2. "To steal ideas from one person is plagiarism. To steal from many is
research." Sh.K.
3. INTRODUCTION
• What are Radio Frequencies
– Wavelength
– Frequency
– Amplitude
– Phase
• Frequency Bands
The ISM (Industrial, Scientific and Medical) radio bands.
• “900MHz” ISM band 902MHz - 928MHz (Americas only)
• “2.4GHz” ISM band 2400MHz - 2483.5MHz
• ”5GHz” ISM band 5150MHz - 5815MHz
4. Wired vs. Wireless
• Wired vs. Wireless Networking
– Network cables and radio frequencies
– Costs
– Mobility
– Security
5. CELLULAR SYSTEM
WIRELESS LANs
SATELLITE SYSTEM
PAGING SYSTEM
PANs(BLUETOOTH)
6. Cellular Telephony
• Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS – 3G)
– The 3GPP has five main UMTS standardization areas:
• Radio-access network
• Core network
8. Long Term Evolution (LTE-4G)
• Specified by the 3GPP
• Completely integrated into the existing cellular infrastructure for 2G
and 3G
- seamless handoff
- complete connectivity between previous standards and LTE
• Packed-switching
- Improved capacity and coverage
- High data rates
- Low access latency
• IP-only network
• Data rates up to 150 Mbps (theoretical)
- VoIP
- Streaming multimedia
- Video-conferencing
9. LTE Architecture
• The LTE system is comprised of two networks:
- E-UTRAN (Evolved UTRAN)
- EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
10. EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
• All-IP and fully packet-switched
• Voice service is handled by IMS network
• Consists of:
- MME (Mobility Management Entity)
- SGW (Serving Gateway)
- PDN GW (Packet Data Network Gateway)
- HSS (Home Subscriber Server)
11. E-UTRAN (Evolved UTRAN)
• Consists of E-UTRAN Base Stations, called eNodeBs
• No centralized controller
• Flat architecture
• Responsible for all radio-related functions:
- Radio Resource Management (RRM)
- Header Compression
- Security
- Connectivity to the EPC
12. Wireless LANs
• Wi-Fi is the term used by the IEEE
802.11 standards to define the
Wireless LANs (WLANs).
• Wi-Fi is a more personal
environment and is intended for
domestic usage and small offices.
To do that, it uses a range of
frequency bands that are
“unlicensed”, that of 2.4GHz and
5GHz.
13. Standardization Organizations
• Three organizations influence WLAN standards
– ITU-R (International Telecommunication Union - Radiocommunication)
– IEEE - (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)
– The Wi-Fi Alliance
• IEEE 802.11 Standards
– 802.11 b/g
• 11Mb/s / 54Mb/s and runs in the 2.4GHz frequency band.
– 802.11 a
• 54 Mb/s and runs in the 5 GHz frequency band.
– 802.11 n
• 300 Mb/s runs in both 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands.
– 802.11 ac
• 290 Mb/s up to 6.9 Gb/s. Runs in 5 GHz only.
14. The Wireless LAN Components
• Access Points
– Radio Resource Management (RRM)
• Dynamic Channel Assignment
• Transmit Power Control
• Coverage Hole Detection and Correction
– Clientlink
– CleanAir
– BandSelect
15. The Wireless LAN Components
• Wireless LAN Controllers
– Roaming
• Antenna
– MIMO technology
