Introduction to legumes

1. Introduction

2. Topical Outline
• Introduction
• Importance of legumes
• Recent trends in yield, production &
area
• Classification of legumes

3. Legumes (Pulses)
• Latin word “legere”
= to gather
• family Leguminosae
or ( Fabaceae)
• Fruits enclosed in pods
containing several seeds

4. • 2nd world’s largest family after grasses
• consists of about:
- 750 genera;
-19,000 species (herbs, shrubs, trees,
& climbers )
• grown for >6000 years

5. - dicots: seedling has 2
cotyledon leaves
–Most of the seed’s protein is stored
in the cotyledons
–Leaves have netted veins

6. • flowers have 5
petals, which are
bilaterally
symmetrical
• fruits in pods
containing
several seeds

7. • Roots have
nodules containing
the nitrogen-fixing
bacteria

8. Food Legumes
• important & diverse role in farming
systems
• diet of resource poor people
• achieve 3 developmental goals
–reducing poverty
–improving human health & nutrition &
–enhancing ecosystem resilience

9. Importance & Uses
• fix atmospheric N
• help alleviate degraded soil
• maintain soil fertility &
• reduce need for fertilizer thus
essential in agricultural systems
• towards sustainable cropping systems
• reduce pest and disease incidence

10. • With capability to fix nitrogen:
–Bacteria in root nodules convert nitrogen
gas into usable forms
–make legumes the most important
source of protein in the plant world
–make them good natural fertilizer

11. • Diverse uses include:
–timber
–medicine
–forages/feeds
–food
• Honored as “International Year of the
Pulses” FAO (2016)

12. Grain legumes, sources of:
• protein concentrates (feeds)
• oil crops for cooking
• biofuel
• industrial uses (soysauce, soya milk, etc)
• of historical & present day importance
• especially with climatic change &
population growth

13. Legume
Species
Oil
Content
Protein
Content
Other Uses
Peanut 40-50% 25-30% Peanut butter, oil
in margarine,
salad dressing,
shortening & for
soaps/cosmetics
Soybean 13-25% 30-50% Sacred crop of
ancient Chinese,
tufo

14. Crop Scientific name Common
name
Value per 100
grams
kcal protein
Pulses Phaseolus vulgaris Kidney
beans
341 21.60
Black beans 333 23.58
Vigna radiata mungbeans 347 23.86
Vigna unguiculata Cowpeas 336 23.52
Cajanus cajan Pigeon pea 343 21.70
Vicia faba Faba beans 341 26.12
Legume oil
crop
Glycine max soybean 446 36.49
Cereals Zea mays maize 365 9.42
Oryza sativa rice 360 6.61
Triticum aestivum Wheat,
bread
340 10.69
Table . Kilo calories and protein content of major pulse crops and cereals
Akibode and Maredia

15. • Not just protein, but also source of
vitamins, minerals & food calories
• Its protein is high in amino acids like
lysine and methionine

16. Classification

17. • Grouped into:
–Food legumes
–Forage legumes
–Tree Legumes

18. Examples:
Vigna radiata Arachis hypogea
Food Legumes

19. Pigeon pea (Vigna
umbellata)

20. Pigeon pea (Cajanus
cajan)

21. Forage Legumes
alfalfa
Desmodium sp
Arachis pintoi

22. Tree
Legumes
Sesbania grandiflora
Cassia
kassod

23. Caesalpinia

24. Legume examples
Foods
–Peanuts
–Mungbean
–Soybeans
–Cowpeas
–Winged bean
–Peas
–kidney beans
–green beans
–fava beans
–lima beans
–chick-peas
(Garbanzo
beans)
–black-eyed peas
–lentils

25. Forage
–alfalfa
–red clover
–white clover
–sweet clovers
–vetches
Trees
• Ipil-ipil
• madre de cacao
• Acasia
• Narra
• Tamarind

26. . Common food legumes in the country
Common Name Scientific Name
Peanut Arachis hypogea
Mungbean Vigna radiata
Soybean Glycine max
Cowpea Vigna unguiculata
Bushbean/Stringbeans Phaseolus vulgaris
Winged bean Psophocarpus
tetragonolobus
Peas Pisum sativum

27. Bushbean – Phaseolus vulgaris
Winged bean
Psophocarpus tetragonolobus
Kidney bean
Phaseolus vulgaris

28. TRENDS IN AREA, PRODUCTION
& YIELD (Global/regional)

29. 0
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Year
Fig. . Yearly volume of production of mongo & peanut in
the Philippines (PSA 2016)
20,00
0
40,00
0
60,00
0
80,00
0
100,00
0
120,00
0
Volume
of
production
(t)
Mongo
Peanut
Stringbea
ns

30. 400
200
0
60
0
80
0
180
0
160
0
140
0
120
0
100
0
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Year
Fig. . Yearly yield per hectare of mongo and peanut in the Philippines, PSA
(2016)
Yield
(kg
ha
-1
)
Mongo
Peanut

31. Table 1. Legume yield and
production area in temperate
countries
China – most diverse in terms of legumes

32. LEGU
ME
SPECI
ES
CHINA USA
Yield (t) x 1000 Area (ha) Yield (t) Area (ha)
Adzuki/Ric
e bean
242
Chickpea 10.5
Common bean 1046
Cowpea 13.5
Faba bean 1595
Lentil
Mungbean
Pea
Peanut
Soybean

33. Table 2. Legume yield and production area in temperate
countries
Legume Species Canada Europe
Yield
(t) (1 x
103)
Area
(ha) (1
x 103)
Yield
(t) (1 x
103)
Area
(ha) (1
x 103)
Adsuki/rice bean NA NA NA NA
Chickpea 123.00 66.00 174.64 143.66
Common bean 273.20 119.70 703.09 306.37
Cowpea NA NA 23.95 6.84
Fababean NA NA 673.34 226.09
Lentil 16.32 1,987.00 11.69 94.47
Mungbean NA NA NA NA
Pea 3,444.80 1,467.00 3,370.42 1,621.02
Peanut NA NA 11.33 10.81
Soybean 6,048.60 2,235.00 9,001.95 4,495.81

34. FAOSTAT, Akibode and Maredia
(2011)
Fig. . Global area harvested for all pulses and cereals

35. Fig. . Global yield trends for cereals and pulse
crops
FAOST
AT

36. Fig. . Trend in world total food legume area harvested per crop (Akibode and Maredia,
2011)

37. Fig. . World food legume production by
crops

38. Fig. . Average world food legume yields by
crops

39. BenBelhassen (2005)
Fig. . Historical view of per capita production and consumption of pulse crops

40. Fig. . Harvest area of food legumes in China since 1961, FAOSTAT,
(2015)

41. Fig. . Yield of food legumes in China since
1961 (Li, et. al., 2016)

42. Fig. . Production of food legumes in China (Li, et. al.,
2016)

44. Fig. . Dry grain export of food legumes in China (Li, et. al.,
2016)

45. Fig. . Dry grain import of food legumes in China (Li, et. al.,
2016)

46. Fig. . Dry grain export, import and production of major food legumes in
China
(Li, et. al., 2016)