Networking, Primary Purpose of Networking , Element and challenges, LAN vs WAN

1. Business Network and
Telecommunication
Chapter # 5
Abdul Rashed Barakzai

2. Networking
Grouping of two or more computer or devices for the purpose of Data and
resource sharing.
Or
Networking is connecting of two or more computers for the purpose of
sharing or exchanging information or data is called Network.

3. Primary
Purpose of
Networking
 File sharing
 Printer and other device sharing
 Enabling Administration and Security
 Exchanging Information or Data
 Sending or Receiving Data or Information
 Etc

4. Element of
Network
 Computer ( Server and Client)
 Operating System or Windows
 Network Hardware
 Network Software
 Protocols
 Cables
 Switch
 Modem or Router
 Etc

5. Network
Challenges
 Availability
 Reliability
 Serviceability
 Performance
 Security
 Sustainability
 Compatibility
 Quality of Service (QoS)

6. Network
Classification
 LAN ( Local Area Network)
 WAN ( Wide Area Network)

7. LAN
(Local Area
Network)
A local area network is a computer network that interconnects computers
within a limited area such as a residence, school, laboratory, university
campus or office building.
LAN are characterized by the Following:
 They transfer data at high speeds
 They exist in a limited geographical area
 Their technology is generally less expensive

8. WAN
(Wide Area
Network)
A wide area network is a network that extends over a large geographic area
for the primary purpose of computer networking. Wide area networks are
often established with leased telecommunication circuits..
WAN are characterized by the Following:
 Unlimited geographical area
 Most error come out
 They are interconnected with multiple LANs
 Their technology is generally expensive

9. Peer to Peer
Network
 Peer to peer network is a group of user or PCs that basically operated as
equal. Each PC is called a peer.
 The Peers share resources such as file and printers but not specialized server .
 Each peer is responsible for its own security

10. Intranet
An intranet is a computer network for sharing information, collaboration
tools, operational systems, and other computing services within an
organization, usually to the exclusion of access by outsiders.

11. Extranet
Extranet is an external-facing website containing information that is typically only
accessible on an organization's intranet (or internal network). Access to
an extranet is controlled and limited only to authorized users such as partners,
vendors, suppliers, or customers
Extra net is a network link that use internet technologies to interconnect the intranet
of a business with intranets of its customers, suppliers or other business partners.

12. Internet
Detail will be added

13. Classification
by network
Architecture
1. Client or Server network
2. Peer to Peer network

14. Client or
Server bas
network
A server base network is consists of a group of user or Pcs ( Called clients) that
request and receive network serves from specialized computer called server.
 Server are generally high performance system
 Optimized to provide network services to other computers
 Common server types are: Mail server, Printer server, File server and Etc.

15. Peer to Peer
 Peer to peer network is a group of user oriented computers that basically
operate as equals. Each Pc is called per. The peers share resources, such as file,
printer and Etc, but no specialized servers exist.
 Each peer is responsible for its own security and each peer is booth client and
server.
 Small network usually under 10 machines may work well in this configuration

16. Network
Topologies
Network topology is the arrangement of the elements of a communication
network. Network topology can be used to define or describe the
arrangement of various types of telecommunication networks, including
command and control radio networks, industrial field busses and computer
networks.
Simply we can say Topologies is the physical layout of a network. There
are main three types of Topologies.
 Bus Topologies
 Ring Topologies
 Star Topologies

17. Bus Topologies
A bus topology is a topology for a Local Area Network (LAN) in which all
the nodes are connected to a single cable. The cable to which the nodes
connect is called a "backbone". If the backbone is broken, the entire
segment fails. Bus topologies are relatively easy to install and don't require
much cabling compared to the alternatives.

18. Ring
Topologies
 A ring topology is a topology for a Local Area Network (LAN) in which every
device has exactly two neighbors for communication purposes.
 Typically, all messages travel through a ring in the same direction. A failure in
any cable or device breaks the loop and will take down the entire segment.
Another disadvantage of the ring is that if any device is added to or removed
from the ring, the ring is broken and the segment fails.
 In wide area networks (WAN) and metropolitan area networks (MAN), a ring
topology is used to as the topology for the backbone (sometimes called a city
ring) to connect the customers. In that case the ring is used in both directions to
have two distinctive paths to the public switch.

19. Star Topologies
A star topology is a topology for a Local Area Network (LAN) in which all nodes are
individually connected to a central connection point, like a hub or a switch. A star
takes more cable than e.g. a bus, but the benefit is that if a cable fails, only one node
will be brought down.
All traffic emanates from the hub of the star. The central site is in control of all the
nodes attached to it. The central hub is usually a fast, self contained computer and is
responsible for routing all traffic to other nodes. The main advantages of a star
network is that one malfunctioning node does not affect the rest of the network.
However this type of network can be prone to bottleneck and failure problems at the
central site.
A star network is often combined with a bus topology. The central hub is then
connected to the backbone of the bus. This combination is called a tree

21. Bandwidth
Bandwidth is measured as the amount of data that can be transferred from one point
to another within a network in a specific amount of time. ... The
term bandwidth refers to the transmission capacity of a connection and is an
important factor when determining the quality and speed of a network or
the internet connection.
Classification of Bandwidth:
 Downstream Bandwidth ( Download)
 Upstream bandwidth ( Upload)
Measurement of Bandwidth:
 Kbps
 Mbps
 Gbps

22. Network
Media
Twisted Pair: Use for Telephone
Coaxial Cable: Use for TV cables
Fiber Optic Cable: Thin strands of glass that use light to transmit signals

23. Network
Protocol
Network protocols are a set of rules, conventions, and data structures that dictate how
devices exchange data across networks. In other words, network protocols can be
equated to languages that two devices must understand for seamless communication
of information, regardless of their infrastructure and design disparities

24. Network
Protocol
 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
 Internet Protocol (IP)
 User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
 Post office Protocol (POP)
 Simple mail transport Protocol (SMTP)
 File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
 Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
 Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS)
 Telnet
 Gopher