NAVMED P-5010, Manual of the Naval Preventive Medicine, Chapter 8

NAVMED P-5010 Manual of PreventiveNAVMED P-5010 Manual of Preventive
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Entomology and Pest ControlEntomology and Pest Control
A presentation by:A presentation by:

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TopicsTopics
Organization for Medical EntomologyOrganization for Medical Entomology
ProgramsPrograms
Pesticides and their ApplicationPesticides and their Application
Vector Control: Shipboard and AshoreVector Control: Shipboard and Ashore

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Organization for MedicalOrganization for Medical
Entomology ProgramsEntomology Programs
Vector - organisms which transmit disease to man, actVector - organisms which transmit disease to man, act
as intermediate hosts or reservoirs of disease, presentas intermediate hosts or reservoirs of disease, present
problems of sanitary or hygienic significance, orproblems of sanitary or hygienic significance, or
otherwise affect the health and efficiency of personnel.otherwise affect the health and efficiency of personnel.
– Mosquitoes, biting flies, filth and flesh flies, lice, bedMosquitoes, biting flies, filth and flesh flies, lice, bed
bugs, fleas, mites, ticks, rodents, bats,bugs, fleas, mites, ticks, rodents, bats,
– Cockroaches, ants, wasps, spiders, scorpions, andCockroaches, ants, wasps, spiders, scorpions, and
food infesting insects don’t normally carry disease butfood infesting insects don’t normally carry disease but
can affect sanitation or morale.can affect sanitation or morale.

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Economic pests - organisms destructive toEconomic pests - organisms destructive to
structures, stored products, grounds, andstructures, stored products, grounds, and
other material properties.other material properties.

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Policies for pest controlPolicies for pest control
– DoD Directive 4150.7 provides basicDoD Directive 4150.7 provides basic
standards and policies governing the Navy’sstandards and policies governing the Navy’s
pest control programs. Establishes minimumpest control programs. Establishes minimum
levels of pest control.levels of pest control.
– NAVMEDCOM Instruction 6250 seriesNAVMEDCOM Instruction 6250 series
delegates the responsibility for supervisingdelegates the responsibility for supervising
pest control operations afloat to the medicalpest control operations afloat to the medical
department.department.

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Responsibilities of the MedicalResponsibilities of the Medical
DepartmentDepartment
– Inspections, recommendations,Inspections, recommendations,
evaluations, etc ... They are responsibleevaluations, etc ... They are responsible
for every aspect of vector control andfor every aspect of vector control and
treatment.treatment.

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Pesticides and TheirPesticides and Their
ApplicationApplication
Definitions of Pesticides
– A pesticide is any substance or mixture of
substances intended for preventing,
destroying, repelling, or mitigating any pest, or
any substance or mixture of substances
intended for use as a plant regulator,
defoliant, or desiccant.
– Pesticides include: acaricides, avicides,
fungicides, herbicides, insecticides,
molluscicides, nematocides, rodenticides,
among others.

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Pesticides may be classified on the basis of use,Pesticides may be classified on the basis of use,
life stage of the pest to be controlled, chemicallife stage of the pest to be controlled, chemical
group, mode of entry, mode of action andgroup, mode of entry, mode of action and
formulation.formulation.
Pesticide type-by use:Pesticide type-by use:
– Acaricide-a substance used to control mites,Acaricide-a substance used to control mites,
scorpions, spiders, ticks and relatedscorpions, spiders, ticks and related
organisms.organisms.
– Fungicide—a substance used to control fungi.Fungicide—a substance used to control fungi.
– Herbicide—a substance used to controlHerbicide—a substance used to control
undesired vegetation.undesired vegetation.

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Pesticide type-by use:Pesticide type-by use:
– Insecticide—a substance used to control insects,Insecticide—a substance used to control insects,
sometimes used in a broader sense to include thesometimes used in a broader sense to include the
control of arthropods other than insects. Classificationcontrol of arthropods other than insects. Classification
of insecticides maybe subdivided on the basis of theof insecticides maybe subdivided on the basis of the
life stage against which they are used:life stage against which they are used:
Adulticide—used to control the adult stage of anAdulticide—used to control the adult stage of an
insect.insect.
Larvicide-used to control the larval stage of anLarvicide-used to control the larval stage of an
insect.insect.
Ovicide—used against the egg stage of an insect.Ovicide—used against the egg stage of an insect.
– Molluscicide—used to control snails and otherMolluscicide—used to control snails and other
mollusks.mollusks.
– Rodenticide-used to control rodents.Rodenticide-used to control rodents.

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Pesticide type-by chemical group:Pesticide type-by chemical group:
– Inorganic pesticides are compounds ofInorganic pesticides are compounds of
mineral origin and mainly include arsenic,mineral origin and mainly include arsenic,
copper, mercury, sulfur or zinc.copper, mercury, sulfur or zinc.
– Chlorinated hydrocarbons are a group ofChlorinated hydrocarbons are a group of
synthetic organic compounds with one orsynthetic organic compounds with one or
more chlorine atoms. Chlordane, dieldrin, andmore chlorine atoms. Chlordane, dieldrin, and
DDT are examples.DDT are examples.
– Organophosphates are synthetic compoundsOrganophosphates are synthetic compounds
containing phosphorous. Some of the morecontaining phosphorous. Some of the more
common examples in this group are diazinon,common examples in this group are diazinon,
dichlorvos, and malathion.dichlorvos, and malathion.

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Pesticide type-by chemical group:Pesticide type-by chemical group:
– Carbamates are synthetic compounds of saltsCarbamates are synthetic compounds of salts
or esters of carbamic acid. Carbaryl andor esters of carbamic acid. Carbaryl and
propoxur are examples.propoxur are examples.
– Botanical are pesticides of plant origin.Botanical are pesticides of plant origin.
Pyrethrums and rotenone are examples.Pyrethrums and rotenone are examples.
Synthetic pyrethroids, such as resmethrin, areSynthetic pyrethroids, such as resmethrin, are
similar in action to pyrethrum. D-phenothrin issimilar in action to pyrethrum. D-phenothrin is
another example.another example.

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Pesticide type-by mode of entry:Pesticide type-by mode of entry:
– Fumigants are chemicals that enter in theFumigants are chemicals that enter in the
gaseous or vapor form via the respiratorygaseous or vapor form via the respiratory
system and/or through body surfaces.system and/or through body surfaces.
– Stomach poisons are materials which killStomach poisons are materials which kill
following ingestion. Application may befollowing ingestion. Application may be
directly to the pest’s natural food, mixed withdirectly to the pest’s natural food, mixed with
baits, or sprinkled in runways so pests willbaits, or sprinkled in runways so pests will
take the compound into the mouth whentake the compound into the mouth when
cleaning contaminated appendages.cleaning contaminated appendages.

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Pesticide type-by mode of entry:Pesticide type-by mode of entry:
– Contact poison enter through the insect’sContact poison enter through the insect’s
body wall or respiratory centers and/or otherbody wall or respiratory centers and/or other
tissues. They include residual surface spraystissues. They include residual surface sprays
that kill pest coming in contact with the treatedthat kill pest coming in contact with the treated
area and aerosols or space sprays that killarea and aerosols or space sprays that kill
after contact with the body surface. Contactafter contact with the body surface. Contact
poisons may also act as a stomach poison ifpoisons may also act as a stomach poison if
ingested.ingested.

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Pesticide type—by mode of action:Pesticide type—by mode of action:
– Biological—a pesticide formulation containingBiological—a pesticide formulation containing
parasitic microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria,parasitic microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria,
fungi, protozoans, nematodes, or their products thatfungi, protozoans, nematodes, or their products that
control the pest.control the pest.
– Desiccants are absorptive dusts which scratch,Desiccants are absorptive dusts which scratch,
absorb, or abrade the waxy surface of theabsorb, or abrade the waxy surface of the
exoskeleton causing death by dehydration. Silica gelsexoskeleton causing death by dehydration. Silica gels
are examples.are examples.
– Preservatives are normally poisonous substancesPreservatives are normally poisonous substances
applied to materials such as wood to protect fromapplied to materials such as wood to protect from
destructive pests.destructive pests.
– Repellents are compounds which actively repel pestsRepellents are compounds which actively repel pests
and, thus, deter attack.and, thus, deter attack.

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Pesticide type—by mode of action:
– Chemosterilants are substances that chemically
sterilize pests, thus, reducing reproductive potential.
– Soil sterilants are normally thought of as a herbicide
treatment to control unwanted vegetation in a given
area for 6 months or more.
– Systemics are compounds absorbed by and
translocated throughout the host plant or animal to kill
parasites sucking juice or body fluids, respectively.
Herbicides may be systemic and kill the treated plant
(root and aerial).
– Growth regulators are synthetic hormone-like
compounds that prevent normal growth of and/or
maturity of the target plant or animal species.

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Vector Control: ShipboardVector Control: Shipboard
and Ashoreand Ashore
Flies
– Relation to man. The importance of many fly
species to man is their capability of
transmitting human and zoonotic diseases
which may seriously hamper military
operations. In addition to the health aspect,
virtually all fly species can be annoying pests
of man.

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FliesFlies
– House flies are the most important andHouse flies are the most important and
widely distributed insect of importance towidely distributed insect of importance to
mankindmankind
Capable of transmitting disease-producingCapable of transmitting disease-producing
organisms via its vomitus and excrement,organisms via its vomitus and excrement,
and on its contaminated feet, body hairsand on its contaminated feet, body hairs
and mouthparts.and mouthparts.
Can cause cholera, dysentery, and typhoidCan cause cholera, dysentery, and typhoid
fever.fever.

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FliesFlies
– Blow fliesBlow flies
Carry many of the same organisms as house flies, but theyCarry many of the same organisms as house flies, but they
do not present the same public health problem since theydo not present the same public health problem since they
rarely enter dwellings.rarely enter dwellings.
Their larvae sometimes develop in wounds or natural bodyTheir larvae sometimes develop in wounds or natural body
openings causing a condition known as myiasis.openings causing a condition known as myiasis.
– Flesh fliesFlesh flies
Distinguished from other domestic flies by the presence ofDistinguished from other domestic flies by the presence of
three longitudinal black stripes on the thorax and athree longitudinal black stripes on the thorax and a
checkered effect on the usually red-tipped abdomen.checkered effect on the usually red-tipped abdomen.
They often are very abundant, but they do not ordinarily enterThey often are very abundant, but they do not ordinarily enter
habitations. They do not appear to be of importance to manhabitations. They do not appear to be of importance to man
from the standpoint of mechanical disease transmission.from the standpoint of mechanical disease transmission.

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FliesFlies
– Stable flyStable fly
A blood-sucking fly and is suspected of transmitting anthraxA blood-sucking fly and is suspected of transmitting anthrax
and tularemia.and tularemia.
It is distinguished from other domestic flies by its piercingIt is distinguished from other domestic flies by its piercing
proboscis which protrudes bayonetlike in front of the head.proboscis which protrudes bayonetlike in front of the head.
– Sand fliesSand flies
Transmit tropical and subtropical diseases: bacterialTransmit tropical and subtropical diseases: bacterial
(bartonella), viral (sand fly or pappataci fever) and protozoal(bartonella), viral (sand fly or pappataci fever) and protozoal
(Leishmania spp., kala-azar, oriental sore and American(Leishmania spp., kala-azar, oriental sore and American
mucocutaneous leishmaniasis)mucocutaneous leishmaniasis)
– Punkies, biting midgesPunkies, biting midges
Minute blood-sucking flies which cause extreme annoyanceMinute blood-sucking flies which cause extreme annoyance
to man in many parts of the world.to man in many parts of the world.

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FliesFlies
– Tsetse fliesTsetse flies
Blood-sucking and of considerable importanceBlood-sucking and of considerable importance
because they transmit the protozoanbecause they transmit the protozoan
trypanosomes which cause human Africantrypanosomes which cause human African
sleeping sickness.sleeping sickness.
They fold their wings scissor-like above theThey fold their wings scissor-like above the
abdomen when resting, the characteristic distal cellabdomen when resting, the characteristic distal cell
(cleaver shaped) in the wing, and the prominent(cleaver shaped) in the wing, and the prominent
biting mouthparts.biting mouthparts.
– Black fliesBlack flies
Small blood-sucking insects which are importantSmall blood-sucking insects which are important
as pests in areas of running streamsas pests in areas of running streams
Vectors of filarial parasites and the protozoanVectors of filarial parasites and the protozoan
blood parasite.blood parasite.

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FliesFlies
– Horse and deer fliesHorse and deer flies
Blood-sucking insect pests which attack both manBlood-sucking insect pests which attack both man
and animals.and animals.
Known to vector bacterial (anthrax and tularemia),Known to vector bacterial (anthrax and tularemia),
protozoan (trypanosomes) and helminthic (Loa loa)protozoan (trypanosomes) and helminthic (Loa loa)
infections to man and/or animals.infections to man and/or animals.
They also transmit tularemia.They also transmit tularemia.
– Eye gnatsEye gnats
Nonbiting flies which are attracted to wounds, pus,Nonbiting flies which are attracted to wounds, pus,
and secretions around the eyes and nose. Theyand secretions around the eyes and nose. They
mechanically transmit the organism which causesmechanically transmit the organism which causes
acute infectious conjunctivitis (pink eye).acute infectious conjunctivitis (pink eye).

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MosquitoesMosquitoes
– Mosquitoes rank first in importance among the insectsMosquitoes rank first in importance among the insects
that transmit disease to man.that transmit disease to man.
– The genera most frequently associated with diseaseThe genera most frequently associated with disease
transmission are Aedes, Anopheles and Culextransmission are Aedes, Anopheles and Culex
– Disease organisms vectored by mosquitoes to manDisease organisms vectored by mosquitoes to man
include bacteria (tularemia), arboviruses (dengue,include bacteria (tularemia), arboviruses (dengue,
encephalomyelitis (Eastern, Western, St. Louis,encephalomyelitis (Eastern, Western, St. Louis,
Japanese B, and Russian Spring-Summer and yellowJapanese B, and Russian Spring-Summer and yellow
fever), protozoa (malaria), and filarial nematodesfever), protozoa (malaria), and filarial nematodes
(Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia spp., and Dirofilaria(Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia spp., and Dirofilaria
immitis).immitis).

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LiceLice
– The infestation of lice on a human host isThe infestation of lice on a human host is
termed pediculosis.termed pediculosis.
– Human lice are responsible for theHuman lice are responsible for the
transmission of louse-borne typhus, trenchtransmission of louse-borne typhus, trench
fever and louse-borne relapsing fever.fever and louse-borne relapsing fever.
– Louse-borne typhus, a historical medicalLouse-borne typhus, a historical medical
problem, is one of the few serious insectproblem, is one of the few serious insect
transmitted diseases in which man serves astransmitted diseases in which man serves as
the infection reservoir.the infection reservoir.

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Lice
– Three species of lice infest man: the head louse,
Pediculus humanus capitus, the body louse,
Pediculus humanus humanus and the crab louse,
Pthirus pubis.
– The body louse, P. h. humanus, and the head louse
P. h. capitus are quite similar, differing principally in
the part of the body normally occupied.
The body louse is found upon the body, spending
much of its time attached to the undergarments.
The head louse is found upon the head and the
neck, clinging to the hairs.

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Lice
– The crab louse is primarily found upon hair in
the pubic and anal regions, but on occasion
may be found in the eyebrows and other
areas of the body.
– Crab lice are spread mainly by physical
contact, but also maybe acquired from toilet
seats or objects recently used by infested
individuals.

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Bedbugs
– Not known to vector human diseases, but are
annoying and can seriously affect morale.
– Approximately 6 mm (1/5 in) in length, flat, reddish-
brown and wingless insects with sucking mouthparts.
– Nocturnal movement and only feed on blood.
– Their bite usually produces small, hard, white
swellings (wheals).
– Habitual hiding places of bedbugs, such as in the
seams of mattresses, will often be obvious by the
presence of dried black or brown excrement stains on
surfaces where they congregate and rest. Their
presence may also be indicated by blood stains on
the bedding.

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CockroachesCockroaches
– The most common and persistentlyThe most common and persistently
troublesome arthropod pest encounteredtroublesome arthropod pest encountered
indoors. They areindoors. They are
– Among the most adaptable insects known.Among the most adaptable insects known.
– Never been demonstrated that cockroachesNever been demonstrated that cockroaches
directly vector pathogenic organisms. Butdirectly vector pathogenic organisms. But
significant circumstantial evidence indicatessignificant circumstantial evidence indicates
that cockroaches maintain and disseminatethat cockroaches maintain and disseminate
pathogens.pathogens.

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– Considerations concerning cockroach infestations include theConsiderations concerning cockroach infestations include the
following:following:
They are considered an indication of substandard sanitationThey are considered an indication of substandard sanitation
by most people.by most people.
They often cause anxiety and repulsion and may lead toThey often cause anxiety and repulsion and may lead to
entomophobia (fear of insects) which is of specialentomophobia (fear of insects) which is of special
consideration in regard to hospital patients’ comfort andconsideration in regard to hospital patients’ comfort and
recovery.recovery.
Cockroaches habitually disgorge portions of partly digestedCockroaches habitually disgorge portions of partly digested
food and defecate wherever they go. They also discharge afood and defecate wherever they go. They also discharge a
nauseous secretion from oral and abdominal glands whichnauseous secretion from oral and abdominal glands which
leaves a persistent and typical “cockroach odor” on allleaves a persistent and typical “cockroach odor” on all
surfaces contacted.surfaces contacted.
Cockroaches defile, contaminate or damage food, linens,Cockroaches defile, contaminate or damage food, linens,
books, utensils and other supplies and equipment.books, utensils and other supplies and equipment.

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– German cockroach is the most commonGerman cockroach is the most common
indoor species, especially in and aroundindoor species, especially in and around
food service spaces and facilities.food service spaces and facilities.

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Stored Products PestsStored Products Pests
– Stored products pests include more than 100 differentStored products pests include more than 100 different
species of insects, most of which are moths andspecies of insects, most of which are moths and
beetles.beetles.
– Infest a wide variety of subsistence supplies includingInfest a wide variety of subsistence supplies including
cereals, flour, farina, grits, candy, pet food, and anycereals, flour, farina, grits, candy, pet food, and any
other non-canned food plus various animal fiberother non-canned food plus various animal fiber
items, e.g., blankets, uniforms and boots.items, e.g., blankets, uniforms and boots.
– Stored product pests are usually either rodents orStored product pests are usually either rodents or
insects. These stored products insects (SPI) includeinsects. These stored products insects (SPI) include
the saw-toothed grain beetle, flour beetles,the saw-toothed grain beetle, flour beetles,
warehouse beetle (Trogoderma), Indian Meal mothwarehouse beetle (Trogoderma), Indian Meal moth
and many others.and many others.

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Stored Products PestsStored Products Pests
– Render the product unfit for human consumption 1 toRender the product unfit for human consumption 1 to
7 insects per pound depending upon the species.7 insects per pound depending upon the species.
Food items at highest risk include farina, grits, petFood items at highest risk include farina, grits, pet
food, and any food that has been packed for atfood, and any food that has been packed for at
least 6 months.least 6 months.
Once a product is infested but still consumable,Once a product is infested but still consumable,
freezing it for two weeks will kill most, if not all, offreezing it for two weeks will kill most, if not all, of
the insects.the insects.

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MitesMites
– Based upon their habitats, mites of medicalBased upon their habitats, mites of medical
importance may be classified into four groups:importance may be classified into four groups:
Nest-inhabiting mites parasitic on birds andNest-inhabiting mites parasitic on birds and
rodents, and which occasionally bite manrodents, and which occasionally bite man
Mites parasitic on animals and whichMites parasitic on animals and which
occasionally bite manoccasionally bite man
Mites parasitic on manMites parasitic on man
Food-infesting mites which occasionallyFood-infesting mites which occasionally
bite manbite man

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Mites
– Nest inhabiting mites. All of these mites live
within the nests of birds and rodents and only
bite man when deprived of their normal hosts.
Medically, the house mouse mite is the most
important member of this group, since it
vectors rickettsial pox from mouse to man.

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Mites
– Mites parasitic on birds and rodents. These
mites are parasitic on rodents, birds and
reptiles, and the larvae may occasionally bite
man. The term “chigger” is applied to the
larvae of certain species of this group. Many
of these species cause dermatitis to man, and
a few transmit scrub typhus (Tsutsugamushi
disease), a severe and debilitating rickettsial
disease of man endemic to some land areas
of the Far East.

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Mites
– Mites parasitic on man. This group includes the well
known scabies or itch mite. The scabies mite is
transmitted through close body contact and may
appear wherever social conditions cause excessive
crowding of people. This mite burrows in the horny
layer of the dermis, causing an intense itching,
especially at night, and occasionally erythema.
Control consists of treating infested individuals with
a 1.O% gamma isomer of BHC (Lindane) and heat
sterilization of clothing and bedding.

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MitesMites
– Food-infesting mites. Many species of mites infest dryFood-infesting mites. Many species of mites infest dry
foods (e.g. bread, cheese, cereals and smokedfoods (e.g. bread, cheese, cereals and smoked
meats). Some of them can also cause a contactmeats). Some of them can also cause a contact
dermatitis to workers handling infested materials.dermatitis to workers handling infested materials.
These mites also have been associated withThese mites also have been associated with
respiratory complications (e.g. asthma exacerbationrespiratory complications (e.g. asthma exacerbation
or bronchial inflammation) when they or their by-or bronchial inflammation) when they or their by-
product antigens are inhaled. There are also reportsproduct antigens are inhaled. There are also reports
of urinary tract infestations that cause irritation,of urinary tract infestations that cause irritation,
urethral stricture, and a predisposition to secondaryurethral stricture, and a predisposition to secondary
infection. Ingestion of mite infested food may lead toinfection. Ingestion of mite infested food may lead to
gastrointestinal disturbances.gastrointestinal disturbances.

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TicksTicks
– Annoying pests because of their bite and their abilityAnnoying pests because of their bite and their ability
to precipitate tick paralysis, but their greatestto precipitate tick paralysis, but their greatest
importance is related to the diseases they are knownimportance is related to the diseases they are known
to transmit to man and animals.to transmit to man and animals.
– Some of the organisms causing disease includeSome of the organisms causing disease include
bacteria (tularemia, Q fever and endemic relapsingbacteria (tularemia, Q fever and endemic relapsing
fever), rickettsia (Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Lymefever), rickettsia (Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Lyme
disease and tick borne typhus), viruses (Colorado tickdisease and tick borne typhus), viruses (Colorado tick
fever, Russian Spring-Summer encephalomyelitis andfever, Russian Spring-Summer encephalomyelitis and
Louping ill) and protozoa (babesiosis andLouping ill) and protozoa (babesiosis and
anaplasmosis).anaplasmosis).

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Ticks
– The best method for removing attached ticks is to
grasp them with forceps and pull them slow and
steady. Do not twist!
– Care should be taken not to crush the tick or to break
off the embedded mouthparts which could be a
source of infection.
– The wound should be treated with an antiseptic.
– Where hair is not involved, the use of tape is an
effective means for removing tick larvae and nymphs
from the skin.

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FleasFleas
– Fleas have been implicated in the transmission ofFleas have been implicated in the transmission of
diseases.diseases.
– The oriental rat flea, Xenopsylla cheopis, is of greatThe oriental rat flea, Xenopsylla cheopis, is of great
importance in the transmission of the plague bacillusimportance in the transmission of the plague bacillus
which alone is sufficient to rank fleas among the morewhich alone is sufficient to rank fleas among the more
important insect vectors.important insect vectors.
– Other genera of fleas transmit endemic or murineOther genera of fleas transmit endemic or murine
typhus and may act as the intermediate hosts fortyphus and may act as the intermediate hosts for
some parasitic worms.some parasitic worms.
– Gravid females of the “chigoe” or burrowing flea,Gravid females of the “chigoe” or burrowing flea,
Tunga penetrans, penetrate the skin to complete theirTunga penetrans, penetrate the skin to complete their
development, causing ulcerating lesions on the feet ofdevelopment, causing ulcerating lesions on the feet of
man and of animals.man and of animals.

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Reduviid BugsReduviid Bugs
– Reduviid or cone-nose bugs of several genera,Reduviid or cone-nose bugs of several genera,
Panstrongylus, Rhodnius and Triatoma, are importantPanstrongylus, Rhodnius and Triatoma, are important
to man as vectors of the protozoan parasite,to man as vectors of the protozoan parasite,
Trypanosoma cruzi, which causes Chagas’ disease orTrypanosoma cruzi, which causes Chagas’ disease or
American Trypanosomiasis.American Trypanosomiasis.
– The infected insect bites man, defecates duringThe infected insect bites man, defecates during
feeding or soon afterward, and the infected feces isfeeding or soon afterward, and the infected feces is
introduced into the bite by scratching or rubbing.introduced into the bite by scratching or rubbing.
– Infection can also take place through contamination ofInfection can also take place through contamination of
the conjunctival, mucous membranes, wounds orthe conjunctival, mucous membranes, wounds or
scratches.scratches.

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RodentsRodents
– Rodents such as rats, mice and ground squirrels mayRodents such as rats, mice and ground squirrels may
serve as reservoirs for plague, endemic typhus,serve as reservoirs for plague, endemic typhus,
tularemia and other debilitating diseases.tularemia and other debilitating diseases.
– The problem of contamination of supplies and directThe problem of contamination of supplies and direct
property damage by rodents may also be considered.property damage by rodents may also be considered.
– The semi-wild forms, which live in the jungles, forestsThe semi-wild forms, which live in the jungles, forests
and wastelands, have little or no contact with manand wastelands, have little or no contact with man
and are relatively unimportant in rodent control.and are relatively unimportant in rodent control.
However, military operations and occupation mayHowever, military operations and occupation may
change this situation.change this situation.

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RodentsRodents
– The most important rodents from the medical and economicalThe most important rodents from the medical and economical
viewpoint are:viewpoint are:
Norway rat. The Norway, brown or gray rat, RattusNorway rat. The Norway, brown or gray rat, Rattus
norvegicus, is a comparatively large animal, weighingnorvegicus, is a comparatively large animal, weighing
approximately 280-480 gm (10–17 oz), with a tail that doesapproximately 280-480 gm (10–17 oz), with a tail that does
not exceed the combined length of head and body. This rat isnot exceed the combined length of head and body. This rat is
present wherever human activity creates suitable harboragespresent wherever human activity creates suitable harborages
and there is an adequate food supply. It prefers to burrow forand there is an adequate food supply. It prefers to burrow for
nesting and is mainly found in basements, embankments, onnesting and is mainly found in basements, embankments, on
lower floors of buildings, in drains and sewer lines and in thelower floors of buildings, in drains and sewer lines and in the
holds and decks of ships. Preferred foods include meat, fishholds and decks of ships. Preferred foods include meat, fish
or flesh mixed with a diet of grains, vegetables and fruit. Inor flesh mixed with a diet of grains, vegetables and fruit. In
the absence of these, any foodstuffs may be eaten.the absence of these, any foodstuffs may be eaten.

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RodentsRodents
– The most important rodents from the medical and economicalThe most important rodents from the medical and economical
viewpoint are:viewpoint are:
Roof rat. The gray bellied, Alexandria or roof rat, RattusRoof rat. The gray bellied, Alexandria or roof rat, Rattus
rattus alexandrines, is a good climber and may be foundrattus alexandrines, is a good climber and may be found
living in trees, vines, building lofts, overhead wiring andliving in trees, vines, building lofts, overhead wiring and
upper decks of ships. The body is generally elongated, theupper decks of ships. The body is generally elongated, the
ears are long and the tail exceeds the combined length of theears are long and the tail exceeds the combined length of the
head and body. There are many color and body typehead and body. There are many color and body type
variations. The black or ship rat, Rattus rattus rattus, avariations. The black or ship rat, Rattus rattus rattus, a
subspecies variant of the roof rat, R. r. alexandrines, is ansubspecies variant of the roof rat, R. r. alexandrines, is an
excellent climber and is frequently found on ships. These ratsexcellent climber and is frequently found on ships. These rats
prefer seeds, cereals, vegetables, fruit and grass, but mayprefer seeds, cereals, vegetables, fruit and grass, but may
subsist on leather goods, chocolate and even weakersubsist on leather goods, chocolate and even weaker
members of its own kind.members of its own kind.

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RodentsRodents
– The most important rodents from the medical andThe most important rodents from the medical and
economical viewpoint are:economical viewpoint are:
House mouse. The house mouse, Mus musculus,House mouse. The house mouse, Mus musculus,
is commonly associated with man and may causeis commonly associated with man and may cause
serious damage to foodstuffs and other valuableserious damage to foodstuffs and other valuable
materials.materials.
Various species of field mice may on occasionVarious species of field mice may on occasion
enter habitations in search of food and shelter, butenter habitations in search of food and shelter, but
they do not present a major problem.they do not present a major problem.

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Rodents
– Control and prevention of rodents ashore. Rodent
control programs should include elimination of food
and shelter, rodent proofing of structures, and use of
single dose anticoagulant bait stations, glue boards
and snap traps.
Preferred trap baits vary with the area and species
of rodent involved, and include bacon rind, nuts,
fresh coconut, peanut butter, raw vegetables, and
bread or oatmeal dipped in bacon grease.
– Utilization of rat guards. Rat guards should be a
minimum of 36 in diameter and mounted at least 6
feet from the closest point on shore or 2ft from ship.

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Common Venomous ArthropodsCommon Venomous Arthropods
– Clinical manifestations associated withClinical manifestations associated with
envenomization include anaphylactic shock,envenomization include anaphylactic shock,
hemolysis, necrosis, paralysis, cardiopulmonaryhemolysis, necrosis, paralysis, cardiopulmonary
dysfunction, allergenic asthma, and antigen induceddysfunction, allergenic asthma, and antigen induced
dermatologic manifestations.dermatologic manifestations.
– Venoms produced by arthropods are mixtures of fourVenoms produced by arthropods are mixtures of four
toxic types: Vesicating (blister beetles), neurotoxictoxic types: Vesicating (blister beetles), neurotoxic
(black widow spiders), cytolytic (brown recluse(black widow spiders), cytolytic (brown recluse
spider), and hemolytic (horse flies).spider), and hemolytic (horse flies).

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– Venomous arthropods of importanceVenomous arthropods of importance
Centipedes are fast moving, dorsoventrally flat, elongateCentipedes are fast moving, dorsoventrally flat, elongate
arthropods having one pair of legs per body segment.arthropods having one pair of legs per body segment.
– All centipedes contain venom producing glands that areAll centipedes contain venom producing glands that are
connected by tubes to claws, that are modifiedconnected by tubes to claws, that are modified
appendages on the first body segment.appendages on the first body segment.
– The potential for these arthropods to inflict injury on manThe potential for these arthropods to inflict injury on man
is contingent on the size of the claw and its ability tois contingent on the size of the claw and its ability to
penetrate the skin. Injected venom causes apenetrate the skin. Injected venom causes a
considerable amount of pain, but rarely death.considerable amount of pain, but rarely death.
– When death occurs, it is believed to be a result of anWhen death occurs, it is believed to be a result of an
anaphylactic reaction. The wound should be disinfectedanaphylactic reaction. The wound should be disinfected
and a medical officer consulted.and a medical officer consulted.

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– Millipedes are slow moving, rounded, elongatedMillipedes are slow moving, rounded, elongated
arthropods with two pairs of legs per body segment.arthropods with two pairs of legs per body segment.
Many millipedes exude a vesicating fluid and mayMany millipedes exude a vesicating fluid and may
cause injury to persons handling them.cause injury to persons handling them.
Some are capable of squirting vesicating venomSome are capable of squirting vesicating venom
some distance and may cause severe injury to thesome distance and may cause severe injury to the
eyes as well as the skin.eyes as well as the skin.

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– Scorpions are venomous arachnids that rarely sting man, andScorpions are venomous arachnids that rarely sting man, and
then, only when provoked.then, only when provoked.
Few species are deadly, all stings should be consideredFew species are deadly, all stings should be considered
dangerous because of the hemolytic and neurotoxic venomdangerous because of the hemolytic and neurotoxic venom
properties.properties.
The signs and symptoms associated with these stings varyThe signs and symptoms associated with these stings vary
with species and may include tachypnea, tachycardia,with species and may include tachypnea, tachycardia,
nausea, glycosuria, epigastric pain and tenderness,nausea, glycosuria, epigastric pain and tenderness,
excessive salivation, slurred speech, tissue discoloration andexcessive salivation, slurred speech, tissue discoloration and
necrosis.necrosis.
The ground scorpions have a predominantly hemolytic toxinThe ground scorpions have a predominantly hemolytic toxin
which is generally associated with swelling and except in thewhich is generally associated with swelling and except in the
young, old or debilitated, death is uncommon.young, old or debilitated, death is uncommon.
The venom of bark scorpions has a neurotoxin that does notThe venom of bark scorpions has a neurotoxin that does not
cause swelling and is often associated with death.cause swelling and is often associated with death.

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– Spiders are venomous arachnids and in most cases areSpiders are venomous arachnids and in most cases are
considered to be beneficial because they feed on otherconsidered to be beneficial because they feed on other
arthropods.arthropods.
Bites of black or brown widow spiders (Latrodectus mactansBites of black or brown widow spiders (Latrodectus mactans
and Latrodectus geometricus respectively), and the brownand Latrodectus geometricus respectively), and the brown
recluse spider, Loxosceles reclusa, are serious and ofrecluse spider, Loxosceles reclusa, are serious and of
considerable medical importance.considerable medical importance.
The venom of the Latrodectus spp. Is strongly neurotoxic,The venom of the Latrodectus spp. Is strongly neurotoxic,
causing severe symptoms of extreme pain, abdominalcausing severe symptoms of extreme pain, abdominal
cramping, profuse perspiration, respiratory duress, andcramping, profuse perspiration, respiratory duress, and
speech inhibition. Only 5% of untreated cases are fatal.speech inhibition. Only 5% of untreated cases are fatal.
The venom of L. reclusa is strongly hemolytic and vesicating,The venom of L. reclusa is strongly hemolytic and vesicating,
causing progressive tissue necrosis.causing progressive tissue necrosis.

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– Blister beetle.Blister beetle.
When these beetles are touched, they exude aWhen these beetles are touched, they exude a
drop of vesicating fluid through the membranes ofdrop of vesicating fluid through the membranes of
the appendage joints.the appendage joints.
The active ingredient of this fluid is cantharidin.The active ingredient of this fluid is cantharidin.
Upon dermal contact, this fluid causes formation ofUpon dermal contact, this fluid causes formation of
serious blisters which eventually break, theserious blisters which eventually break, the
released fluids causing satellite blisters.released fluids causing satellite blisters.
Bacterial secondary infection is common.Bacterial secondary infection is common.
Medical attention for affected individuals isMedical attention for affected individuals is
considered important.considered important.

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– Hymenopterous insects. Member species of bees, wasps, yellowHymenopterous insects. Member species of bees, wasps, yellow
jackets, hornets and ants are high in number and are the mostjackets, hornets and ants are high in number and are the most
common sources of serious envenomization.common sources of serious envenomization.
Although the composition of hymenopteran venoms vary,Although the composition of hymenopteran venoms vary,
most of them have a predominantly hemolytic factormost of them have a predominantly hemolytic factor
associated with a smaller fraction of neurotoxin.associated with a smaller fraction of neurotoxin.
Reactions between individuals exposed to a specific venomReactions between individuals exposed to a specific venom
may vary considerably. A bee sting may cause no effect or itmay vary considerably. A bee sting may cause no effect or it
may precipitate death.may precipitate death.
A serious manifestation of hymenopteran hypersensitivity isA serious manifestation of hymenopteran hypersensitivity is
anaphylactic shock occasionally accompanied byanaphylactic shock occasionally accompanied by
regurgitation, encopresis, enuresis, rapid decrease in bloodregurgitation, encopresis, enuresis, rapid decrease in blood
pressure, atypically slow pulse, prostration, debilitation andpressure, atypically slow pulse, prostration, debilitation and
possibly death.possibly death.

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Treatment of Envenomization.Treatment of Envenomization.
– If little or no swelling or discoloration occur at the siteIf little or no swelling or discoloration occur at the site
of envenomization, the venom is probably neurotoxic.of envenomization, the venom is probably neurotoxic.
Apply ice to the site or, if possible immerse theApply ice to the site or, if possible immerse the
affected part of the body in ice water.affected part of the body in ice water.
Neurotoxic envenomization is treated with specificNeurotoxic envenomization is treated with specific
antivenoms or with intravenously injectedantivenoms or with intravenously injected
gluconate, epinephrine or adrenaline.gluconate, epinephrine or adrenaline.
– Cytolytic envenomization often requires prolongedCytolytic envenomization often requires prolonged
symptomatic treatment.symptomatic treatment.
– Hemorrhagic envenomization, when severe, is treatedHemorrhagic envenomization, when severe, is treated
with vitamin K.with vitamin K.

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Treatment of Envenomization.Treatment of Envenomization.
– Urtication is treated by washing the skin with aUrtication is treated by washing the skin with a
bactericidal soap and a course cloth to remove anybactericidal soap and a course cloth to remove any
remaining hairs. Administer antihistamines.remaining hairs. Administer antihistamines.
– Vesicating envenomization is treated by draining theVesicating envenomization is treated by draining the
blisters with a sterile hypodermic needle, followed byblisters with a sterile hypodermic needle, followed by
application of magnesium sulfate compresses, andapplication of magnesium sulfate compresses, and
careful disinfection of the blisters to preventcareful disinfection of the blisters to prevent
secondary infection.secondary infection.
– Anaphylactic shock is treated by use of a tourniquetAnaphylactic shock is treated by use of a tourniquet
and subcutaneous injections of epinephrine. Allergicand subcutaneous injections of epinephrine. Allergic
reactions are treated symptomatically withreactions are treated symptomatically with
antihistaminic, adrenergic, spasmolytic andantihistaminic, adrenergic, spasmolytic and
anticholinergic drugs.anticholinergic drugs.

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Any questions?Any questions?

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NAVMED P-5010, Manual of the Naval Preventive Medicine, Chapter 8