Report on Lab on a chip

1. 5/7/2015
HALDIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Lab on a Chip technology
Submitted by:-
SANJIBPASHI
APPLIED ELECTRONICS AND
INSTRUMENTATION ENGG.

3. Acknowledgement
I am sincerely thankful to Mr.Monodipan Shaoo&
Mr.Soumya Roy- Faculty of AEIE Dept. for this report. I
thank them for their total support & UNENDING help to
me during the entire report. I am also thankful to our
friends who have helped me very much during the report
for any kind of information, data, format, etc. Last but not
the least; i am thankful to our college & its library for
providing me the needful and supporting material for my
report.

4. CONTENTS:
Introduction
 What is LOC?
 Chip materials & fabricationtechnology
 Electronic circuitry on lab-on-chips
 Role of Nanotechnology
 Advantages
 Disadvantages
 Application
 Conclusion

5. INTRODUCTION
• Lab-on-a-chip refers to technologies which allow operations which
normally require a laboratory synthesis and analysis of chemicals
on a very miniaturized scale, within a portable or handheld
device.
• A typical lab-on-chip device contains micro channels, which allow
liquid samples to flow inside the chip, but also integrates
measuring, sensing and actuating components.

6. What is LOC?
 A lab-on-a-chip (LOC) is a device that integrates one
or several laboratory functions on a single chip of only
millimeters to a few square centimeters in size. LOCs
deal with the handling of extremely small fluid
volumes down to less than pico liters. Lab-on-a-chip
devices are a subset of MEMS devices and often
indicated by "Micro Total Analysis Systems" (µTAS)
as well. LOC is closely related to, and overlaps
with, microfluidics which describes primarily the
physics, the manipulation and study of minute
amounts of fluids. However, strictly regarded "Lab-on-
a-Chip" indicates generally the scaling of single or
multiple lab processes down to chip-format, whereas
"µTAS" is dedicated to the integration of the total
sequence of lab processes to perform chemical
analysis. The term "Lab-on-a-Chip" was introduced
later on when it turned out that µTAS technologies
were more widely applicable than only for analysis
purposes.

7. Chip materials & fabrication technology:
 The basis for most LOC fabrication processes
is photolithography.Initially most processes were in
silicon, as these well-developed technologies were
directly derived fromsemiconductor fabrication.
Because of demands for e.g. specific optical
characteristics, bio- or chemical compatibility, lower
production costs and faster prototyping, new
processes have been developed such as glass,
ceramics and metal etching, deposition and
bonding, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) processing
(e.g., soft lithography), thick-film-
and stereolithography as well as fast replication
methods via electroplating, injection
molding and embossing. Furthermore the LOC field
more and more exceeds the borders between
lithography-based microsystem technology,
nanotechnology and precision engineering.

8. FABRICATION PROCESS:
Lab-on-chip fabrication techniques are
analogous to those of microelectronics, since
closely related micro fabrication and integration
methodologies are shared by both.
 There are 3 way of fabrication process:-
Deposition method
Etching process
Bonding

9. DEPOSITION METHOD:
Here we can use any vapour deposition process that
produces thin metal, ceramic, or compound films,
through thermal oxidation in a gas chamber at an
elevated temperature.
(a)Metallization of the substrate by sputtering a
metal film of Au, Pt, or ITO.
(b) Spin coating of photosensitive resist film onto the
metal film.

10. Etching process:
In lab-on-chip fabrication technology,
patterning is the transfer of outlines of features
(which define micro channels, microelectrodes,
or other components) on the top of a substrate
by means of ultraviolet illumination via a photo
mask.
(c) exposure of the photosensitive film via a
photo mask that results in the transfer of the
desired electrode patterns onto the
photosensitive film.
(d) after photo-development, chemical etching
removes the bare metalized areas, which
results in the formation of the electrodes.

11.  Bonding:
 After patterning all features on
substrates (micro channels, elements,
inlets, etc), the base plate and the cover
plate must be bonded in order to seal the
chip. It is possible to bond silicon, glass, or
rigid polymer plates, by bonding
Bond the PDMS channel to a glass substrate

12.  Electronic circuitry on lab-on-chips:
The sensor is followed by an analogue front-end, which
conditions the measuring signal, analogue-to digital
converters (ADC), and a digital signal processor that
analyses the signal.

13. The signals can be electrical, optical, etc.
The analyzed data further sent via a bus to
external computer for post-processing, or even
visualized on integrated displays or external
screen.

14.  Role of Nanotechnology:
 Nanosensors are also a key element of
many lab-on-a-chip systems. Sensors have
been developed using nano materials like
carbon nano tubes, capable of detecting
very low concentrations, even down to
single molecules in some cases. These are
extremely useful in allowing a high degree
of analytical flexibility in a lab-on-a-chip
system without increasing the overall size
of the device.

15.  Advantages:
 LOCs may provide advantages,which are specific to
their application.Typicaladvantages are:
 low fluid volumes consumption (less waste, lower reagents
costs and less required sample volumes for diagnostics)
 faster analysisand response times due to short diffusion
distances, fast heating, high surface to volume ratios, small
heat capacities.
 better process control because of a faster response of the
system (e.g. thermal control for exothermic chemical
reactions)
 compactness of the systems due to integrationof much
functionalityand small volumes
 massive parallelizationdue to compactness, which allows
high-throughputanalysis
 lower fabricationcosts, allowing cost-effective disposable
chips, fabricated in mass production
 part qualitymay be verified automaticallysafer platform for
chemical, radioactiveor biological studiesbecause of
integration of functionality,smaller fluid volumes and stored
energies

16.  Disadvantages:
 Some of the disadvantages of LOCs are:
 novel technology and therefore not yet fully developed
 physical and chemical effects—like capillary forces,
surface roughness, chemical interactions of construction
materials on reaction processes—become more
dominant on small-scale. This can sometimes make
processes in LOCs more complex than in conventional
lab equipment
 detection principles may not always scale down in a
positive way, leading to low signal-to-noise ratios
 although the absolute geometric accuracies and
precision in microfabrication are high, they are often
rather poor in a relative way, compared to precision
engineering for instance.

17.  APPLICATION:
 Personalised medicine
 Point-of-care diagnostics
 Marine sensors
 Monitor pollution
 Monitor pandemics / diseases
 Link to medical and patient databases
 Usage as terminal testers
 Military medicine

18.  CONCLUSION
• Future advancements in lab-on-a-chip
technology will always depend on at least
two major scientific disciplines -
microfluidics, and molecular biology.
Nanotechnology will play a key role in tying
these two fields together as the technology
progresses.
• Despite the hurdles always associated with
commercialization of a new technology,
viable examples of these devices are
beginning to appear on the market. It
seems that lab-on-a-chip technology will
become increasingly important in the
coming years, both in the medical world
and in the chemical industry.

19. References
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