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Abnormal Breathing Pattern
PARAMETERS OF ASSESING
• Rate
• Depth
• Rhythm
• Character
ABNORMAL BREATHING
PATTERNS
• Apnea
• Tachypnea
• Bradypnea
• Hyperventilation
• Kussmaul breathing
• Cheyne-Stokes breathing
• Obstructed breathing
1. APNEA
• Suspension of breathing.
• No movement of muscles of resp. and volume of lungs remains same
• No airflow into or out from the lungs
• Gaseous exchange & cellular resp. is not affected.
• Apnea can be achieved
1. Voluntarily (breath holding)
2. Mechanically-strangulation/choking
3. From neurological trauma
• Increased rate of breathing i.e. >20 breaths/min.
• Characterized by rapid, shallow breathing
• It is seen in following conditions
1. Fever
2. Compensatory resp.alkalosis
3. Respiratory insufficiency
4. Lesions to resp. centers in brain
5. Elevated diaphragm
BRADYPNEA
• Decreased rate of breathing ,i.e. <12 breaths/min.
• Characterized by slow, shallow breathing.
• It is see secondary to following conditions
1. Diabetic coma
2. Respiratory depression
3. Increased intra-cranial pressure
HYPERVENTILATION
• Characterized by rapid, deep breathing.
• Caused by increased levels of CO2
• When the rate and quantity of alveolar
ventilation of carbondioxide exceeds the
production of carbondioxide.
• Other causes include
1. Anxiety or pain
2. Obstructive disorders- COPD,
asthma, & pulmonary embolism
CHEYNE-STOKES BREATHING
• Also called as “periodic breathing”
• Characterized by alternate periods of tachypnea and apnea.
• Occurs as a compensation for changing serum pO2 & pCO2, and classically
seen in damage to pons where resp. centers are located
• Conditions:
1. Stroke
2. Traumatic brain injury
3. Heart failure
Causes for Hyperpnea nad Apnea
• Forced breathing oxygen level get increased and carbon dioxide
level decreases.
• Therefore respiratory center become inactive and cause Apnea.
• Accumulation of carbon dioxide lead to hypercapnia and hypoxia
• They activate respiratory center and cause increase in force of
breathing.
KUSSMAUL BREATHING
• Rapid, gasping & very deep type of labored breathing.
• Commonly called as “air hunger”
• It is associated with severe metabolic acidosis, particularly
diabetic ketoacidosis.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)
Sleep Apnea
• Cessation of airflow at the nose and
mouth lasting at least 10 seconds.
• Classified into two major
categories:
• Obstructive sleep apnea
• Central sleep apnea
Expressive daytime sleepiness (EDS)
Treatment Options
• Behavior modification
• Surgery
• Medications
• Continuous Positive Air Pressure - CPAP
• Oral devices
CPAP
abnormalbreathingpattern-200904070539.pptx

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abnormalbreathingpattern-200904070539.pptx

  • 2. PARAMETERS OF ASSESING • Rate • Depth • Rhythm • Character
  • 3. ABNORMAL BREATHING PATTERNS • Apnea • Tachypnea • Bradypnea • Hyperventilation • Kussmaul breathing • Cheyne-Stokes breathing • Obstructed breathing
  • 4. 1. APNEA • Suspension of breathing. • No movement of muscles of resp. and volume of lungs remains same • No airflow into or out from the lungs • Gaseous exchange & cellular resp. is not affected. • Apnea can be achieved 1. Voluntarily (breath holding) 2. Mechanically-strangulation/choking 3. From neurological trauma
  • 5. • Increased rate of breathing i.e. >20 breaths/min. • Characterized by rapid, shallow breathing • It is seen in following conditions 1. Fever 2. Compensatory resp.alkalosis 3. Respiratory insufficiency 4. Lesions to resp. centers in brain 5. Elevated diaphragm
  • 6. BRADYPNEA • Decreased rate of breathing ,i.e. <12 breaths/min. • Characterized by slow, shallow breathing. • It is see secondary to following conditions 1. Diabetic coma 2. Respiratory depression 3. Increased intra-cranial pressure
  • 7. HYPERVENTILATION • Characterized by rapid, deep breathing. • Caused by increased levels of CO2 • When the rate and quantity of alveolar ventilation of carbondioxide exceeds the production of carbondioxide. • Other causes include 1. Anxiety or pain 2. Obstructive disorders- COPD, asthma, & pulmonary embolism
  • 8. CHEYNE-STOKES BREATHING • Also called as “periodic breathing” • Characterized by alternate periods of tachypnea and apnea. • Occurs as a compensation for changing serum pO2 & pCO2, and classically seen in damage to pons where resp. centers are located • Conditions: 1. Stroke 2. Traumatic brain injury 3. Heart failure
  • 9.
  • 10. Causes for Hyperpnea nad Apnea • Forced breathing oxygen level get increased and carbon dioxide level decreases. • Therefore respiratory center become inactive and cause Apnea. • Accumulation of carbon dioxide lead to hypercapnia and hypoxia • They activate respiratory center and cause increase in force of breathing.
  • 11.
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  • 13. KUSSMAUL BREATHING • Rapid, gasping & very deep type of labored breathing. • Commonly called as “air hunger” • It is associated with severe metabolic acidosis, particularly diabetic ketoacidosis.
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  • 15.
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  • 18. Sleep Apnea • Cessation of airflow at the nose and mouth lasting at least 10 seconds. • Classified into two major categories: • Obstructive sleep apnea • Central sleep apnea
  • 19.
  • 21. Treatment Options • Behavior modification • Surgery • Medications • Continuous Positive Air Pressure - CPAP • Oral devices
  • 22. CPAP