numeracy etc. (or, as we are fond sustainability and ignite proactive approaches in our of describing: “reading, writing and sustainability”). students and practitioners. By doing so, we by default, entrench an awareness of environmental and social Creating a philosophy of Computer Education for issues into nearly every component of new technology Sustainability will be enhanced if undertaken within a and development. context of institutional operational practice. We will then be seen to be modeling good practice. Our goal is that every graduate may think and act as a “sustainable practitioner”. For reasons of hidden curriculum and because it is the right thing to do, the institution needs to be an exemplar This is the critical sentence in the policy. It sets the goal of sustainable practice (i.e. both our respective and vision for the ACM. It states our “every graduate” educational institutions and ACM/SIGCSE as an approach. This means that everyone who is associated institution). (World Commission on Environment and with the ACM SIGCSE should have the characteristics Development, 1987) and support for building the "sustainable practitioner" vision. A starting point of this is a focus on students in every computer related discipline and every level of 144
  • 5. 6. CONCLUSION National Academy of Engineering, (2008). “Greatest The 2008 Working Group report recommended that “the Engineering Achievements of the 20th century”. decision be made to integrate sustainability education Retrieved 12/08/2008 from into every programme, rather than develop a stand-alone http://www.greatachievements.org/ course. This demonstrates the commitment to a core Shephard K, Smith N and Mann S (2008) Answering the value and belief, that the goal of sustainability in the Call: Otago Polytechnic's role in creating world, will only be achieved through everyone learning sustainable practitioners 31st Annual HERDSA to live and work sustainably.” Conference Rotorua, New Zealand. This is still true one year on, and a major undertaking Tilbury, D., Janousek, S., Elias, D., & Bacha, J. (2006). and step forward for all the stakeholders in computing Asia Pacific Guidelines for the Development of education. Education for Sustainable Development Indicators. Bangkok: UNESCO. Asia and Pacific Regional The Working Group is meeting again at the ITiCSE Bureau for Education. conference 2009 in Paris and will endeavour to produce resources to support computing academics to incorporate World Commission on Environment and Development the core values of sustainability into their course, (1987) Our Common Future: Report of the World whatever they maybe and even hopefully Data Commission on Environment and Development. Structures. Retrieved 12/06/08 from http://www.un- documents.net/ocf-02.htm To enable the original target of achieving acceptance or Mann, S., Muller, L. & Smith, L. (2008). Computing “every graduate” status for the intake of 2010 we still Education for Sustainability, Inroads, 40(4), 183- need to have formal ACM approval by September 2009. 193 7. REFERENCES Blewitt, J and Cullingford, C (2004) (Eds.), The Sustainability Curriculum: The Challenge for Higher Education. Earthscan, London. Carlson, S. (2006) The Sustainable University: In Search of the Sustainable Campus. The Chronicle of Higher Education 20/10/2006. Retrieved from http://chronicle.com/free/v53/i09/09a01001.htm Fish, S., (2006) “Tip to Professors: Just Do Your Job” Retrieved 12/08/2008 from http://fish.blogs.nytimes.com. Jensen, B.B. & Nielsen, K. (2003) "Action-oriented environmental education: Clarifying the concept of action" Journal of Environmental Education Research 1:173-193 Jensen, B. B. and Schnack, K. (1997). "The action competence approach in environmental education." Environmental Education Research 3(2): 163-179. Joyce, H. (2001) “Adam Smith and the Invisible Hand” retrieved 25th June 2009 from http://plus.maths.org/issue14/features/smith/ Joint Task Force for Computing Curricula 2005 http://www.acm.org/education/curric_vols/CC2005 -March06Final.pdf Lazowska, E., (2008) Computer Science: Past, Present and Future. Keynote address to SIGCSE Technical Symposium on CSE, March, 2008. Portland, Oregon. Retrieved 12/08/2008 from http://lazowska.cs.washington.edu/ SIGCSE/Lazowska_SIGCSE_files/frame.htm Millennium Assessment (2003), “Ecosystems and Human Well-being: A Framework for Assessment” Accessed online at http://www.millenniumassessment.org/en/ Framework.aspx 145