The slides presented and used for the invited design workshop in Industrial Design division, School of Engineering, University of Liverpool. This presentation begins with personal introduction followed by workshop introduction and learning outcomes. The main part consists of sustainable practice, beyond papers and beyond recycling, circular economy, sustainable design, upcycling research and workshop procedures.
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Sustainable design & product development with circular economy and upcycling
1. Kyungeun Sung / School of Design
Product Development 2 Design Workshop Series
School of Engineering, University of Liverpool (24/04/2018)
Sustainable design & product development
with circular economy and upcycling
Dr. Kyungeun Sung
Product Design
School of Design
Faculty of Arts, Design and Humanities
Kyungeun.sung@dmu.ac.uk
5. Kyungeun Sung / School of Design
2007-current
2007-2010 MSc in Strategic Product Design
2011-2012 Design Researcher and UX Designer in Mobile Communication
2012-2013 Lecturer in Industrial Design and Technology
2013-2017 PhD in Sustainable Design
Jan-Sep 2017 Research Associate/Fellow
Sep 2017-current VC2020 Lecturer in Product Design
7. Kyungeun Sung / School of Design
Rationale behind this workshop: UN’s SDGs
Source: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/?menu=1300
8. Kyungeun Sung / School of Design
Rationale behind this workshop: emerging CE
European Commission: new Circular
Economy Package
WRAP: visions and support for the
UK CE to 2020
Ellen McArthur Foundation
China: national strategies
…
Source: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/circular-economy/index_en.htm; http://www.wrap.org.uk/about-us/about/wrap-and-circular-economy;
https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/circular-economy/interactive-diagram; https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652612006117
9. Kyungeun Sung / School of Design
Rationale behind this workshop: upcycling
Source: https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/circular-economy/interactive-diagram
10. Kyungeun Sung / School of Design
Rationale behind this workshop: upcycling SMEs
Source: http://www.upcycledfurniture.co.uk/product/the-american-fluted-chair/; http://annika-n.co.uk/; http://seadriftdesign.bigcartel.com/
11. Kyungeun Sung / School of Design
Rationale behind this workshop: scaling up
Source: http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/31125/
Niche practices
becoming mainstream
(regimes)
Interventions across a
range of scales
involving various
actors
Systems approach
required
12. Kyungeun Sung / School of Design
Rationale behind this workshop: system maps
Source: http://www.xinli-lin.com/gg-co-learning/
13. Kyungeun Sung / School of Design
Learning outcomes
By the end of the workshop, you will be able to:
Discuss different approaches to sustainable design, production and
consumption (including circular economy and upcycling);
Explain challenges faced by upcycling-based businesses in the UK; and
Generate and develop ideas, concepts and system maps to resolve
complex/wicked design problems involving multiple stakeholders (scaling
up upcycling businesses in the UK) individually and as a team
15. Kyungeun Sung / School of Design
Sustainable practice/behaviour
National governments and inter-governmental organisations: national
policies, EU regulations, UN SDGs, etc.
Local authorities: waste management, recycling, etc.
Companies: product take-back, CSR activities, etc.
Designers: design for disassembly, selection of low impact materials, etc.
Individuals: repair, reuse, recycling, walk/cycling/public transportation
(instead of driving cars), sustainably sourced food, 2nd hand market, etc.
…
16. Kyungeun Sung / School of Design
Sustainable practice example: paper recycling
Widely practiced
Rate: 63-73% and improving
steadily
Recycling bin collected into bales
sent to a ‘pulper’ (water and
chemicals) cut into small pieces
heated separate the cellulose
fibres form the pulp
Source: http://www.withbotheyesopen.com/
17. Kyungeun Sung / School of Design
Sustainable practice example: paper recycling
Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jAqVxsEgWIM
Process
18. Kyungeun Sung / School of Design
Sustainable practice example: paper recycling
Source: http://www.withbotheyesopen.com/
Gt CO2
Sankey diagram of paper production
19. Kyungeun Sung / School of Design
Sustainable practice example: paper recycling
Increasing the rate of waste paper collection
Using less energy to pulp recycled paper
Improving the yield of recycled pulp by improving the separation of ink
and other contaminants from the used paper
Source: http://www.withbotheyesopen.com/
Improving the recycling loop
20. Kyungeun Sung / School of Design
Sustainable practice example: paper recycling
Limitations of paper recycling
Tissue and sanitary paper CANNOT be recycled
Some paper kept in archives
80% recycling rates as a realistic limit (CEPI, 2009)
Source: http://www.withbotheyesopen.com/
21. Kyungeun Sung / School of Design
Sustainable practice example: paper recycling
Beyond paper recycling
Shared use of books, magazines, newspapers, etc.
Less packaging
Lighter paper
Printing on demand
Removing print for re-use
E-readers
…
Source: http://www.withbotheyesopen.com/
22. Kyungeun Sung / School of Design
Beyond papers and beyond recycling
23. Kyungeun Sung / School of Design
Sources of global CO2 emissions
Source: http://www.withbotheyesopen.com/
24. Kyungeun Sung / School of Design
Approximate numbers about key materials
Source: http://www.withbotheyesopen.com/
25. Kyungeun Sung / School of Design
Concern about escalating demand for materials
Resource shortages
Water stress
Land stress
By-products and toxic chemicals
Climate change
…
Source: http://www.withbotheyesopen.com/
26. Kyungeun Sung / School of Design
Strategies towards sustainable use of materials
Source: http://www.withbotheyesopen.com/
Use less materials by design
Reduce yield losses (pre-consumption waste)
Divert manufacturing scrap for reuse (not recycling)
Reuse of old components before recycling
Product lifetime extension
Final demand reduction
28. Kyungeun Sung / School of Design
Circular economy
Source: https://www.nature.com/news/the-circular-economy-1.19594
Turning goods that
are at the end of
their service life into
resources for others,
closing loops in
industrial ecosystems
and minimizing waste
29. Kyungeun Sung / School of DesignSource: https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/circular-economy/interactive-diagram
Circular economy
30. Kyungeun Sung / School of DesignSource: http://www.wrap.org.uk/about-us/about/wrap-and-circular-economy
Waste reduction
Greater resource productivity
More competitive UK economy
Better addressing emerging resource
scarcity issues
Reducing the environmental impacts
of our production and consumption
in both the UK and abroad
Circular economy in the UK
31. Kyungeun Sung / School of DesignSource: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/priorities/jobs-growth-and-investment/towards-circular-economy_en
Circular Economy Package: actions contributing to
“closing the loop” of product lifecycles through greater
recycling and re-use, and bringing benefits for both the
environment and economy
maximum value and use from all raw materials,
products and waste, fostering energy savings and
reducing GHGs
Circular economy in EU
32. Kyungeun Sung / School of DesignSource: https://www.ifixit.com/; https://repaircafe.org/en/ https://therestartproject.org/groups/restarters-leicester/
Circular economy in practice: Repair
33. Kyungeun Sung / School of Design
Circular economy in practice: Repair
http://www.roathcardiff.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/450-
Oxfam-shop-Albany-Road-300x224.jpg
https://www.letsrecycle.com/wp-
content/uploads/2016/07/charity-shop-crop.gif
http://www.mswandas.co.uk/wp-
content/uploads/2012/05/cancer_researchfront.jpg
https://www.ilovefreegle.org/https://www.ebay.co.uk/ https://www.gumtree.com/
34. Kyungeun Sung / School of Design
Circular economy in practice: Upcycling
http://www.sarahturner.co.uk/Cola%2010/cola30.html
http://www.upcycledfurniture.co.
uk/product/the-american-fluted-
chair/
http://hbu.h-
cdn.co/assets/15/46/14471861
25-tarva-ikea-hack.jpg
http://www.angharadmclaren.co.uk/
#/weaving-darns/
https://s-media-cache-
ak0.pinimg.com/736x/b2/3d/93/b23d938511
b2da3c389190f91c55cbf9.jpg
https://s-media-cache-
ak0.pinimg.com/736x/6a/e4/04/6ae404c
1afdf06bf5d1e4cf23e7eb8cc.jpg
35. Kyungeun Sung / School of DesignSource: https://www.uber.com/en-GB/; http://www.Airbnb.co.uk
Circular economy in practice: Share
36. Kyungeun Sung / School of Design
Circular economy in practice: PSS (Product Service System)
http://www.lighting.philips.co.uk/services/lighting-capital https://ssl.c.photoshelter.com/img-get2/I0000HVv1ygOo1nA/fit=1000x750/UK-Laundrette-0161.jpg
37. Kyungeun Sung / School of DesignSource: https://shop.fairphone.com/en/
Circular economy in practice:
Product design for repair, reuse, upcycling, etc.
39. Kyungeun Sung / School of Design
Green design
Source: https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/design-for-sustainable-change-9782940439775/
Early 1990s ~
Design’s ecological
impact
Focusing on single issue:
e.g. materials or energy
consumption
Often using recycled
materials
https://designmuseum.org/design/chairs-1990s
40. Kyungeun Sung / School of Design
Eco design
Late 1990s ~
Holistic view of where designers
should influence
Throughout the complete life
cycle of the product
Lifecycle thinking
Lifecycle assessment
From efficiency to effectiveness
https://app.sustainableminds.com/learning-center/ecodesign-strategies/strategy-wheel
Source: https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/design-for-sustainable-change-9782940439775/
41. Kyungeun Sung / School of Design
Design for sustainable behaviour
Source: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0142694X09000301
2000~
Focusing on use phase
Focusing on resource efficiency
(water, energy, etc.)
Influencing consumer
behaviour in household
42. Kyungeun Sung / School of Design
Design for sustainability (sustainable development)
Source: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/?menu=1300
43. Kyungeun Sung / School of Design
Sustainability
Source: United Nations General Assembly (2005:12) and UNESCO (2001: Preface and Article 3) in https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/design-for-sustainable-change-9782940439775/
Sustainable development
Environment
Society
Economy
Society
Environment Economy
Bearable Equitable
Viable
Sustainable
44. Kyungeun Sung / School of Design
Evolution of design for sustainability
Source: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0142694X16300631
Product innovation level
Product-service system innovation level
Spatio-social innovation level
Socio-technical system innovation level
46. Kyungeun Sung / School of Design
Project background
Source: http://ciemap.leeds.ac.uk/
UK target: Reductions
in GHGs by 80% from
1990 levels by 2050.
Government’s
commitment: RCUK
Energy Programme.
CIE-MAP goal: Identify opportunities that may
ultimately deliver a reduction in GHGs.
47. Kyungeun Sung / School of Design
Upcycling
http://ghk.h-cdn.co/assets/cm/15/11/54ff6adf88ead-peplum.jpg http://www.flashdrivepros.com/Images/1000recoveredflashdrives.jpg
Creation or modification of a product from used materials, components or
products which is of equal or higher quality or value than the compositional
elements (Sung, Cooper & Kettley 2014; Sung 2017)
Source: http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/31125/; https://www.dora.dmu.ac.uk/handle/2086/14672
48. Kyungeun Sung / School of Design
Benefits of upcycling
Environmental:
extending lifetimes of used products, components and materials
increasing material efficiency + reducing industrial energy consumption
(Allwood, Ashby, Gutowski, & Worrell, 2011) lowering GHGs (Hamit-Haggar, 2012)
Reducing solid waste (Bramston & Maycroft, 2013)
Economic: creating jobs (businesses) + saving money (consumers)
Social: offering jobs for disadvantaged people (businesses) +
emotional/psychological well-being (consumers) (Politowicz, 2009; Sung, 2017; Sung,
Cooper and Kettley, 2014; Teli, Valia, Maurya, & Shitole, 2014)
49. Kyungeun Sung / School of Design
Understanding household upcycling behaviour in the UK
Semi-
structured
interview
(n=23)
Online
survey
(n=122)
Semi-
Delphi
(n=25)
Source: http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/31125/
50. Kyungeun Sung / School of Design
Understanding upcycling-based SMEs in the UK
Upcycling as design and manufacturing/fabrication practice
Focusing on used timber and textiles (e.g. furniture and clothing)
Stakeholder (practitioners + consumers) perspectives on challenges
and success factors for scaling up upcycling-based SMEs in the UK
(interviews; n=29)
51. Kyungeun Sung / School of Design
Key stakeholders in upcycling businesses in the UK
Material
suppliers
Upcycling
designers &
makers
Retailers
Consumers
52. Kyungeun Sung / School of Design
Material suppliers’ perspectives: Challenges
Increasing cost
Sourcing materials
Legislation
Public misunderstanding
Macro-economic situation
…
53. Kyungeun Sung / School of Design
Material suppliers’ perspectives: Success factors
Awareness raising
Promotion
Legal and legislative support
Financial support
Pressure on companies
…
54. Kyungeun Sung / School of Design
Upcycling designers and makers’ perspectives: Challenges
Difficulty in sourcing materials
Limited hands-on skills
Limitation from the materials
Finding necessary equipment
One-off nature high price
…
http://seadriftdesign.bigcartel.com/
http://www.urbanupholstery.com/
http://samesister.com/
55. Kyungeun Sung / School of Design
Upcycling designers and makers’ perspectives: Success factors
Material provision system
Online marketing support
Employees and apprentices
Business advice
Financial support
…
http://seadriftdesign.bigcartel.com/
http://www.urbanupholstery.com/
http://samesister.com/
56. Kyungeun Sung / School of Design
Retailers’ perspectives: Challenges
Consumers’ negative perception
Attracting suitable consumers
Seasonal demand
Obtaining quality products
Location of the shop
…
57. Kyungeun Sung / School of Design
Retailers’ perspectives: Success factors
Reasonable pricing
Effective online marketing
Good story/history behind the product
Celebrity involvement in promotion
Awareness-raising (e.g. appreciation of
the skills and time for upcycling)
…
58. Kyungeun Sung / School of Design
Consumers’ perspectives: Challenges
Limited availability and access
Finding good quality products
Time and effort
High price
Suitability (e.g. size of clothing)
…
Image source: http://www.bbdirect.com/ckfinder/userfiles/images/Consumers.jpg
59. Kyungeun Sung / School of Design
Consumers’ perspectives: Success factors
Bespoke products
Increased availability
More information
One stop shop
Lowered price
…
Image source: http://www.bbdirect.com/ckfinder/userfiles/images/Consumers.jpg
60. Kyungeun Sung / School of Design
Any questions?
Further questions
kyungeun.sung@dmu.ac.uk
0116 207 8498https://i.pinimg.com/originals/71/93/b0/7193b0002d52dcd6ecb0a78394d85543.png
62. Kyungeun Sung / School of Design
Time Duration Activity Outcome
09:50-10:20 30 mins Individual idea generation Min. 10 ideas
10:20-10:30 10 mins Break
10:30-11:00 30 mins Group idea share and system design System map
11:00-11:30 30 mins individual idea development Min. 3 concepts
11:30-12:00 30 mins Group presentation preparation Ppt presentation
12:00-12:30 30 mins Lunch break
12:30-13:15 45 mins Group presentation 5-min presentation
13:15-13:45 30 mins Feedback
Workshop schedule
63. Kyungeun Sung / School of Design
1. Individual idea generation (30 mins)
Four client briefs
Material suppliers / upcycling
designers and makers / retailers
/ consumers
Client profile
Problem descriptions
Goal
64. Kyungeun Sung / School of Design
1. Individual idea generation (30 mins)
10 minutes
20 minutes
Read the given brief thoroughly and carefully
Create a mind-map for your comprehension
Generate a minimum of 10 ideas (rough sketches and
annotations) in A3
Number each idea
http://www.thrive4kids.ca/mindmap-example2-large.png
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-
NLNvykqT3i8/TcMHGl6rNlI/AAAAAAAAAOk/rU_IsS_iUZ4/s1600/mind%2Bmap.JPG
65. Kyungeun Sung / School of Design
Break (10 mins)
Image source: http://www.botswanayouth.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/break.jpg
66. Kyungeun Sung / School of Design
2. Group idea share and system design (30 mins)
System map: supports the
visualisation of stakeholders of
PSS, and facilitates material,
information, and financial flow
among them. Visualises the
importance of flow. Highlights
which stakeholders are involved
and how they interact to
support a specific action of a
stakeholder. (van Halen et al., 2005)
Source: Van Halen, C., Vezzoli, C. and Wimmer, R., 2005. Methodology for product service system innovation: how to develop clean, clever and
competitive strategies in companies. Uitgeverij Van Gorcum.
Source: http://www.xinli-lin.com/gg-co-learning/
67. Kyungeun Sung / School of Design
2. Group idea share and system design (30 mins)
Source: http://www.servicedesigntools.org/tools/28
68. Kyungeun Sung / School of Design
2. Group idea share and system design (30 mins)
10 minutes
20 minutes
Explain your brief using the original brief and your mind-map
within the group
Share your 10 (Min) ideas to achieve the goal
Select the top 3 (up to 5) ideas per person based on
discussion / voting / etc. as a team
Create a system map to visualise all stakeholders (material
suppliers, upcycling designers and makers, retailers,
consumers, and more if applicable) and all selected ideas
Make sure your system map shows interrelationships,
connections and flows between stakeholders, infrastructure,
products, services, activities, information, etc.
69. Kyungeun Sung / School of Design
3. Individual idea/concept development (30 mins)
10 minutes
20 minutes
Create 3 (Min) variations of each selected idea to explore the
potential of ideas
Develop the selected ideas into 3 (Min) concepts
Number each idea and concept
Put one concept per A3 (or PPT slide if you are using CAD)
70. Kyungeun Sung / School of Design
4. Group presentation preparation (30 mins)
10 minutes
20 minutes
Scan/photograph selected ideas, system map and concepts
Update or upgrade the system map if applicable
Make PowerPoint presentation for 5 minutes, including:
1. All mind-maps and selected idea sketches
2. Initial system map
3. All developed concepts
4. Final system map
5. What you’ve learned today
Ensure that all team members present
Email the file (ppt or pdf) to J.Yoon2@liverpool.ac.uk and
Kyungeun.sung@dmu.ac.uk
71. Kyungeun Sung / School of Design
Lunch break (30 mins)
Image source: https://www.thesilverline.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Lunch-Break1.jpg
72. Kyungeun Sung / School of Design
5. Group presentation (5 mins per group)
As a presenter:
Aim for 4’30”
When you see this sign, prepare to finish: it means you have
one minute left
As an audience:
Pay attention to other presentations
Give a big applause after each presentation
Image source: http://www.aussieelectricalandplumbing.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/one-finger.png
74. Kyungeun Sung / School of Design
6. Feedback plenary session (30 mins)
Whole group discussion:
1. What did you like about today’s workshop?
2. What did you not like about today’s workshop?
3. If you could organise another workshop in the future, what would
you do differently to improve the workshop?
75. Kyungeun Sung / School of Design
Any questions?
Further questions
kyungeun.sung@dmu.ac.uk
0116 207 8498https://i.pinimg.com/originals/71/93/b0/7193b0002d52dcd6ecb0a78394d85543.png