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Integrated parasite management in sheep                                                                                                                                                                2/25/12




                                                                                                                                                                 Though it varies by farm, 
                                                                                                                                                                 worms have developed 
                                                                                                                                                                 resistance to ALL of the 
                                                                                                                                                                 anthelmintics.

                                      SUSAN SCHOENIAN    (Shāy‐nē‐ŭn)                                                                                            It s not sustainable (or 
                                                                                                                                                                 It’s not sustainable (or 
                                      Sheep & Goat Specialist                                                                                                    sometimes even possible) 
                                      Western Maryland Research & Education Center                                                                               to control internal parasites 
                                      sschoen@umd.edu  ‐ www.sheepandgoat.com                                                                                    with drugs alone.
                                                                                                                                                                 There is a growing interest 
                                                                                                                                                                 among producers and 
                                                                                                                                                                 consumers alike for more 
                                                                                                                                                                 natural methods of pest 
                                                                                                                                                                 control.




                                                                                 Alt.
                                                                               forages
                                                                Deworm                    Browsing
                                                                                                                     Pasture
                                                                                                                      Plants                                                                 Animal
                                                                                                                       Soil                                                                Immunity
                                                                                                      Clean 
                                                  “Natural” 
                                                anthelmintics                                        pastures
                                                                                                                                                                                            Behavior

          Integrated 
            means                                                                                                                                 Possible 
        combining and 
         coordinating 
                                             Refugia
                                                                            IPM                          Nutrition
                                                                                                                                                   clinical 
                                                                                                                                                  disease

            diverse                                                                                                            Parasite
           elements                               Zero 
                                                 grazing
                                                                                                     Manage
                                                                                                      ‐ment
                                                                                                                                Biology
                                                                                                                                                                                           Weather
                                                                                                                               Life cycle
         into a whole.                                                                                                                                                                   Temperature
                                                                                                                                                                                           Moisture
                                                                  Host 
                                                                                          Genetics
            Internet definition                                 immunity
                                                                               Grazing 
                                                                                Mgt.




         Integrated pest management 
         (IPM) is a method of controlling                                                                                 A living organism 
         parasites in a population of                                       CHEMICAL                                      (generally 
         animals by using a combination                                      Deworm
         of chemical and non‐chemical                                                                                     undesirable) that 
         methods.                                                           INTEGRATED                                    exists by stealing 
                    [Pfizer Animal Health]                                 NON‐CHEMICAL
                                                                                                                          the resources  
                                                                alternative forages; 
                                                             browsing; clean pastures;                                    produced or 
                                                           coccidiostats; delayed grazing; 
                                                      FAMACHA©; Five Point Check©; genetic                                collected by 
                                                   selection; host resistance; low stocking rates; 
                                                   management; multispecies grazing; “natural” 
                                                                                                                          another living 
                                                 anthelmintics; nutrition; pasture rest and rotation; 
                                                  grazing height; proper anthelmintic use; protein 
                                                                                                                          organism.
                                               supplementation; refugia; sanitation; and zero grazing.                             [Wiktionary]


                                                                                                                                                               barber pole worms in abomasum




                                                                                                                                                                                                            1
Integrated parasite management in sheep                                                                                                                                       2/25/12




                                                              EXTERNAL (ECTO)                Most deadly.
         INTERNAL (ENDO)
                                                                                             Found in abomasum
             A parasite that lives inside                  A parasite that lives on 
             another organism.                             the outside of the animal.        Blood‐sucker
                                                                                             Short, direct life cycle
                                                                                             Short  direct life cycle
                                                                                             Prolific egg producer
                                                                                                                                                 Barber pole worm
                                                                                             Requires warmth and moisture                   Image source: Dr. Nabavi (Iran)
                                                                                             to complete its life cycle.
                                                                                                Warm, moist climates
                                                                                                Summer rainfalls

                                                                                             As a mechanism of survival, can go into a hypobiotic (arrested) state.

                  barber pole worm                         ticks, lice, mites, flies, etc.
                                                                                             Is adapting to cooler climates      global climate change (?)




        There is a species from each kind that is especially problematic for sheep .


                                                       PROTOZOA
              HELMINTHS                                 Single‐cell                          CLINICAL SIGNS
              Multi‐cellular                                                                     Sudden death
                                                             Coccidia
             1. Nematodes                                    Giardia
                                                             Gi di
                                                                                                 Gradual weight loss
                Roundworms                                   Cryptospordium
                                                                                                 Weakness
             2. Cestodes                                                                         Poor stamina
                Tapeworms                                                                        Diarrhea constipation
             3. Trematodes                                                                       Anemia
                Flukes                                                     VS.                      FAMACHA© score 4 or 5

                                                                                                 Sub‐mandibular edema 
                                                                                                    “bottle jaw”
                                                                                                 Death




              Haemonchus contortus                                                           Same genus.
              Barber pole worm                                    Bunostomum
                                                                  Hookworm
                                                                                             Affect abomasum1
                                                                  Cooperia                   and small intestines2.
                                                                  Small intestinal worm
                                                                  Nematodirus                Similar life cycle 
                                                                  Threadneck worm
                                                                                             as barber pole worm 
                                                                  Oesophagostomum            Mixed infections with barber pole 
                                                                  Nodule worm                worm are common.
                                                                  Strongyloides
                                                                  common threadworm
                                                                                             Cause reduced performance, ill‐
              Trichostronylus                                                                thrift and dagginess (diarrhea), 
              hair or bankrupt worm
                                                                  Trichuris ovis             occasionally death.
                                                                  whipworm
              Telodorsagia (Ostertagia)                                                      Under the microscope, eggs look 
              medium or brown stomach worm
                                                                  Lungworms                  the same  as barber pole 
              Paralaphostrongylus tenius                                                     worm eggs.
              Meningeal worm




                                                                                                                                                                                   2
Integrated parasite management in sheep                                                                                                                                        2/25/12




         Roundworm that normally                                                    Indirect life cycle, with 
         infects white tail deer,                                                   pasture mites serving as the 
         but causes little problems.                                                intermediate host.

         But causes severe neurological                                             Worm segments are visible in 
                                                                                    feces (gross!).
         disease when it infects an 
         abnormal host, such as a sheep.                                            Generally non‐pathogenic 
                                                                                    (disease‐causing).
         Has indirect life cycle with 
         terrestrial snails and slugs                                               Generally no benefit to 
         serving as the intermediate hosts.                                         treatment for tapeworms 
                                                                                    alone.
         10‐14 days after ingestion of an infective snail or slug, 
         the parasite migrates to the spinal cord (central nervous                  Can treat with fenbendazole 
         system) and begins causing damage to neurological tissue.                  (SafeGuard®), albendazole 
                                                                                    (Valbazen®, or praziquantel.
         Sheep are a dead end host.  Must necropsy to confirm diagnosis.




         CLINICAL SIGNS                                                             Indirect life cycle, with                                 Image source: 
           Variable and similar to other                                            gastropods serving as the             http://www.flickr.com/photos/peteredin/3386220058/
                                                                                    intermediate host.
           neurological diseases, such as 
           polio, listeriosis, and rabies.                                          Can be found everyone, but are 
                                                                                    mostly a problem in the Gulf 
              Weakness
              W k                                                                   States and Pacific Northwest, i.e. 
                                                                                    States and Pacific Northwest  i e  
                                                                                    cool, wet climates.
              Lameness
                                                                                    Clinical symptoms include 
              Circling                                                              anemia, bottle jaw, and weight 
              Blindness                                                             loss.
              Head tilt                                                             Liver flukes can’t be found in a 
              Abnormal behavior                                                     normal fecal egg flotation.
              Paralysis                                                             Treat with albendazole 
              Death                                                                 (Valbazen®) or Clorsulon [Rx].




         TREATMENT     ‐‐ early ‐‐             PREVENTION
                                                                                     Single‐cell, spore‐
                                                Exclude deer                         forming protozoan 
            Repetitive, high doses of                                                parasite.
            anthelmintics [Rx]                  Don’t graze in woods or near 
              Ivermectin for 5 days             ponds.
              Fenbendazole for 5 days                                                Complicated life cycle 
                                                Avoid grazing poorly‐drained         with many stages and 
              All anthelmintics have been       pastures.                            both sexual and asexual 
              used to treat meningeal                                                reproduction
              worm infections.                  Reduce snail, slug population.
                                                                                       Approximately 21 days
            Anti‐inflammatory drugs [Rx]        Preventative treatments with 
                                                anthelmintics 
                                                  Regular deworming will promote 
                                                                                     10 species known to 
            There is no scientific evidence       development of anthelmintic‐       infect sheep and goats.
            that any of the various               resistant GI worms.
                                                                                       Not all are pathogenic
            treatment protocols are 
            effective.                                                                 Host‐specific.




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Integrated parasite management in sheep                                                                                                                  2/25/12




             Subclinical                                                                       Host immunity
             (usually goes undetected ‐ most costly)

                    Poor performance                                                           Management
                    Performance set‐back                                                       Clean  or safe pastures
                    (even after treatment)
                                                                                               Multi‐species grazing
             Clinical
             Cli i l                                                                           Pasture rest and rotation
                    Failure to thrive                                                          Alternative forages
                    Ill‐thrift                                                                 Nutritional management
                    Open‐fleeced                                                               Zero grazing
                    Dagginess 
                    Diarrhea
                                                                                               Genetic selection
                    Anorexia                                                                   Manage refugia
                    Anemia                                                                     Targeted selective 
                    Dehydration                                                                treatment
                    Death




         PREVENTION                                    TREATMENT
                                                        Drench with Corid                      Sheep have several 
           Coccidiostats in feed, 
           mineral, or water.                           (amprolium) or Sulfa drugs             defense mechanisms 
              Bovatec® (lasalocid)                      (Albon®, Di‐methox) [Rx]               for dealing with 
                                                        Supportive therapy                     internal parasites:
                                                                                               i t    l      it
              Deccox® (decoquinate)
              Rumensin® (monensin) [Rx]
              Corid (amprolium) [Rx]
                                                                                               1. Immune exclusion
           Good management                                                                     2. Self‐cure
           Good sanitation                                                                     3. Immunity
           Proper stocking rates                                                                  a) Innate
                                                                                                  b) Acquired
          Coccidiostats, especially Rumensin® can be toxic to horses and dogs.




                                                                                                 IMMUNE EXCLUSION


         FECAL EGG COUNTS (FEC)                        LARVAL ID                                                           SELF‐CURE PHENOMENON
                                                                                               Ingested larvae fail to 
              To differentiate between                   To differentiate between strongyle    establish in heavily          Adult nematodes are 
              strongyle (stomach) and                    (stomach) worms (H. contortus,        infected animals.             spontaneously expelled 
              tapeworm  eggs and coccidia                Teladorsagia, and trichostrongyles)                                 when there is a massive 
              oocytes.                                      ▪ U i
                                                              University of Georgia
                                                                     it   f G     i                                          larval invasion over a 
                                                            ▪ Other universities                                             very short exposure 
              Can’t differentiate between                                                                                    period.
              strongyle (stomach) worm                                                                                         Usually observed after 
              eggs except Nematodirus)                 LECTIN‐STAINING TEST                                                    a heavy rain.  

               1.    Do‐it‐yourself                      Determine percent of Haemonchus                                       Why does it occur (?)
               2.    Public  lab                                                                                               ▪ Increase in 
                                                         contortus eggs in a fecal sample                                        abomasal pH
               3.    Diagnostic lab
                                                           Oregon State University                                             ▪ IgE mediated 
               4.    Private lab
                                                           University of Georgia                                                 hypersensitivity
               5.    Veterinarian




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Integrated parasite management in sheep                                                                                                                    2/25/12




           St. Croix lambs
                                                                                          If lambing occurs in the 
                                          ACQUIRED                                        spring, it will coincide 
                                                                                          with the maturation 
                                           Immunity that is not                           and egg production 
                                           inherited.                                     from previously 
                                           Immunity that is acquired                      arrested worm larvae.
                                                                                          arrested worm larvae
          INNATE (INBORN, NATURAL)         during life.
                                           Immunity that results from                     Management strategies
           Infection is limited during     exposure to the disease.
                                                                                          1.   Deworm all ewes prior to 
                                                                                               parturition with an 
           the initial exposure.                                                               anthelmintic that is effective 
                                                                                               against hypobiotic larvae.
           Immunity that occurs                                                           2.   Increase protein level of ration 
           naturally as part of an                                                             during late gestation (by 30%).
                                                                                          3.   Selective deworming using 
           individual’s genetic                                                                FAMACHA© system and/or 
                                                                                               Five Point Check©.
           make‐up.                                 Crossbred lambs




                                           Develops with advancing age 
                                           and parasite exposure.                       MORE SUSCEPTIBLE                           MORE RESISTANT
                                             Not until >4 months of age, 
                                             depending upon breed and                     Weaned lambs                               Mature sheep
                                             nematode species.
                                                                                          Bummer lambs                               Dry ewes
                                           Preventative anthelmintic 
                                           treatments interfere with the                  Late‐born lambs
                                                                                          Late born lambs                            Pet sheep
                                           development of immunity.                       Yearlings                                  Mature wethers
                                           Adults are generally immune                    High‐producing females                     Sheep in good body 
                                           to parasites, but under stress                 Periparturient ewe                         condition
                                           can break down.
                                                                                          Thin animals                               Fat sheep
                                           Sheep have a weaker degree                     Geriatric sheep
                                           of immunity than other 
                                           livestock, except for goats.                   Unadapted breeds
                                                                                          Stressed animals




                                           Lasts for about 4 weeks
                                                                                          Good sanitation
                                           May occur earlier (in                          Use feeders 
                                           pregnancy) if ewes are                         Clean water
                                           underfed or under stress.
                                                                                          Avoid overgrazing
                                                                                          A id           i
                                           Primary source of infection                     Do not graze below 
                                           for new crop of lambs.
                                                                                          2 inches. 
                                           Cause (?)  Hypothesis:                         Time lambing to 
                                           Lactation after pregnancy                      minimize parasite 
                                             Increasing prolactin levels
                                             Reduction in IgA antibodies associated       infections.
                                             with transfer of maternal antibodies in 
                                             colostrum




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Integrated parasite management in sheep                                                                                                                                 2/25/12




           Pasture rotation is a 
           recommended strategy for                                                            Sheep and goats share the same 
           controlling internal parasites                                                      parasites, but they are different 
           because it allows the use of 
           cleaner (rested) pastures.                                                          from the parasites that affect 
                                                                                               adult cattle and horses.
           Intensive rotational grazing may 
           not help to reduce parasitism                                                       Producers who graze multiple  
                                                                                               P d          h          lti l
           unless rest periods are long                                                        species of livestock report fewer 
           enough.                                                                             parasite problems with small 
           Due to increased stocking rates,                                                    ruminants.
           management intensive grazing 
           may increase internal parasite                                                      Cattle and horses “vacuum”  
           problems in sheep and lambs.                                                        sheep/goat pastures of infective 
                                                                                               worm larvae.
           It takes about 2 months of rest 
           for a contaminated pasture to                                                       Sheep, goats, and cattle have 
           become relatively “clean” for                                                       complementary grazing habits.
           sheep grazing.




                                                  A pasture that has not been grazed by       Animals on a high plane of nutrition 
                                                  sheep (or goats) for the past 6 to 12       and in better body condition are 
                                                  months.                                     better able to withstand worm 
                                                                                              burdens.
                                                  A pasture that has been grazed by 
                                                  adult cattle and/or horses for the past     Nutrition in early pregnancy (fat 
                                                  6 to 12 months.                             stores) can affect the immune 
                                                                                              response to internal parasites.
                                                  New pasture                                 Sheep receiving higher levels of 
                                                                                              protein prior to lambing have lower 
                                                  A pasture that has been renovated           fecal egg counts.
                                                  with tillage.
                                                                                              Supplementing grazing lambs with 
                                                  A pasture in which a hay  or silage crop    protein has been shown to reduce 
                                                  has been removed.                           fecal egg counts.
                                                  A pasture that has been rotated with        Nutritional supplementation is most 
                                                  row crops.                                  likely to be beneficial when pregnant 
                                                                                              females and young animals are below 
                                                  A pasture that has been burned.
                                                                                              optimal body condition at a time 
                                                                                              when pasture quality and/or quantity 
                                                                                              is limited.




           Livestock that browse have
           fewer parasite problems.                                                                                                    Sheep raised in confinement
                                                                                                                                       or dry lot (zero grazing) tend
           Livestock grazing tall-growing                                                                                              to have fewer worm
           forages will have less parasite                                                                                             problems.
           problems.
                                                                                                                                       Sheep put in confinement or
             80% of parasite larvae is found in                                                                                        dry lot do not usually get re-
             the first two inches of vegetative                                                                                        infected with worms.
             growth.
                                                                                                                                       Coccidiosis could still be a
           Grazing tanniferous forages may                                                                                             problem, if preventative
           reduce the effects of parasitism.                                                                                           measures are not taken.
             Sericea lespedeza                                                                                                           Good sanitation
             Chicory                                                                                                                     Proper feeders
             Birdsfoot trefoil                                                                                                           Coccidiostats




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Integrated parasite management in sheep                                                                                                                  2/25/12




           Resistance                                            Do not deworm on a regular 
                                                                 schedule.
                Ability of host to 
                resist infection                                 Do not deworm all animals in a 
                Measured by fecal                                group.
                egg counts (FEC‐EPG).
                                                                 Do not return treated animals to 
                                                                 a clean pasture.
           Resilience
                Ability of host to withstand                     Give all anthelmintics orally at 
                challenge and/or infection.                      the proper dose.
                For barber pole worm:                            Do not underdose.
                measured by packed cell 
                volume (PCV) and                                 Deworm new animals with 
                estimated by FAMACHA©                            anthelmintics from 2‐3 different              Without refugia, worms will eventually 
                eye anemia scores.                               chemical classes.                               be  resistant to all anthelmintics.




                                                 St. Croix   Point      What to check                               Which parasites
           Breeds vary in their 
           resistance and resilience                                              Paling of ocular 
           to gastro‐intestinal                                                   membranes            Barber pole worm
                                                                 1         Eye
                                                                                  FAMACHA© eye anemia  Liver fluke
           parasites.                                                             score

           1. Hair sheep                                         2        Back    Body condition score              All
              (tropical or West                                                                                     Brown stomach worm
                                                                                  Dag score
              African origin)                                                                                       Hair worm
           2. Gulf Coast Native
                                                                 3        Rear    fecal soiling
                                                                                                                    Threadneck worm
                                                                                  evidence of scouring
           3. Katahdin                                                                                              Nodule worm
           4. Dorper                                                              Sub‐mandibular edema              Barber pole worm
                                                                 4         Jaw
                                                                                  (bottle jaw)                      Liver fluke
                Others (?)                                       5        Nose    Nasal discharge                   Nasal bots




                                                                                  Packed cell              Treatment 
           There is as much                                      Eye lid color
                                                                                   volume               recommendation
           difference within breeds 
           as between breeds.                                1          Red             > 28          Optimal             No

                                                             2       Red‐Pink           23‐27    Acceptable               No
                The 80‐20 rule
                Approximately 20 percent of                  3          Pink            18 22
                                                                                        18‐22        Borderline            ?
                the flock sheds 80 percent of 
                the eggs onto pasture.                       4       Pink‐White         13‐17        Dangerous            Yes


                Parasite resistance is are 
                                                             5         White            < 12           Fatal              Yes

                moderately‐heritable.
                H2 = 0.22‐0.63 (avg. 0.25)

                Selection for parasite 
                resistance will not adversely 
                affect the growth of lambs 
                or fertility of ewes.




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Integrated parasite management in sheep                                                                                                          2/25/12




                                              Transverse 
                     Spine                                                Muscle                     Fat
                                              processes
                                             Fingers easily pass 
             Individually clearly felt, 
        1        sharp, obvious
                                                underneath                Very little                 No


            Form a smooth line with 
        2      deep undulations
                                            Smooth round edges            Concave                  Very thin

                                                 Well covered            Not concave
            Only slightly detectable 
        3         undulations
                                           have to push firmly to 
                                           get fingers underneath        Not convex
                                                                                                   Moderate

            Only detectable with firm 
        4           pressure                     Cannot be 
                                                                          Maximally                  Thick
                                                                          developed
                                                  felt at all
        5        Not detectable                                            Convex                  Very thick




                                                                                       Treatment 
         Dag score                          Description
                                                                                    recommendation              Indicates “potential” 
                                                                                                                parasite burden in 
        0                                   No fecal soiling                     No indication for treatment
                                                                                                                animal.
        1                          Very slight soiling on edge of tail                     No treatment

                                 Slight soiling on edge of tail and on 
                                  l h      l        d    f l d
                                                                                                                  d cates pote t a
                                                                                                                Indicates potential 
        2                                      each side
                                                                                        Usually no treatment    parasite contamination.
                                  Moderate soiling of tail and wool
        3                                Dag formation
                                                                                        Consider treatment
                                                                                                                Use to determine level 
                               Severe soiling extending far into wool                   Treatment, crutching    of drug efficacy.
        4                              Severe dag formation                                recommended
                                                                                                                Use to determine 
        5                                    Very severe
                                 watery diarrhea extending to hocks
                                                                                   Treatment and crutching 
                                                                                          essential
                                                                                                                genetic differences in 
                                                                                                                parasite resistance 
                                                                                                                among animals.




                                                                                                                Fecal egg counts are not 
                                                                                                                always well‐correlated 
                                                                                                                with disease.

                                                                                                                  Presence of eggs does not 
                                                                                                                                 gg
                                                                                                                  mean that the animal is 
                                                                                                                  clinically parasitized and 
                                                                                                                  needs treatment.

                                                                                                                  Absence of eggs or 
                                                                                                                  oocytes (coccidia) does not 
                                                                                                                  mean that the animal is 
                                                                                                                  parasite‐free and not in 
                                                                                                                  need of treatment.




                                                                                                                                                      8
Integrated parasite management in sheep                                         2/25/12




                                                White dewormers
                                                Water soluble
                                                Broad spectrum
                                                Wide margin of safety
                                                Efficacy against 
                                                tapeworms
                                                Efficacy against adult liver 
                                                flukes (albendazole)
                                                Do not use albendazole 
                                                during first 30 days of 
                                                pregnancy or ram removal.
                                                Widespread resistance
                                                Resistance is caused by 
                                                dominant gene




                                          1)     Imidazothiaoles (IMID)
         1)Benzimidizoles                      a) Levamisole
                                                  Prohibit®, Levasol®
         2)Nicotinic agonists             2)   Tetrahydropyrimidines
         3)Macrocylic lactones                 (TETR)
                                               a) Morantel [Rx]
                                                  Rumatel®
                                               b) Pyrantel [Rx]
                                                  Strongid®




         1)   Fenbendazole                      Levamisole
                                                  Clear drench
              SafeGuard®,                         Water soluble
              Panacur®                            Broad spectrum of activity
              [Rx]                                Not effective against 
                                                  arrested larvae
         2)   Albendazole                         Narrower margin of safety
              Valbazen®                           Resistance reported
                                                  Resistance is caused by a 
         3)   Oxyfendazole                        recessive gene
              Synanthic®                        Morantel and Pyrantel
              [Rx]                                Not effective against 
                                                  larval stages of worms.




                                                                                     9
Integrated parasite management in sheep                                                                                                                                                       2/25/12




         1)    Avermectins                                                                    Weigh animals to determine 
                                                                                              proper dose.
              a) Ivermectin
                                                                                              Do not underdose.
                 Ivomec®
              b) Doramectin [Rx]                                                              Use proper drench technique.
                                                                                                  p p                 q
                 Dectomax®                                                                    Fast animals prior to 
                                                                                              treatment with ivermectin or 
         2)    Milbemycins                                                                    albendazole.

              a) Moxidecin                                                                    Give multiple anthelmintics 
                   Cydectin®                                                                     Synergetic effect
                   Quest® [Rx]                                                                Maximize refugia




              Broad spectrum                                                                 An anthelmintic acts to expel 
              Wide margin of safety                                                          or destroy parasitic worms.
              Effective against (biting) 
              external parasites
                       p                                                                     Using this definition, there 
              Persistent activity                                                            aren’t any consistently 
                                                                                             effective “natural” 
                                                                                             anthelmintics.
              Widespread resistance, 
              reported especially                                                            An animal that is clinically 
              ivermectin                                                                     parasitized should be treated 
              Resistance is caused by                                                        with a “chemical” dewormer.
              dominant gene                                                                                                                                   Haemonchosis




                                                                                             They may not treat a 
         1) DRENCHRITE®                                  2)  FECAL EGG COUNT                 clinically‐parasitized animal, 
         LARVAL DEVELOPMENT ASSAY                        REDUCTION TEST (FECRT)              but they may reduce the 
              An in vitro test for the detection           Comparison of before and          number of animals that 
              of resistance to all anthelmintic            after fecal egg counts            require treatment.
              groups.
              groups
                                                              Benzimidizoles
                                                              7 days post‐treatment            Disruption of parasite 
                 Need pooled fecal sample from 10 
                                                              Levamisole                       life cycle (on pasture)
                 or more animals (minimum of 6)
                                                              7 days post‐treatment             ▪ Eat larvae or eggs
                 at least > 350 epg 
                 >500 epg preferred                           Avermectins                       ▪ Inhibit larvae development
                                                              14 days post‐treatment
                                                                                                ▪ Inhibit egg hatching
                 ▪ Animals with FAMACHA© scores of 
                   3, 4, or 5 are more likely to have                                          Strengthening of the 
                                                           Should include “control” 
                   higher egg counts if barber pole                                            immune system.
                   worm is the primary parasite.           (untreated) animals in testing.
                                                                                                An increasing number of scientific studies are being conducted to identify compounds which 
                                                                                                        may have anthelmintic‐like properties.  Current claims are largely antidotal.




                                                                                                                                                                                                  10
Integrated parasite management in sheep                             2/25/12




            Herbal dewormers
            [oils and seeds]
               Artemisia genus (Wormword)
               Garlic       Papaya
               Paprika      Ginger
               Pumpkin      Mustard

            Tanniferous forages
            Nematode‐trapping fungus
            Copper oxide wire particles
            Copper sulfate
            Tobacco (nicotine sulfate)
                                                Sericea lespedeza




            Zolvix® drench (Monepantel)
            Amino‐Acetonitrile (ADD) class
            First new anthelmintic since 
            1980’s
            Unique mode of action
            U i       d   f  ti
            Targets  a receptor that 
            paralyzes the worm
            Effective against worms that are 
            resistant to other anthelmintics.
            Currently undergoing 
            testing in the U.S.   
            Approval for sheep, if/when [?]




          Thank you for your 
             attention.

           Any questions?




            Susan Schoenian
           sschoen@umd.edu
         www.sheepandgoat.com




                                                                        11

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IPM

  • 1. Integrated parasite management in sheep 2/25/12 Though it varies by farm,  worms have developed  resistance to ALL of the  anthelmintics. SUSAN SCHOENIAN    (Shāy‐nē‐ŭn) It s not sustainable (or  It’s not sustainable (or  Sheep & Goat Specialist sometimes even possible)  Western Maryland Research & Education Center to control internal parasites  sschoen@umd.edu  ‐ www.sheepandgoat.com with drugs alone. There is a growing interest  among producers and  consumers alike for more  natural methods of pest  control. Alt. forages Deworm Browsing Pasture Plants Animal Soil Immunity Clean  “Natural”  anthelmintics pastures Behavior Integrated  means  Possible  combining and  coordinating  Refugia IPM Nutrition clinical  disease diverse  Parasite elements  Zero  grazing Manage ‐ment Biology Weather Life cycle into a whole. Temperature Moisture Host  Genetics Internet definition immunity Grazing  Mgt. Integrated pest management  (IPM) is a method of controlling  A living organism  parasites in a population of  CHEMICAL (generally  animals by using a combination  Deworm of chemical and non‐chemical  undesirable) that  methods. INTEGRATED  exists by stealing  [Pfizer Animal Health] NON‐CHEMICAL the resources   alternative forages;  browsing; clean pastures; produced or  coccidiostats; delayed grazing;  FAMACHA©; Five Point Check©; genetic  collected by  selection; host resistance; low stocking rates;  management; multispecies grazing; “natural”  another living  anthelmintics; nutrition; pasture rest and rotation;  grazing height; proper anthelmintic use; protein  organism. supplementation; refugia; sanitation; and zero grazing. [Wiktionary] barber pole worms in abomasum 1
  • 2. Integrated parasite management in sheep 2/25/12 EXTERNAL (ECTO) Most deadly. INTERNAL (ENDO) Found in abomasum A parasite that lives inside  A parasite that lives on  another organism. the outside of the animal. Blood‐sucker Short, direct life cycle Short  direct life cycle Prolific egg producer Barber pole worm Requires warmth and moisture  Image source: Dr. Nabavi (Iran) to complete its life cycle. Warm, moist climates Summer rainfalls As a mechanism of survival, can go into a hypobiotic (arrested) state. barber pole worm ticks, lice, mites, flies, etc. Is adapting to cooler climates   global climate change (?) There is a species from each kind that is especially problematic for sheep . PROTOZOA HELMINTHS Single‐cell CLINICAL SIGNS Multi‐cellular Sudden death Coccidia 1. Nematodes Giardia Gi di Gradual weight loss Roundworms Cryptospordium Weakness 2. Cestodes Poor stamina Tapeworms Diarrhea constipation 3. Trematodes Anemia Flukes VS. FAMACHA© score 4 or 5 Sub‐mandibular edema  “bottle jaw” Death Haemonchus contortus Same genus. Barber pole worm Bunostomum Hookworm Affect abomasum1 Cooperia and small intestines2. Small intestinal worm Nematodirus Similar life cycle  Threadneck worm as barber pole worm  Oesophagostomum Mixed infections with barber pole  Nodule worm worm are common. Strongyloides common threadworm Cause reduced performance, ill‐ Trichostronylus thrift and dagginess (diarrhea),  hair or bankrupt worm Trichuris ovis occasionally death. whipworm Telodorsagia (Ostertagia) Under the microscope, eggs look  medium or brown stomach worm Lungworms  the same  as barber pole  Paralaphostrongylus tenius worm eggs. Meningeal worm 2
  • 3. Integrated parasite management in sheep 2/25/12 Roundworm that normally  Indirect life cycle, with  infects white tail deer, pasture mites serving as the  but causes little problems. intermediate host. But causes severe neurological  Worm segments are visible in  feces (gross!). disease when it infects an  abnormal host, such as a sheep. Generally non‐pathogenic  (disease‐causing). Has indirect life cycle with  terrestrial snails and slugs  Generally no benefit to  serving as the intermediate hosts. treatment for tapeworms  alone. 10‐14 days after ingestion of an infective snail or slug,  the parasite migrates to the spinal cord (central nervous  Can treat with fenbendazole  system) and begins causing damage to neurological tissue. (SafeGuard®), albendazole  (Valbazen®, or praziquantel. Sheep are a dead end host.  Must necropsy to confirm diagnosis. CLINICAL SIGNS Indirect life cycle, with  Image source:  Variable and similar to other  gastropods serving as the  http://www.flickr.com/photos/peteredin/3386220058/ intermediate host. neurological diseases, such as  polio, listeriosis, and rabies. Can be found everyone, but are  mostly a problem in the Gulf  Weakness W k States and Pacific Northwest, i.e.  States and Pacific Northwest  i e   cool, wet climates. Lameness Clinical symptoms include  Circling  anemia, bottle jaw, and weight  Blindness loss. Head tilt Liver flukes can’t be found in a  Abnormal behavior normal fecal egg flotation. Paralysis Treat with albendazole  Death (Valbazen®) or Clorsulon [Rx]. TREATMENT     ‐‐ early ‐‐ PREVENTION Single‐cell, spore‐ Exclude deer forming protozoan  Repetitive, high doses of  parasite. anthelmintics [Rx] Don’t graze in woods or near  Ivermectin for 5 days ponds. Fenbendazole for 5 days Complicated life cycle  Avoid grazing poorly‐drained  with many stages and  All anthelmintics have been  pastures. both sexual and asexual  used to treat meningeal  reproduction worm infections. Reduce snail, slug population. Approximately 21 days Anti‐inflammatory drugs [Rx] Preventative treatments with  anthelmintics  Regular deworming will promote  10 species known to  There is no scientific evidence  development of anthelmintic‐ infect sheep and goats. that any of the various  resistant GI worms. Not all are pathogenic treatment protocols are  effective. Host‐specific. 3
  • 4. Integrated parasite management in sheep 2/25/12 Subclinical  Host immunity (usually goes undetected ‐ most costly) Poor performance Management Performance set‐back  Clean  or safe pastures (even after treatment) Multi‐species grazing Clinical Cli i l Pasture rest and rotation Failure to thrive Alternative forages Ill‐thrift Nutritional management Open‐fleeced Zero grazing Dagginess  Diarrhea Genetic selection Anorexia Manage refugia Anemia Targeted selective  Dehydration  treatment Death PREVENTION TREATMENT Drench with Corid  Sheep have several  Coccidiostats in feed,  mineral, or water. (amprolium) or Sulfa drugs  defense mechanisms  Bovatec® (lasalocid) (Albon®, Di‐methox) [Rx] for dealing with  Supportive therapy internal parasites: i t l  it Deccox® (decoquinate) Rumensin® (monensin) [Rx] Corid (amprolium) [Rx] 1. Immune exclusion Good management 2. Self‐cure Good sanitation 3. Immunity Proper stocking rates a) Innate b) Acquired Coccidiostats, especially Rumensin® can be toxic to horses and dogs. IMMUNE EXCLUSION FECAL EGG COUNTS (FEC) LARVAL ID SELF‐CURE PHENOMENON Ingested larvae fail to  To differentiate between  To differentiate between strongyle establish in heavily  Adult nematodes are  strongyle (stomach) and   (stomach) worms (H. contortus,  infected animals. spontaneously expelled  tapeworm  eggs and coccidia  Teladorsagia, and trichostrongyles) when there is a massive  oocytes. ▪ U i University of Georgia it   f G i larval invasion over a  ▪ Other universities  very short exposure  Can’t differentiate between   period. strongyle (stomach) worm  Usually observed after  eggs except Nematodirus) LECTIN‐STAINING TEST    a heavy rain.   1. Do‐it‐yourself Determine percent of Haemonchus  Why does it occur (?) 2. Public  lab  ▪ Increase in  contortus eggs in a fecal sample abomasal pH 3. Diagnostic lab Oregon State University ▪ IgE mediated  4. Private lab University of Georgia hypersensitivity 5. Veterinarian 4
  • 5. Integrated parasite management in sheep 2/25/12 St. Croix lambs If lambing occurs in the  ACQUIRED spring, it will coincide  with the maturation  Immunity that is not  and egg production  inherited. from previously  Immunity that is acquired  arrested worm larvae. arrested worm larvae INNATE (INBORN, NATURAL) during life. Immunity that results from  Management strategies Infection is limited during  exposure to the disease. 1. Deworm all ewes prior to  parturition with an  the initial exposure. anthelmintic that is effective  against hypobiotic larvae. Immunity that occurs  2. Increase protein level of ration  naturally as part of an  during late gestation (by 30%). 3. Selective deworming using  individual’s genetic  FAMACHA© system and/or  Five Point Check©. make‐up. Crossbred lambs Develops with advancing age  and parasite exposure. MORE SUSCEPTIBLE MORE RESISTANT Not until >4 months of age,  depending upon breed and  Weaned lambs Mature sheep nematode species. Bummer lambs Dry ewes Preventative anthelmintic  treatments interfere with the  Late‐born lambs Late born lambs Pet sheep development of immunity. Yearlings Mature wethers Adults are generally immune  High‐producing females Sheep in good body  to parasites, but under stress  Periparturient ewe condition can break down. Thin animals Fat sheep Sheep have a weaker degree  Geriatric sheep of immunity than other  livestock, except for goats. Unadapted breeds Stressed animals Lasts for about 4 weeks Good sanitation May occur earlier (in  Use feeders  pregnancy) if ewes are  Clean water underfed or under stress. Avoid overgrazing A id  i Primary source of infection  Do not graze below  for new crop of lambs. 2 inches.  Cause (?)  Hypothesis: Time lambing to  Lactation after pregnancy minimize parasite  Increasing prolactin levels Reduction in IgA antibodies associated  infections. with transfer of maternal antibodies in  colostrum 5
  • 6. Integrated parasite management in sheep 2/25/12 Pasture rotation is a  recommended strategy for  Sheep and goats share the same  controlling internal parasites  parasites, but they are different  because it allows the use of  cleaner (rested) pastures. from the parasites that affect  adult cattle and horses. Intensive rotational grazing may  not help to reduce parasitism  Producers who graze multiple   P d   h     lti l unless rest periods are long  species of livestock report fewer  enough.  parasite problems with small  Due to increased stocking rates,  ruminants. management intensive grazing  may increase internal parasite  Cattle and horses “vacuum”   problems in sheep and lambs.  sheep/goat pastures of infective  worm larvae. It takes about 2 months of rest  for a contaminated pasture to  Sheep, goats, and cattle have  become relatively “clean” for  complementary grazing habits. sheep grazing. A pasture that has not been grazed by  Animals on a high plane of nutrition  sheep (or goats) for the past 6 to 12  and in better body condition are  months. better able to withstand worm  burdens. A pasture that has been grazed by  adult cattle and/or horses for the past  Nutrition in early pregnancy (fat  6 to 12 months. stores) can affect the immune  response to internal parasites. New pasture Sheep receiving higher levels of  protein prior to lambing have lower  A pasture that has been renovated  fecal egg counts. with tillage. Supplementing grazing lambs with  A pasture in which a hay  or silage crop  protein has been shown to reduce  has been removed. fecal egg counts. A pasture that has been rotated with  Nutritional supplementation is most  row crops. likely to be beneficial when pregnant  females and young animals are below  A pasture that has been burned. optimal body condition at a time  when pasture quality and/or quantity  is limited. Livestock that browse have fewer parasite problems. Sheep raised in confinement or dry lot (zero grazing) tend Livestock grazing tall-growing to have fewer worm forages will have less parasite problems. problems. Sheep put in confinement or 80% of parasite larvae is found in dry lot do not usually get re- the first two inches of vegetative infected with worms. growth. Coccidiosis could still be a Grazing tanniferous forages may problem, if preventative reduce the effects of parasitism. measures are not taken. Sericea lespedeza Good sanitation Chicory Proper feeders Birdsfoot trefoil Coccidiostats 6
  • 7. Integrated parasite management in sheep 2/25/12 Resistance  Do not deworm on a regular  schedule. Ability of host to  resist infection Do not deworm all animals in a  Measured by fecal  group. egg counts (FEC‐EPG). Do not return treated animals to  a clean pasture. Resilience Ability of host to withstand  Give all anthelmintics orally at  challenge and/or infection. the proper dose. For barber pole worm:   Do not underdose. measured by packed cell  volume (PCV) and  Deworm new animals with  estimated by FAMACHA©  anthelmintics from 2‐3 different  Without refugia, worms will eventually  eye anemia scores. chemical classes. be  resistant to all anthelmintics. St. Croix Point What to check Which parasites Breeds vary in their  resistance and resilience  Paling of ocular  to gastro‐intestinal  membranes Barber pole worm 1 Eye FAMACHA© eye anemia  Liver fluke parasites. score 1. Hair sheep  2 Back Body condition score All (tropical or West  Brown stomach worm Dag score African origin) Hair worm 2. Gulf Coast Native 3 Rear fecal soiling Threadneck worm evidence of scouring 3. Katahdin Nodule worm 4. Dorper Sub‐mandibular edema  Barber pole worm 4 Jaw (bottle jaw) Liver fluke Others (?) 5 Nose Nasal discharge Nasal bots Packed cell  Treatment  There is as much  Eye lid color volume recommendation difference within breeds  as between breeds. 1 Red > 28 Optimal No 2 Red‐Pink 23‐27 Acceptable No The 80‐20 rule Approximately 20 percent of  3 Pink 18 22 18‐22 Borderline ? the flock sheds 80 percent of  the eggs onto pasture. 4 Pink‐White 13‐17 Dangerous Yes Parasite resistance is are  5 White < 12 Fatal Yes moderately‐heritable. H2 = 0.22‐0.63 (avg. 0.25) Selection for parasite  resistance will not adversely  affect the growth of lambs  or fertility of ewes. 7
  • 8. Integrated parasite management in sheep 2/25/12 Transverse  Spine Muscle Fat processes Fingers easily pass  Individually clearly felt,  1 sharp, obvious underneath Very little No Form a smooth line with  2 deep undulations Smooth round edges Concave Very thin Well covered Not concave Only slightly detectable  3 undulations have to push firmly to  get fingers underneath Not convex Moderate Only detectable with firm  4 pressure Cannot be  Maximally  Thick developed felt at all 5 Not detectable Convex Very thick Treatment  Dag score Description recommendation Indicates “potential”  parasite burden in  0 No fecal soiling No indication for treatment animal. 1 Very slight soiling on edge of tail No treatment Slight soiling on edge of tail and on  l h l d f l d d cates pote t a Indicates potential  2 each side Usually no treatment parasite contamination. Moderate soiling of tail and wool 3 Dag formation Consider treatment Use to determine level  Severe soiling extending far into wool Treatment, crutching  of drug efficacy. 4 Severe dag formation recommended Use to determine  5 Very severe watery diarrhea extending to hocks Treatment and crutching  essential genetic differences in  parasite resistance  among animals. Fecal egg counts are not  always well‐correlated  with disease. Presence of eggs does not  gg mean that the animal is  clinically parasitized and  needs treatment. Absence of eggs or  oocytes (coccidia) does not  mean that the animal is  parasite‐free and not in  need of treatment. 8
  • 9. Integrated parasite management in sheep 2/25/12 White dewormers Water soluble Broad spectrum Wide margin of safety Efficacy against  tapeworms Efficacy against adult liver  flukes (albendazole) Do not use albendazole  during first 30 days of  pregnancy or ram removal. Widespread resistance Resistance is caused by  dominant gene 1) Imidazothiaoles (IMID) 1)Benzimidizoles a) Levamisole Prohibit®, Levasol® 2)Nicotinic agonists 2) Tetrahydropyrimidines 3)Macrocylic lactones (TETR) a) Morantel [Rx] Rumatel® b) Pyrantel [Rx] Strongid® 1) Fenbendazole  Levamisole Clear drench SafeGuard®,  Water soluble Panacur® Broad spectrum of activity [Rx] Not effective against  arrested larvae 2) Albendazole Narrower margin of safety Valbazen® Resistance reported Resistance is caused by a  3) Oxyfendazole recessive gene Synanthic® Morantel and Pyrantel [Rx] Not effective against  larval stages of worms. 9
  • 10. Integrated parasite management in sheep 2/25/12 1) Avermectins Weigh animals to determine  proper dose. a) Ivermectin Do not underdose. Ivomec® b) Doramectin [Rx] Use proper drench technique. p p q Dectomax® Fast animals prior to  treatment with ivermectin or  2) Milbemycins albendazole. a) Moxidecin Give multiple anthelmintics  Cydectin®  Synergetic effect Quest® [Rx] Maximize refugia Broad spectrum An anthelmintic acts to expel  Wide margin of safety or destroy parasitic worms. Effective against (biting)  external parasites p Using this definition, there  Persistent activity aren’t any consistently  effective “natural”  anthelmintics. Widespread resistance,  reported especially  An animal that is clinically  ivermectin parasitized should be treated  Resistance is caused by  with a “chemical” dewormer. dominant gene Haemonchosis They may not treat a  1) DRENCHRITE®  2)  FECAL EGG COUNT       clinically‐parasitized animal,  LARVAL DEVELOPMENT ASSAY REDUCTION TEST (FECRT) but they may reduce the  An in vitro test for the detection  Comparison of before and  number of animals that  of resistance to all anthelmintic  after fecal egg counts require treatment. groups. groups Benzimidizoles 7 days post‐treatment Disruption of parasite  Need pooled fecal sample from 10  Levamisole  life cycle (on pasture) or more animals (minimum of 6) 7 days post‐treatment ▪ Eat larvae or eggs at least > 350 epg  >500 epg preferred Avermectins ▪ Inhibit larvae development 14 days post‐treatment ▪ Inhibit egg hatching ▪ Animals with FAMACHA© scores of  3, 4, or 5 are more likely to have  Strengthening of the  Should include “control”  higher egg counts if barber pole  immune system. worm is the primary parasite. (untreated) animals in testing. An increasing number of scientific studies are being conducted to identify compounds which  may have anthelmintic‐like properties.  Current claims are largely antidotal. 10
  • 11. Integrated parasite management in sheep 2/25/12 Herbal dewormers [oils and seeds] Artemisia genus (Wormword) Garlic Papaya Paprika Ginger Pumpkin  Mustard Tanniferous forages Nematode‐trapping fungus Copper oxide wire particles Copper sulfate Tobacco (nicotine sulfate) Sericea lespedeza Zolvix® drench (Monepantel) Amino‐Acetonitrile (ADD) class First new anthelmintic since  1980’s Unique mode of action U i   d   f  ti Targets  a receptor that  paralyzes the worm Effective against worms that are  resistant to other anthelmintics. Currently undergoing  testing in the U.S.    Approval for sheep, if/when [?] Thank you for your  attention. Any questions? Susan Schoenian sschoen@umd.edu www.sheepandgoat.com 11